早期训练联合利伐沙班预防髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓的效果
2016-04-13蒋海彬曾志远黄琨波吴玉贤
蒋海彬, 曾志远, 陈 曜, 黄琨波, 吴玉贤
(福建医科大学附属泉州第一医院, 1. 重症医学科; 2. 骨科, 福建 泉州, 362000)
早期训练联合利伐沙班预防髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓的效果
蒋海彬1, 曾志远2, 陈曜1, 黄琨波1, 吴玉贤1
(福建医科大学附属泉州第一医院, 1. 重症医学科; 2. 骨科, 福建 泉州, 362000)
摘要:目的探讨早期训练联合利伐沙班预防髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓的效果。方法选取110例髋关节置换术患者,将其随机分为2组。对照组采取利伐沙班治疗,观察组则给予早期肢体功能锻炼联合利伐沙班治疗。比较2组患者治疗前后的凝血指标、D-D水平、围术期并发症情况、术后引流量、皮下瘀斑面积及血红蛋白水平。结果干预后2组患者TT、FIB、APTT、PT等指标及D-D水平均较干预前显著改善(P<0.05), 且观察组显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组术后并发症发生率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论早期训练联合利伐沙班能显著改善髋关节置换术患者的血液黏滞度,促进血液循环,有效预防DVT的发生,值得临床推广应用。
关键词:早期训练; 利伐沙班; 髋关节置换; 深静脉血栓
下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)是人工髋关节置换术(THR)后的常见并发症,发病后患者会出现肢体功能障碍,甚至有可能出现肺栓塞、脑梗死等严重并发症。目前临床上常用的预防DVT的药物包括低分子肝素以及华法林等。利伐沙班为Xa类因子抑制剂,研究[1-2]指出其能有效预防DVT的发生,且无明显不良反应。本研究探讨早期功能训练联合利伐沙班预防DVT的效果,现报告如下。
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料
选取本院2013年3月—2015年3月骨科收治的髋关节置换术患者110 例,将其随机分为观察组及对照组,每组55例。观察组中男30例,女25例,年龄58~82岁,平均(64.05±2.44)岁;疾病类型:股骨颈骨折10例,股骨头坏死17例,髋关节发育不良16例,原发性骨性关节炎12例。对照组中男29例,女26例,年龄56~81岁,平均(63.19±3.29)岁。2组患者年龄、性别、疾病类型等一般资料比较无明显差异(P>0.05), 具有可比性。
1.2方法
对照组患者THR术后均采用利伐沙班处理,即口服利伐沙班(拜耳保健有限公司生产,批准文号:国药准字H20130465)10 mg, 1次/d,连续服用2周。2组于术前1 h均采用头孢曲松(上海新亚药业有限公司生产,批准文号:国药准字H20003286)2 g溶解于100 mL生理盐水中,静脉滴注预防感染。
在此基础上,观察组采取早期功能锻炼方法,具体操作为:术前对患者进行详细的预防深静脉血栓方法宣教,同时指导患者采用卧位、单侧肢体站立功能锻炼,指导患者术后卧床时的大、小便注意事项,并介绍术后髋关节、大腿肌肉、膝关节伸屈活动、踝关节伸屈锻炼等各种预防血栓形成的功能锻炼方法,鼓励患者在耐受疼痛的情况下加强四肢的自主活动,嘱患者早期下床运动,促进肌肉收缩功能的恢复,或使用血栓泵促进静脉回流,术后由康复师指导患者进行系统性的功能锻炼,包括股四头肌等长肌的功能锻炼。患者取仰卧位,根据其肌力的大小[3-4], 于腿上加不同重量,初始时可以指导患者进行屈髋、屈膝训练,开始时足跟不离开床边,随后逐渐屈髋、屈膝,患者可以忍耐该训练后逐渐练习直腿抬高训练,膝关节取伸直位,股四头肌以及腘绳肌保持同时收缩的状态,缓慢抬腿,放下时肌肉保持持续性的张力,当将腿抬高至约45°时,保持一段时间,再缓慢放下。若患者无法耐受,则直腿抬高的时间可以缩短,患者能够耐受的前提下逐渐延长,若患者能够耐受则反复训练,以患者的安全为前提,不能耐受则即刻停止,多次练习,可给予对症止痛处理[5]。
1.3观察指标
患者于入院后当日以及术后第7天抽取静脉血3 mL, 经离心处理后取上清液检测其活化部分凝血酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、凝血活酶时间(TT)、血浆凝血酶原时间(PT),采用ELISA酶联法测定D-二聚体(D-D)水平,观察2组患者术后并发症情况。
2结果
干预前, 2组患者TT、FIB、APTT、PT凝血指标以及D-D水平比较无显著差异(P>0.05); 干预后2组上述指标均较干预前显著改善(P<0.05), 且观察组显著优于对照组(P<0.05),见表1。观察组中术后DVT、泌尿系感染、术后血肿、切口感染的发生率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 见表2。2组患者术后引流量、皮下瘀斑面积以及血红蛋白水平比较无显著差异(P>0.05), 见表3。
表1 2组患者干预前后的凝血指标以及D-D水平比较
与干预前比较, *P<0.05; 与对照组比较, #P<0.05。
表2 2组患者围术期并发症情况比较[n(%)]
与对照组比较, *P<0.05。
表3 2组患者术后相关指标比较
3讨论
静脉血栓栓塞综合征是临床上十分常见的血管外科疾病之一,其包括了深静脉血栓以及肺动脉血栓栓塞症,其主要发病原因为血液黏滞度升高、血流变缓以及血管壁受损,且多发生于术后、长期卧床的慢性疾病患者及肢体活动受限人群[6]。术中的牵拉创伤导致静脉内膜受损,使得DVT的发生率明显升高,也是骨科手术后非预期死亡的重要因素[7-8]。
利伐沙班为新型口服抗凝制剂,对于改善血液黏滞度能够发挥很好的效果[9],从而促进患者的血液循环。作为一类新型的Xa因子抑制剂,其能够发挥较好的药代动力学活性。口服利伐沙班2~4 h,药物在血液中浓度能够达到巅峰,有效利用率可以达到80%以上。王昌耀[10-12]发现,下肢手术后患者利用利伐沙班10 mg/d处理后,对于预防下肢深静脉血栓能够起到很好的效果,而且患者的性别、年龄等因素并不会影响用药效果。此药物还能够联合非甾体类镇痛抗炎、抗酸性药物使用,但因许多患者没有对DVT引起充分的认识,故对于部分患者的用药依从性影响较大[12],故对于髋关节置换术后患者需进行早期的健康教育,提高患者对于DVT疾病的认识,从而提高患者的用药依从性。
本研究结果发现,观察组患者的血液黏滞度指标得到明显改善,促进了肢体的血液循环,术后出现DVT的概率明显下降,这是由于作者在术后首先对患者进行了预防DVT的相关知识健康教育,麻醉恢复后立刻鼓励患者进行常规的康复训练,术后72 h鼓励患者下床活动,采用系统的康复训练方法,在患者能够耐受疼痛的前提下完成直腿抬高活动,股四头肌、腘绳肌、小腿三头肌进行主动收缩活动[13-14],从而促进肌肉的收缩,形成肌肉泵的效果,促进下肢静脉回流,避免血流淤滞。作者还发现,患者普遍存在依从性不高的特点,而在此过程中系统训练方法不充分也是出现术后DVT的重要因素之一,从而导致患者出现血流减缓、静脉壁受损等,故需要加强护理人员的宣教。
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Effect of early training combine with rivaroxaban in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after hip replacement
JIANG Haibin1, ZENG Zhiyuan2, CHEN Yao1, HUANG Kunbo1, WU Yuxian1
(1.IntensiveCareUnit; 2.DepartmentofOrthopedics,QuanzhouFirstHospitalAffiliatedtoFujianMedicalUniversity,Quanzhou,Fujian, 362000)
ABSTRACT:ObjectiveTo explore the effect of early training combine with rivaroxaban in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after hip replacement. MethodsA total of 110 patients with hip replacement were selected and randomly divided into observation group and control group, 55 cases in each group. The control group was treated with rivaroxaban, while the observation group was treated with early limb function exercise and rivaroxaban. Coagulation indexes, D-D, peri-operative complications, postoperative drainage volume, subcutaneous ecchymosis area and hemoglobin level before and after treatment were compared between two groups. ResultsAfter the intervention, levels of TT, FIB, APTT, PT and D-D significantly improved in both groups (P<0.05), and the levels of these indexes in the observation group were significantly better than those in the control group (P<0.05). The incidence rate of postoperative complications in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). ConclusionEarly training combined with rivaroxaban can significantly improve blood viscosity of patients with hip replacement, promote blood circulation and prevent the occurrence of DVT, so it is worthy of clinical application.
KEYWORDS:early training; rivaroxaban; hip replacement; deep vein thrombosis
中图分类号:R 687
文献标志码:A
文章编号:1672-2353(2016)05-079-03
DOI:10.7619/jcmp.201605024
通信作者:曾志远, 主任医师、教授, E-mail: zengzy1001@126. com
基金项目:福建省泉州市卫生局资助课题(2013-2-123)
收稿日期:2015-12-16