干燥综合征的细胞因子网络
2022-03-09喻晓雯黄露王淼吴斌
喻晓雯 黄露 王淼 吴斌
【关键词】 干燥综合征;细胞因子;白细胞介素;发病机制;靶向治疗
干燥综合征(Sjögren's syndrome,SS)是一种慢性自身免疫性疾病,其特征是外分泌腺有淋巴细胞浸润和炎症,最终导致腺体分泌功能减弱,临床以口干和眼干为主要表现。SS分为原发性干燥综合征(primary Sjögren's syndrome,pSS)和继发性干燥综合征(secondary Sjögren's syndrome,sSS)两种类型,后者常继发于系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)等疾病。细胞因子是一类小分子蛋白质,在天然免疫和适应性免疫中都发挥着重要作用,SS中有多种细胞因子的异常表达[1]。
1 细胞因子與发病机制
细胞因子具有广泛的免疫调节作用,与pSS的发病机制密切相关。pSS患者的慢性炎症反映了腺体局部和全身血液中细胞因子表达的失衡。研究者在pSS患者的临床样本中发现多种细胞因子的表达,pSS患者唾液中γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-1、IL-4、IL-10、IL-12p40和IL-17水平升高[2],血浆或血清标本中IL-17、IL-6、IL-23、IL-12、IL-27、IL-22、IL-21表达上调[3-6],诱导痰中B细胞活化因子、IL-6和IL-8表达增加[7],泪液和血液中都有IL-33的升高[8-9],唇腺IL-7表达上调[10],唾液腺中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-18和IL-6表达上调[11-12]。pSS患者血浆中IL-35的表达情况存在争议[13-14]。
多个家族的细胞因子与pSS的发病机制相关,现将对近年来pSS中研究较广泛的细胞因子进行综述。
1.1 IL-1家族 IL-33在多种组织中表达并结合ST2。目前研究已明确在pSS患者的血清中sST2表达明显升高,而IL-33的表达趋势却有争议,ZHAO等[15]发现,IL-33在pSS患者血清中的表达量明显上调,但MARGIOTTA等[16]只在少量的pSS患者中检测到IL-33,这可能是sST2的过表达抑制了循环的IL-33。IL-33和ST2在pSS患者唾液组织中的表达随病理损伤进展而升高。在1级淋巴细胞浸润中,IL-33/ST2的表达较低。IL-33和ST2的表达在炎症的2级中显著增加,在炎症的3级和4级中有1个或更多的病灶。由于pSS可能伴有腺体炎症和损伤,因此,推断IL-33可能作为唾液腺损伤的危险信号释放[9]。另一方面,IL-33与IL-12、IL-23有协同作用,促进自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)和自然杀伤性T细胞(NKT细胞)分泌IFN-γ[17]。IFN-γ刺激pSS患者的唾液腺上皮细胞(SGEC),IL-33 mRNA的表达会上调[9],推测IL-33和IFN-γ之间可能存在正反馈。
1.2 IL-2家族
1.2.1 IL-7和IL-7受体 IL-7由非造血细胞表达,在T细胞稳态中起关键作用。pSS患者的唾液腺组织中产生IL-7和表达IL-7Rα的T细胞显著增加[10]。IL-7给药会加速pSS的发展,而IL-7Rα信号的阻断会阻止SS发展和爆发[18]。抗IL-7Rα处理改善了非肥胖性糖尿病(NOD)小鼠的SS特征性病理。而且,下颌下腺中IFN-γ、TNF-α、CXCL9、CXCL10、CXCL11和CXCL13减少。总之,内源性IL-7R信号可促进Th1和Tc1反应,刺激IFN-γ和TNF-α的产生,从而维持NOD小鼠的SS样涎腺炎[19]。
1.2.2 IL-21 IL-21在活化的人类滤泡辅助T细胞(Tfh)中表达,Tfh通过引起B细胞过度活跃而加重SS的疾病进展。pSS患者的血清IL-21水平升高。IL-21的表达随着唇腺中淋巴细胞浸润的增多而增加,提示IL-21可能参与pSS发病[6]。而且,IL-21介导的Pax3-ID3途径的抑制通过Tfh加重了SS的进展[20]。
1.2.3 IL-15 IL-15对NK细胞和NKT细胞的产生,激活和增殖是必需的,与炎性疾病密切相关。SISTO等[21]报道,pSS患者SGEC培养的IL-15+细胞数升高,pSS患者MSG的腺泡细胞和导管细胞均有较强的IL-15免疫反应性。TLR2活化参与了pSS患者SGEC诱导IL-15的产生,并通过核转录因子-κB活化加剧炎症[22]。
1.3 IL-10家族 IL-22由多种细胞分泌,包括Th17细胞、Th22细胞、NK细胞、淋巴组织诱导细胞和γδT细胞。在pSS中,IL-22在T细胞和导管上皮细胞表达上调[5]。炎性过程和炎性因子与上皮-间质转化(EMT)密不可分。IL-17和IL-22参与EMT依赖性纤维化。SISTO等[23]发现,pSS患者唾液腺标本中上皮标记E-钙黏着蛋白表达与间质波形蛋白和Ⅰ型胶原表达呈负相关,与组织炎症程度呈正相关。而且,IL-17和IL-22可以诱导SGEC向间充质表型的转变。转化生长因子β1-Smad经典和ERK非经典通路参与IL-17诱导的SS的EMT[24]。
利妥昔单抗治疗可显著降低pSS患者唾液腺中IL-22的表达,而且,利妥昔单抗也提高了患者的唾液流率,改善了泪腺功能,提示IL-22可能与利妥昔单抗的功效有关[25]。另外,IL-22R1在pSS和与pSS相关的非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)中过表达,并受IL-18调控,提示阻断异常的IL-18/IL-22途径可有效治疗pSS和pSS相关NHL[26]。
1.4 IL-6/IL-12家族 IL-27主要由激活的抗原呈递细胞分泌,可促进Th1细胞的分化,抑制Th2、Th17和Treg细胞的分化。在SS患者中,异位淋巴结(ELS)支持自身反应性B细胞激活,并支持淋巴肿大。LUCCHESI等[27]发现,IL-27Ra(-/-)小鼠的ELS较大且高度活跃。IL-17阻断IL-27Ra(-/-)小鼠的ELS反应,而且,IL-27介导的IL-17分泌抑制严重受损,并与IFN-γ的异常释放有关,提示IL-27在SS患者中通过控制Th17细胞增殖来限制ELS的大小和功能。
最近,YAO等[28]证实了IL-27与间充质干细胞(MSC)移植治疗SS的作用机制相关,即MSC移植通过IFN-β/IL-27通信恢复了NOD小鼠的Th17/Treg平衡,从而减轻了SS症状。
1.5 细胞因子的协同机制
1.5.1 细胞因子与腺体微环境 存在于腺体微环境中的可溶性因子与pSS患者的外分泌功能障碍相关。ARCE-FRANCO等[29]发现,在异丙肾上腺素和钙的刺激下,人腮腺(HPG)活检组织上皮细胞上清液中淀粉酶的基础活性显著升高。而且,TNF-α和CXCL12的存在增加了淀粉酶mRNA的表达,但降低了淀粉酶活性。IL-1β和IFN-γ也降低了HPG细胞的淀粉酶分泌。這些结果表明,TNF-α、IL-1β、IFN-γ和CXCL12能够在体外干扰人唾液腺上皮细胞的外分泌功能[29]。
1.5.2 细胞因子与内质网(ER)应激 为了抵抗ER应激,真核细胞通过内质网膜中的ATF6α、PERK和IRE1a激活一系列互补的适应性机制,称为未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)。SS患者的IRE1a/XBP-1s信号转导减弱,提示SS患者的唾液腺中存在慢性ER应激状态[30]。BARRERA等[31]发现,SS患者唾液腺中ERAD分子和ATF6f表达水平的增加与促炎细胞因子的表达上调相关。此外,细胞因子刺激增加了ATF6α和ERAD的激活而没有诱导细胞凋亡。SS患者体内IFN-γ水平升高,该细胞因子在体外触发的UPR反应与SS患者唇唾液腺中观察到的一致,提示细胞因子可能诱导ER应激。
1.5.3 细胞因子与紧密连接 紧密连接定义细胞极性,调节腺泡细胞离子和水的细胞旁流动。EWERT等[32]揭示SS患者紧密连接蛋白水平有差异,他们发现,ZO-1和occludin表达下调,claudin-1和claudin-4表达增强;在SS患者中,ZO-1和闭合蛋白在顶域的存在减少,而claudin-3和claudin-4重新分布到基底外侧质膜;体外试验用TNF-α和IFN-γ处理对照腺泡细胞也得到了相同的结果,提示SS患者唇唾液腺中局部的细胞因子可能通过改变上皮细胞紧密连接的完整性,导致SS患者分泌腺功能障碍。
2 细胞因子可作为疾病诊断的指标
唾液腺活检和唾液腺组织的灶性指数是pSS常规临床诊断的重要部分。但这些方式存在一些局限性,如缺乏标准化,评分异常与干燥之间的相关性较差。优化现有的组织学方案以确定唾液腺炎症将有助于优化pSS的诊断。BLOKLAND等[33]研究通过luminex在16例pSS和16例非SS(nSS)患者唇唾液腺活检组织测量了101种炎症介质,并且在另一组pSS、SS和nSS患者中进行验证,结果发现,CXCL13、IL-21、sIL-2R和sIL-7Rα可作为pSS诊断指标,其准确率为95.8%。
3 基于细胞因子的SS治疗
近年来,靶向细胞因子的生物制剂在RA和SLE等自身免疫性疾病中取得了良好的治疗效果。在pSS中,研究者也将细胞因子作为治疗靶标开展了多项临床研究。
3.1 靶向TNF家族细胞因子成员 Baminercept是LT-β受体融合蛋白。ST CLAIR等[34]发现,Baminercept治疗24周后,pSS患者的ESSDAI评分显著降低,但Baminercept未能增加患者的唾液流量或减少眼干症状。
Belimumab是结合到可溶性BAFF 的人IgG1λ单克隆抗体。MARIETTE等[35]发现,Belimumab治疗后,患者的干燥、疲劳、肌肉骨骼疼痛和全身活动视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分减少,B细胞活化生物标志物减少,ESSDAI和ESSPRI评分降低。而且,Belimumab治疗可恢复B细胞频率和亚群组成,使BAFF受体表达正常化[36]。Belimumab治疗后,pSS患者血清类风湿因子IgM和BAFF水平增加[37]。
Infliximab是中和TNF-α的单克隆抗体。2004年,MARIETTE等[38]证实,Infliximab在改善pSS患者的症状、唾液流速、眼部检查、生活质量参数或唾液活检结果方面没有显著的临床疗效,但患者的疲劳得到缓解。
Etanercept是一种抑制TNF-α的生物制剂,有学者在pSS患者中进行了2项研究(1项随机对照,1项前瞻性),结果发现,Etanercept治疗的pSS患者未表现出主要干燥症状和体征的明显改善[39-40]。
3.2 靶向IL-1家族细胞因子成员 Anakinra是一种非糖基化的重组人IL-1受体拮抗剂。NORHEIM等[41]发现,Anakinra或安慰剂治疗组的pSS患者的疲劳评分没有显著差异。但是,在Anakinra治疗后有一半的患者疲劳VAS评分降低了50%。
3.3 靶向IL-6/IL-12家族细胞因子成员 Tocilizumab是中和IL-6受体的单克隆抗体。在2例SS患者中有很好的疗效:1例患有难治性组织性肺炎[42],另1例合并有神经脊髓炎谱系疾病[43]。
4 小结与展望
尽管某些特定的细胞因子水平是特定疾病状态的典型特征,但与SS相关的慢性炎症状态却涉及多个细胞因子的失调[44]。靶向细胞因子疗法的出现已成为自身免疫性、消化道、皮肤病和炎症性疾病治疗的热点。但在SS中靶向细胞因子的生物制剂Baminercept[34],Etanercept未能增加患者的唾液流量,也未减轻患者的干燥症状[39-40]。而近年来的研究发现,以特定的单克隆抗体靶向TLR2,可以减少pSS SGEC中IL-15的分泌。由于驱动IL-15作用的信号传导途径不同于其他促炎性细胞因子如TNF-α,因此,阻断TLRs可能是靶向细胞因子治疗SS的新思路。
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收稿日期:2021-09-04;修回日期:2021-09-25