重视直肠癌低位前切除综合征的预防与治疗
2016-07-12秦启元黄斌杰王磊
秦启元 黄斌杰 王磊
•述评•
重视直肠癌低位前切除综合征的预防与治疗
秦启元 黄斌杰 王磊
王磊 教授、主任医师、博士生导师。现任中山大学附属第六医院副院长,结直肠肛门外科主任,中山大学胃肠病学研究所行政副所长。主要从事结直肠癌与肠道放射性损伤的诊治工作,包括结直肠癌的基础及临床研究,肠道放射性损伤的机制及其处理。主要学术兼职:中华医学会外科学分会青年委员、中华医学会外科学分会结直肠外科学组委员、美国肿瘤学会(AACR)会员等。并担任《中华外科杂志》、《中华普通外科杂志》、《中华胃肠外科杂志》、《中华实验外科杂志》、《Gastroenterology Report》等期刊的副主编、编委或特约审稿专家。先后发表论文130余篇,其中在《Gastroenterology》、《Gut》、《Cancer Research》等国际权威杂志上发表SCI论著50余篇,总影响因子超过100分,论文被SCI收录杂志引用400余次。主持国家科技支撑计划、国家自然科学基金、广东省自然科学基金重点项目、教育部新世纪优秀人才基金、博士点基金等10余项国家级或省级科研项目。曾获得广东省科技进步一等奖、华夏医学科技二等奖、全国医药卫生系统先进个人等奖项。
【摘要】直肠癌诊疗技术的发展延长了患者的生存时间,各种保肛手术的广泛应用减少了永久性造口的比例,这使得患者术后的肠道功能与生活质量成为新的热点问题。在直肠癌低位前切除术后,25%~90%的患者会出现不同程度的肠道功能异常,表现为便急、便频、排空障碍和大便失禁等,这一系列症候群被称之为低位前切除综合征。严重的低位前切除综合征显著影响患者的生活质量。然而该疾病目前在国内尚未得到足够的认识,亦未建立起规范的防治体系或诊治指南。本文就低位前切除综合征的理论基础、诊断要点和防治措施进行梳理,以期为直肠癌术后肠道功能的改善与研究提供借鉴。
【关键词】直肠肿瘤; 外科手术; 治疗; 生活质量
结直肠癌是全球发病率位居第3位的恶性肿瘤[1],也是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,全国每年新发病例约38万[2],其中直肠癌占半数以上[3]。过去数十年间,手术技术与辅助治疗的不断发展极大地延长了直肠癌患者的生存时间[4-5],各种保肛手术的广泛应用显著减少了永久性造口的比例[6],避免了对患者心理的巨大影响,并在一定程度上改善了中、低位直肠癌患者的生活质量[7]。然而,在直肠癌低位前切除术及其他超低位保肛术后,25%~90%的患者会出现不同程度的肠道功能异常,表现为便急、便频、排空障碍和大便失禁等,这一系列症候群被称之为前切除综合征(anterior resection syndrome,ARS)或低位前切除综合征(low anterior resection syndrome, LARS)[8-9]。LARS的症状在术后早期最为显著,之后逐渐缓解并于1~2年后进入稳定期[10-11]。相当比例的重度LARS可持续终身,对患者的生活质量造成严重影响[11-12]。直肠癌诊疗技术的进步为患者带来了更多的生存获益,也使得改善术后肠道功能与生活质量的理念愈发重要。提高对LARS的认识,重视LARS的预防与治疗,是当今直肠癌综合治疗发展的迫切需求。
一、低位前切除综合征的发生机制
直肠癌术后LARS的症状在部分患者可持续长达10余年,这说明存在永久性的致病机制,而非术后短期的肠道适应过程[9,12]。作为功能失调性疾病,LARS的发生机制较为复杂,受解剖结构、手术操作、辅助治疗等多种因素的影响。
吻合口的高度直接影响LARS的发生,低位吻合是LARS最重要的危险因素之一[13-14]。在直肠癌的超低位保肛手术中,远端直肠通常需要分离切除至齿状线层面,吻合口则置于肛管直肠环水平,这将无法避免地损伤部分甚至全部的肛管内括约肌。内括约肌对于维持肛管的静息压力起到至关重要的作用[15],该结构的损伤将导致术后直肠肛管的容受性和顺应性显著下降,从而引起不同程度的失禁症状[16-17]。另外,低位直肠切除所致的黏膜下神经丛和壁内肠肌丛缺失,可继发感受效应障碍,引起排便反射异常[18]。而超低位保肛手术则进一步损伤肛管移行区,该解剖结构是排便反射的主要感受器区域[19-20]。肛管移行区的缺损与便急、失禁等症状均密切相关[15]。
全直肠系膜切除技术被发现是LARS的独立危险因素[8,11],这可能主要源于其对盆腔自主神经的损伤。最近的研究显示,直肠癌术后的肠道功能异常更多的源自于直肠肛管与上段肠管复合运动的失调,而非单纯的代直肠或括约肌损伤[21-22]。术中乙状结肠周围神经的损伤将导致代直肠活动能力的下降[23],而降结肠周围神经的损伤则反而显著增强其活动性[24]。盆腔自主神经重点调控直肠肛管抑制反射,起控制排便与肛门自制的核心作用[25]。来自结肠测压研究的结果提示,正常神经调控的结肠蠕动在排便过程中起正向促进作用,而直肠则是抑制性负反馈的关键[23]。在常规直肠癌手术中,肠系膜下动脉高位结扎与直肠周围组织分离均可能损伤盆腔自主神经[26-27],其导致的直肠肛管抑制反射障碍通常需要1~2年才可逐渐恢复[28]。
盆腔感染与吻合口血供障碍可直接影响代直肠的功能[29-30]。术中操作对肛管括约肌的损伤也不可忽视,暴力扩肛及管状吻合器的使用不当可导致括约肌撕裂,从而引起术后肛门直肠功能的异常[31-32]。Tomita等[33]通过研究发现,在使用吻合器技术的低位前切除术后,高达18%的患者出现长期的内外括约肌损伤和神经支配障碍。因此,手术质量是影响患者术后肠道功能的重要因素。
直肠癌的术前放疗也被发现与LARS密切相关。接受新辅助放化疗的患者发生术后长期LARS的风险是接受单纯手术患者的2倍有余[8,11-12]。放疗可引起直肠及周围组织的纤维化、局部神经病变、肛管括约肌的形态学改变及盆腔自主神经的损伤[34],导致直肠肛管的顺应性下降与功能障碍[35-36],并主要表现为便频、密集排便和失禁症状。需要指出的是,即使针对上段直肠癌的放疗靶区未包括排便感觉区域,但患者术后的LARS发生率仍然可显著升高[37]。这提示术前放疗的危害可能独立于吻合高度、括约肌损伤等手术因素,其相关机制尚需进一步的研究。
二、低位前切除综合征的认识与评价
尽管多数结直肠专科医师对LARS的症状有所了解,但这种认知通常缺乏系统性和准确性。Jimenez-Gomez等[38]通过问卷调查了334位美国结直肠外科医师协会(American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons,ASCRS)成员及150位西班牙外科医师协会(Spanish Association of Surgeons,AEC)成员,发现约35%的受访专家认为严重的LARS发病率不超过40%。而事实上依据不同的定义和随访周期,多数研究报道重度LARS见于40%~60%的直肠癌保肛术后患者[8,11]。这反映出LARS的病程尚未得到合理而统一的认识。在该项调查中,超过80%的受访专家声称对LARS较为了解或非常了解,但近40%仅根据患者的症状表现做出主观判断,而非使用症状量表或LARS特异性评估工具,同时约30%的受访专家甚至未采用任何方法来进行诊断。
直肠癌术后的肠道功能紊乱作为一系列主观性症状群,由患者自身做出的评估和分级才是“金标准”。因此选择合适的LARS评价量表是临床诊断与评估病情的关键环节。在临床实践中,各种失禁量表是评估术后肛门直肠功能最常用的诊断工具[39-40]。然而需要指出的是,大便失禁只是LARS的一个方面,单纯使用失禁量表将导致对其他重要症状的忽视而无法准确评估病情[41]。相对而言,由美国纪念斯隆·凯特琳癌症中心开发的肠道功能量表(The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Bowel Function Instrument,MSKCC BFI)更加全面且严谨,适合用于对LARS进行详细的评估[42]。丹麦Laurberg教授团队设计的LARS专项量表则针对性描述了5个最重要的临床症状,即便急(urgency)、便频(frequency)、密集排便(clustering)、气体失禁(incontinence for flatus)和液便失禁(incontinence for liquid stool)[43-44]。该量表简单易用,并能够有效识别生活质量严重受损的患者[45]。Laurberg教授团队通过对58位直肠癌专家进行问卷调查发现,专科医师主观上并不清楚哪些术后肠道症状对患者而言最为重要,同时会高估便频和失禁症状对患者生活质量的影响,而低估便急与密集排便症状的影响[46]。
由此可见,准确认识LARS的普遍性和危害性,采用合适的诊断工具识别不同严重程度的患者,是改进直肠癌术后LARS预防与治疗工作的前提。
三、低位前切除综合征的预防
虽然LARS在直肠癌术后的1~2年呈逐渐缓解趋势,但仍有接近50%的患者长期合并重度肠道功能障碍,生活质量受到严重影响[12]。因此寻找针对LARS的有效预防措施,具有十分重要的临床现实意义。笔者认为LARS的预防应当围绕提高手术品质,合理选择重建方式,以及慎重把握保肛手术适应证这三个方面来综合考虑。
直肠癌手术的品质不仅表现在肿瘤学的根治性,也反映在术后并发症、器官功能状态与患者的生活质量。全直肠系膜切除技术的推广有效改善了直肠癌的局部控制率与远期预后[5],但也增加了盆腔自主神经损伤的风险[8,11]。成熟的直肠癌手术操作可以实现最大限度的保留自主神经[47-48],并尽可能维持盆壁筋膜与周围器官包膜的完整性[49],即遵循“保护神经、保留筋膜、保全包膜”的三项原则。而机器人辅助手术等外科微创技术的发展,或许能为精细操作下的神经功能保护带来新的手段[50]。此外,应当充分重视对直肠黏膜与肛管移行区的保护,在保证肿瘤根治性的前提下尽量保留远端直肠可有效降低术后LARS的发生率与严重程度[51]。但需要注意的是,术前放疗可能为手术重建带来新的问题。Bondeven等[52]通过盆腔影像学研究发现,对于接受新辅助放化疗的患者,即使保留较长的远端直肠进行吻合也无法改善术后的肠道功能。与此相应,笔者推荐在新辅助放化疗后开展广泛的直肠、乙状结肠切除,采用未受到放射的降结肠或近端乙状结肠与直肠肛管吻合,以避免出现双侧放射性损伤的肠管直接吻合,降低术后吻合口并发症的风险,并减少因放疗损伤代直肠而导致的LARS。对于超低位保肛手术,预防性造口不仅可以减少术后吻合口漏的危害[53],也为LARS的症状建立了重要的缓冲期。同时,手术造成的盆底组织损伤得以在造口期间更好地恢复,有利于LARS症状的长期缓解。
肠道重建的技术与方式是决定直肠癌术后肠道功能恢复的基础。结直肠或结肠肛门的端端吻合传统而可靠,广泛应用于各种保肛手术。现代吻合器的发展则使得端端吻合操作更加简便,临床实用性更高。同时越来越多的研究证实,结肠J型储袋吻合、端侧吻合及结肠成形术在控制术后早期的便频症状更具有优势,且不增加吻合口并发症的风险[54-55]。其中J型储袋吻合与端侧吻合方式应用更加广泛,两者在术后恢复肠道功能方面没有明显差异[55]。有研究发现,其功能改善机制不单单在于提高代直肠的容纳性,储袋及侧支产生的逆向蠕动波也起到了延缓排便的重要作用[56],因此过大的储袋或侧支并不能带来更多的益处。在实际操作时,应当控制储袋与吻合侧支的长度在5 cm以内,以减少术后排便困难的发生[57-59]。另外,已有研究证实采用乙状结肠或降结肠制作储袋或吻合侧支没有功能性区别[59-60]。但需要指出是,以上三种新的重建方式只能够有效缓解术后的便频症状,而非LARS整体或其对生活质量的影响[8],且其相比传统端端吻合的功能优势仅能维持术后1~2年[54-55]。同时重建方式的改良是否可以改善放疗带来的肠道功能损害仍然有待进一步研究[61]。因此,笔者更推荐根据患者的术中情况和解剖因素来选择合适的肠道重建方式。
直肠癌保肛手术在治疗肿瘤的同时恢复了肠道的连续性,避免了永久性造口对患者生理及社会心理的巨大影响[51]。但是一味追求保留肛门并不一定能给患者带来更好的生活质量[7,62]。Bloemen等[63]通过调查发现,如果保肛手术后出现严重的并发症,其对患者生活造成的损害反而会超过永久性造口的影响。此外,在术前便应考虑患者年龄、术前放疗和低位吻合等重要的LARS危险因素,以及盆底功能障碍等保肛手术的相对禁忌证[64]。与此同时,外科医师亦不可忽视患者的心理需求。保留肛门带来的情感慰藉有时甚至强于其实际意义。所以,结合患者的病情、基础功能状态以及社会心理需求,在充分沟通的前提下慎重选择保肛手术,建立以生活质量为导向的直肠癌治疗策略才是“以患者为中心”理念的最好体现。
四、低位前切除综合征的治疗
LARS作为近年来才逐渐被认识的肠道功能异常症候群,目前尚缺乏明确的治疗共识。现有报道的治疗方法多为借鉴既往用于失禁或排便困难的手段,亟需前瞻性、大样本研究的论证[9]。
调整饮食方式与添加膳食纤维通常作为对直肠癌术后患者的常规建议,但其对于LARS症状的影响尚无任何证据[61]。止泻药物及5羟色胺(5-HT)拮抗剂可尝试用于以排便次数增多为主要症状的患者。小样本研究提示5-HT拮抗剂雷莫司琼在术后6个月内使用可有效缓解便频症状[65]。
结肠灌洗被认为是一种简单有效的治疗方式,尤其针对失禁和便频症状[66-67]。其机制可能一方面在于单纯的清洁作用,同时大量液体进入结肠后可刺激肠管模拟正常蠕动,从而起到康复训练的效果。在实际使用中,推荐大量(500~1 500 ml)、高频(每周3~4次)、长期(6个月以上)的治疗方案。
盆底康复治疗是一类新兴的综合治疗方法,包括盆底肌肉训练、生物反馈、生物电刺激和容积球囊训练。尽管只有少数研究报道了盆底康复对直肠癌术后LARS的疗效,但结果均较为肯定[68-69]。Allgayer等[70]发现,接受了术前放疗的患者对盆底康复治疗的反应更好。然而也应当指出,目前该治疗方法尚处于探索阶段,其组合方案、适宜人群和干预时机均有待进一步的研究[68]。
骶神经刺激是一种微创的治疗方式,采用皮下埋置发生器经导线低电流刺激骶神经,起到调节神经支配的作用[71]。最近的系统评价发现,骶神经刺激可以有效改善直肠癌患者术后的失禁症状与排便感觉,总体有效率可超过90%[72]。其作用机制可能在于对盆腔传入神经及神经中枢的调节[73],并可减少结肠的顺行蠕动,增加肠管逆行蠕动[74]。鉴于骶神经刺激对设备和经验性操作的要求,其通常用作保守治疗效果不佳时的替代方案。
对于长期顽固而严重的LARS,永久性造口可能是改善患者生活质量的最后手段。括约肌修补术或许有助于极少数合并明显内外括约肌缺损的患者[61]。总之,在基于有效证据的临床路径之上,采取多种模式的综合治疗,是LARS治疗的发展方向。
综上所述,随着现代诊疗技术的发展和直肠癌预后的改善,患者术后的肠道功能与生活质量应当成为结直肠专科医师关注的核心问题。正确认识LARS的复杂与危害,积极探索LARS的防治措施,将构建更加立体的直肠癌综合治疗模式,让更多的患者真正从中获益。
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(本文编辑:刘正)
秦启元,黄斌杰,王磊. 重视直肠癌低位前切除综合征的预防与治疗[J/CD].中华结直肠疾病电子杂志, 2016, 5(3):198-203.
Low anterior resection syndrome: current awareness, prevention, and treatment
Qin Qiyuan, HuangBinjie, Wang Lei. Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510655, China
Corresponding author: Wang Lei, Email: wangl9@mail.sysu.edu.cn
【Abstract】Advances in the management of rectal cancer have contributed to an improved survival and increasing use of sphincter-preserving resection in the last decades, which makes the issue of postoperative bowel dysfunction and quality of life draw more concerns. It is estimated that 25%~90% of the patients undergoing low anterior resection for rectal cancer will experience postoperatively a constellation of symptoms including fecal urgency, increased stool frequency, bowel fragmentation, emptying difficulties and incontinence, collectively referred to as the low anterior resection syndrome (LARS). Severe LARS is a majorproblem with an immense impact on patients′ quality of life. However, there is deficient awareness regarding the concept of LARS, as well as the strategy of prevention and treatment in China. In this review, we aim to summarize the pathophysiology, diagnosis and key points of prevention and treatment for LARS, providing guidance for clinical practice and future study.
【Key words】Rectal neoplasms; Surgical procedures, operative; Treatment; Quality of life
DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3224.2016.03.001
基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(No.81573078)
作者单位:510655 广州,中山大学附属第六医院结直肠肛门外科
通讯作者:王磊,Email:wangl9@mail.sysu.edu.cn
收稿日期:(2016-04-21)