鼻内镜下自体颞肌筋膜包裹筛骨垂直板修补鼻中隔穿孔疗效观察
2015-08-24庞伟
庞伟
鼻内镜下自体颞肌筋膜包裹筛骨垂直板修补鼻中隔穿孔疗效观察
庞伟
目的 观察鼻内镜下应用自体颞肌筋膜包裹筛骨垂直板修补鼻中隔穿孔的手术疗效。方法 回顾性分析50例鼻中隔穿孔患者的资料,其中传统术式组30例,三明治式组20例。所有患者术前均行鼻内镜及鼻窦CT检查,并行鼻腔冲洗治疗改善鼻腔黏膜状况。传统术式组行鼻中隔穿孔前切口,分离中隔黏膜移位修补穿孔;三明治式组行耳后颞肌附着处皮肤切口切取2倍以上穿孔直径的颞肌筋膜,行鼻中隔前端切口,分离鼻中隔黏软骨膜至穿孔四周,并在穿孔四周制作新鲜创面,以颞肌筋膜包裹自体筛骨垂直板形成硬性支撑“三明治”式修补物嵌插入黏软骨膜下封闭鼻中隔穿孔;术后均予抗感染及鼻腔保湿治疗。记录术后症状恢复情况及随访结果。结果 三明治式组术中的出血量(mL:3.6±1.2 vs 13.4±2.9)、手术时间(min:25.2±6.3 vs 46.5±10.3)、损伤黏膜范围(mm2:10.2±3.2 vs 20.5±5.3)及术后黏膜修复时间(d:19.5±3.9 vs 30.2±3.1)均小于传统术式组(P<0.05);三明治式组的修补成功率高于传统术式组(90.00%vs 46.67%,χ2=9.780,P<0.01);随访6个月~1年,均未见穿孔复发。结论 鼻内镜下应用颞肌筋膜包裹自体筛骨垂直板,形成硬性支撑“三明治”式修补物封闭修补鼻中隔穿孔,可以恢复正常解剖结构的鼻中隔,疗效肯定。
鼻中隔穿孔;鼻内镜手术;颞肌筋膜;筛骨垂直板
鼻中隔穿孔多由于手术、外伤、炎症、腐蚀性化学物质、特殊感染等引起,可影响鼻腔通气等生理功能[1]。手术修补是治疗鼻中隔穿孔的唯一有效方法,传统手术方式如减张缝合法、鼻中隔黏膜移位修补法等对大穿孔及中隔手术后穿孔的治疗效果较差,成为鼻科医生较为棘手的难题。近年来随着鼻内镜手术的广泛开展,笔者所在科室在鼻内镜下应用自体颞肌筋膜包裹筛骨垂直板形成硬性支撑“三明治”式修补物,封闭各种原因造成的不同大小的鼻中隔穿孔,取得了令人满意的效果,报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选取我院2008年1月—2013年12月收治的鼻中隔穿孔患者50例,男37例,女13例,年龄18~66岁,平均(35±1)岁,穿孔时间3个月~5年,平均2.5年。其中鼻中隔矫正术后致鼻中隔穿孔18例,鼻出血行微波烧灼止血致鼻中隔穿孔32例。主要症状为鼻腔干燥、鼻堵、头痛、间断鼻出血等。所有患者穿孔均位于鼻中隔软骨前中部位,呈圆形或椭圆形,边缘黏膜较薄、结痂,部分患者黏膜面上血管纹扩张。穿孔直径0.6~0.9 cm者18例,>0.9~1.2 cm者32例。分为传统术式组30例和三明治式组20例。
1.2 手术方法
1.2.1 术前准备 术前均行鼻内镜及鼻窦CT扫描检查以明确穿孔部位、直径及筛骨垂直板残留情况,每天以善邦冲洗剂(成都善邦生物科技有限公司)进行鼻腔冲洗,随时清理鼻腔分泌物,鼻内镜下清除穿孔缘周围增生肉芽,应用薄荷油滴鼻,口服鱼肝油、应用纤毛促排剂保证鼻腔黏膜清洁。
1.2.2 手术方法 (1)传统术式。在鼻内镜下两侧鼻腔黏膜以2%地卡因肾上腺素棉片收缩和表面麻醉,鼻中隔黏膜以1%利多卡因浸润麻醉,在左侧鼻腔鼻中隔穿孔前缘0.5 cm处做切口(穿孔位置靠前可行鼻小柱做切口),上至鼻顶,下达鼻底的弧形切口,切开黏-软骨膜,紧贴残存鼻中隔软骨剥离鼻阈处皮肤及中隔黏膜,注意保护鼻中隔黏膜,剥离黏膜至穿孔四周,如遇局部黏连较紧,以小圆刀锐性剥离,切开穿孔边缘黏膜,继续向后剥离至筛骨垂直板,自左侧鼻中隔黏膜自切口上端平鼻顶向后切开,转向下方封闭鼻中隔穿孔处,确认完全封闭穿孔,双侧鼻腔填入高膨胀止血海绵固定鼻中隔黏膜。(2)三明治式。以1%利多卡因浸润麻醉耳后颞肌附着处皮肤及皮下组织,首先做耳后切口约3 cm,剥离并暴露颞肌筋膜,以组织剪切取大小是穿孔直径2倍以上的颞肌筋膜,展平晾干备用;然后在鼻内镜下切口、剥离鼻中隔黏膜,方法同同传统术式;继续向后剥离至筛骨垂直板,切开四方软骨剥离对侧鼻中隔黏膜,在鼻内镜下以黏膜剥离子环穿孔四周制造出新鲜黏膜创面;切取稍大于穿孔直径的筛骨垂直板备用。将切取的筛骨垂直板置于两层颞肌筋膜间以可吸收线将该三层组织贯穿缝合加以固定,形成三明治式修补物,将此夹带骨组织的筋膜瓣作为封闭物,经鼻中隔切口植入穿孔处黏软骨膜下,筋膜四周至少大于穿孔边缘0.3 cm以上,调整两侧中隔黏膜平整覆盖颞肌筋膜上。鼻中隔两侧放置胶原蛋白海绵,仔细贴附平整,滴入地塞米松液,使之呈胶冻状,紧紧贴敷封闭物,再放入修剪合适的无菌塑料薄膜紧贴于穿孔中隔黏膜处,双侧鼻腔填入高膨胀止血海绵,手术结束。术后给予适量抗生素治疗,72 h后抽出鼻腔填塞物。每天鼻腔应用重组表皮生长因子促进黏膜修复,鼻腔应用薄荷油点鼻,鼻朗海水喷鼻液(浙江朗柯生物工程有限公司)喷鼻,保持鼻腔湿润,随时清除创缘分泌物。
1.3 统计学方法 数据采用SPSS 15.0分析,数值变量采用±s表示,比较采用成组t检验,分类变量采用例(%)表示,比较采用χ2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
三明治式组术后7 d左右鼻中隔穿孔缘可见新生血管生长,见图1,穿孔愈合时间3周,见图2。三明治式组术中的出血量、手术时间、损伤黏膜范围及术后黏膜修复时间均小于传统术式组,见表1。三明治式组20例中18例手术均一期愈合,内镜下示鼻中隔居中,黏膜光滑、完整,穿孔完全愈合。2例因既往有鼻中隔手术史,穿孔较大,筛骨垂直板残留较少,术后穿孔缩小,经再次手术穿孔完全愈合;传统术式组30例一期手术成功14例,成功率低于三明治式组(46.67%vs 90.00%,χ2=9.780,P<0.01)。术后随访6个月~1年,患者无任何鼻部不适症状,植入物未见排异反应及再穿孔现象。
Tab.1 Two comparisons of performance in operation between two groups表1 2组手术情况比较
3 讨论
常规的鼻中隔穿孔修补方法常选取穿孔周围鼻中隔黏膜、穿孔水平的下鼻甲或中鼻甲黏膜、鼻底黏膜转黏膜瓣进行修复,由于修补组织较少、穿孔水平、位置、鼻腔狭窄视野受限、特别是穿孔直径>1 cm者造成操作困难,且修补后的单层组织血运较差、容易出现移位、坏死,由于游离鼻甲、鼻底、鼻中隔黏膜瓣[2-5],造成鼻腔正常解剖结构、生理功能的破坏等影响穿孔修补成功率。本文三明治式组采用自体筛骨垂直板作为硬性支撑,充分利用颞肌筋膜切取方便,不受穿孔大小、位置的局限,可多层切取、易成活,且避免了游离翻转鼻腔正常结构的黏膜,避免了结构功能的破坏,切取足够大的颞肌筋膜双侧包裹筛骨垂直板形成“三明治”式移植物。在穿孔两侧形成相对独立的生长环境等同于将移植床的面积增加了1倍,明显提高手术的成功率[6]。将移植物嵌插于穿孔的鼻中隔黏软骨膜间,由于修补物大于穿孔直径,将游离好的鼻中隔穿孔周围的黏膜覆盖颞肌筋膜,在穿孔处搭建一个有利于鼻中隔黏膜上皮生长的支架,增加了颞肌筋膜的血运,加快了颞肌筋膜的上皮化。颞肌筋膜较韧,易成活,可根据穿孔大小自由切取,自体筛骨垂直板无排异反应,支撑稳定,避免了筋膜出现皱褶、移动,恢复形成两层黏膜夹一块骨板的正常结构的鼻中隔,且很好地注意了黏膜的保洁、保湿,减少了手术损伤。本文中的20例三明治式组的手术时间、损伤黏膜范围、手术中出血量,手术后愈合时间等均优于传统手术方式组,修补后的鼻中隔更完整、黏膜光滑、平整,无论从形态还是功能上均接近正常生理解剖结构的鼻中隔。疗效肯定,值得临床推广应用。
(图1、2见插页)
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(2014-12-04收稿 2014-12-30修回)
(本文编辑 闫娟)
Effect of temporal fascia wrapping ethmoid perpendicular plate on repair of nasal septal perforation through endoscopic surgery
PANG Wei
ENT Department of Tianjin Second Hospital,Tianjin 300141,China
Objective To observe therapeutic effect of repairing nasal septum perforation with auto temporal fascia wrapping ethmoid perpendicular plate through endoscopic surgery.Methods Retrospective analysis of 50 cases of nasal septum perforation patient,among whom 30 cases were repaired by traditional surgery and 20 cases were repaired by sandwich surgery.All patients were examine by CT scan and nasal irrigation therapy were also performed through nasal endoscopy to improves nasal mucosa situation.Endoscopic procedures were performed in the traditional surgical group under localanesthesia,and septum mucosa was separated and shifted to repair septal perforation.On the other hand,temporal fascia of more than 2 times the diameter of the perforation were isolated then,wrapped around the perforation through front line of nasal incision after separating membrane of the nasal septum cartilage.Now,temporal fascia wrapping autologous ethmoid perpendicular plates form a rigid vertical"sandwich prosthesis"and were inserted into perichondrium of septal to repair perforation.Anti-infection and nasal moisturizing treatment were given after operation.Postoperative symptoms and the performance in follow-ups were recorded.Results Intraoperative blood loss(mL:3.6±1.2 vs 13.4±2.9),operative time(min:25.2± 6.3 vs 46.5±10.3),mucosal damage range(mm2:10.2±3.2 vs 20.5±5.3)and mucosal repair time postoperation(d:19.5±3.9 vs 30.2±3.1)were all less in sandwich group than those in traditional group(P<0.05).Successful rate in sandwich group is also higher than that in the traditional surgical group(90.00%vs 46.67%,χ2=9.780,P<0.01).No recurrence was found during follow-up from 6 months to 1 year in both groups.Conclusion Application of autologous temporalis fascia wrapping perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone to form a rigid"sandwich prosthesis"to repair nasal septal perforation by endoscopic surgery were effective.It can restore the normal anatomy of the nasal septum.
nasal septum perforation;endoscopic sinus surgery;temporal fascia;ethmoid perpendicular plate
R765.3+4
A DOI:10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.06.021
天津市科技基金资助项目(2010kz14)
天津市第二医院耳鼻喉科(邮编300141)
庞伟(1973),男,副主任医师,主要从事鼻内镜微创外科手术治疗及支撑喉镜下喉显微手术的研究