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英语复句和句群形式的推理

2014-08-27杜娟

考试周刊 2014年52期
关键词:推理

杜娟

摘 要: 翻译中重视复句和句群的推理,是翻译理论学习的重要知识。本文以多种例证证明这一观点。

关键词: 英语复句 句群 推理

推理一般由复句或句群表达,一般是前提在前、结论在后,前提之中又是大前提在前、小前提在后。例如:

As the molecules vibrate more and more rapidly,warmth is produced.

由于分子振动越来越快,因此就产生热。

If you drill a hole in a metal block,the drill will collide with atoms of the metal.The kinetic energy imparted by the drill will cause the atoms in the metal to vibrate faster.Consequently,the temperature of the metal will rise。

如果在一块金属上钻孔,钻头猛烈撞击金属的原子,钻头传递动能,使金属中的原子振动加快。因此,金属的温度便上升了.

然而,表达推理的复句,有时是结论在前、前提在后,小前提在前、大前提在后。例如:

The force between the charged balls is a field force,since the balls;are not in contact But the force is not gravitational force, since gravitational force is always a force of attraction ,never repulsion

这两个带电的球之间的力是场力,因为两球未接触,但这种力又不是引力,因为引力总是吸引力,而不是排斥力。

若干个简单句,虽然句法上各自独立,但意义上有联系,于是可组成句群。构成句群的手段有两种:一是靠关联词联系,二是靠各句间意义的向心作用(意合法)。例如:

The molecules of a gas are far apart.Consequently,a gas can be easily compressed.

气体的分子相距很远,因此容易压缩。

Water stored behind a dam possesses potential energy,the energy of position.When the gates of the dam are released,the water spills over the waterfall.The water has now acquired what is called kinetic energy,the energy of motion.The energy of the waterfall will produce mechanical energy as the water turns the blades of the turbine.This mechanical energy will be converted to electrical energy in a generator.

大坝上面储存的水具有势能(即位能),坝门打开,水倾泻而下,形成瀑布,这时水便有了动能。当落水转动水轮机的叶轮时,落水的能量便产生机械能,机械能通过发电机而转化为电能。

客观事物最简单、最基本的联系是因果联系,因果关系是典型的推理。原因和目的相通,目的表达未然,原因说明已然。 时间和条件表明客观联系的可能性,是潜在的因果关系,因而时间、条件与原因有相通之处。例如:

If you drill la hole in a metal block,the metal becomes hot.

如果你在铁块上钻孔,铁块就会变热。

If a neutral body gains electrons,让will have a negative charge.

电中性的物体额外得到一些电子,就具有负电荷。

We enclose the oscillator in a box so that the light does not go away to infinity.

我们把振荡器密封在盒子里,使光不无限外泻。

The decision was made(in order)that peace should prevail.

下决心赢得和平。

客观事物的因果分析是极其复杂的,不要说复杂的科学课题,就是日常生活中的因果联系,也不是一下子能准确抓住的。

例如:drill a hole并不是metal becomes hot的直接原因,只是大前提,而省略的小前提the drill will collide with atoms of the metal and the kinetic energy imparted by the drill will cause theatoms in the metal to vibrate faster才是直接的原因。在用语言文字表达思想时,为了表达得经济与简练,常常是省略大前提或小前提或结论,因而在分析因果关系时,要注意找直接的真正的原因。

有的简单句也可以是表达推理的,如:

A temperature rise results from friction.

温度升高是摩擦的结果。

Temperature changes may cause rock to crumble.

温度变化可能引起岩石碎裂。

To know him is to like him.

了解他就喜欢他。

这种表达推理的简单句是复合命题的紧缩形式,即用简单的形式表达复合句的内容,上面三句的原型是:A temperature rises when(where)there is friction.

As temperature changes, rock may crumble.

If you know him, you will like him.

汉语不习惯用单句表达推理,并且有时根本不能用单句翻译(如上面第三句),因而可译为复句,如:

A bit of knowledge kept me from making a big mistake (when an important question was to be decided.)

我因为稍有一些知识,所以避免了犯错。endprint

摘 要: 翻译中重视复句和句群的推理,是翻译理论学习的重要知识。本文以多种例证证明这一观点。

关键词: 英语复句 句群 推理

推理一般由复句或句群表达,一般是前提在前、结论在后,前提之中又是大前提在前、小前提在后。例如:

As the molecules vibrate more and more rapidly,warmth is produced.

由于分子振动越来越快,因此就产生热。

If you drill a hole in a metal block,the drill will collide with atoms of the metal.The kinetic energy imparted by the drill will cause the atoms in the metal to vibrate faster.Consequently,the temperature of the metal will rise。

如果在一块金属上钻孔,钻头猛烈撞击金属的原子,钻头传递动能,使金属中的原子振动加快。因此,金属的温度便上升了.

然而,表达推理的复句,有时是结论在前、前提在后,小前提在前、大前提在后。例如:

The force between the charged balls is a field force,since the balls;are not in contact But the force is not gravitational force, since gravitational force is always a force of attraction ,never repulsion

这两个带电的球之间的力是场力,因为两球未接触,但这种力又不是引力,因为引力总是吸引力,而不是排斥力。

若干个简单句,虽然句法上各自独立,但意义上有联系,于是可组成句群。构成句群的手段有两种:一是靠关联词联系,二是靠各句间意义的向心作用(意合法)。例如:

The molecules of a gas are far apart.Consequently,a gas can be easily compressed.

气体的分子相距很远,因此容易压缩。

Water stored behind a dam possesses potential energy,the energy of position.When the gates of the dam are released,the water spills over the waterfall.The water has now acquired what is called kinetic energy,the energy of motion.The energy of the waterfall will produce mechanical energy as the water turns the blades of the turbine.This mechanical energy will be converted to electrical energy in a generator.

大坝上面储存的水具有势能(即位能),坝门打开,水倾泻而下,形成瀑布,这时水便有了动能。当落水转动水轮机的叶轮时,落水的能量便产生机械能,机械能通过发电机而转化为电能。

客观事物最简单、最基本的联系是因果联系,因果关系是典型的推理。原因和目的相通,目的表达未然,原因说明已然。 时间和条件表明客观联系的可能性,是潜在的因果关系,因而时间、条件与原因有相通之处。例如:

If you drill la hole in a metal block,the metal becomes hot.

如果你在铁块上钻孔,铁块就会变热。

If a neutral body gains electrons,让will have a negative charge.

电中性的物体额外得到一些电子,就具有负电荷。

We enclose the oscillator in a box so that the light does not go away to infinity.

我们把振荡器密封在盒子里,使光不无限外泻。

The decision was made(in order)that peace should prevail.

下决心赢得和平。

客观事物的因果分析是极其复杂的,不要说复杂的科学课题,就是日常生活中的因果联系,也不是一下子能准确抓住的。

例如:drill a hole并不是metal becomes hot的直接原因,只是大前提,而省略的小前提the drill will collide with atoms of the metal and the kinetic energy imparted by the drill will cause theatoms in the metal to vibrate faster才是直接的原因。在用语言文字表达思想时,为了表达得经济与简练,常常是省略大前提或小前提或结论,因而在分析因果关系时,要注意找直接的真正的原因。

有的简单句也可以是表达推理的,如:

A temperature rise results from friction.

温度升高是摩擦的结果。

Temperature changes may cause rock to crumble.

温度变化可能引起岩石碎裂。

To know him is to like him.

了解他就喜欢他。

这种表达推理的简单句是复合命题的紧缩形式,即用简单的形式表达复合句的内容,上面三句的原型是:A temperature rises when(where)there is friction.

As temperature changes, rock may crumble.

If you know him, you will like him.

汉语不习惯用单句表达推理,并且有时根本不能用单句翻译(如上面第三句),因而可译为复句,如:

A bit of knowledge kept me from making a big mistake (when an important question was to be decided.)

我因为稍有一些知识,所以避免了犯错。endprint

摘 要: 翻译中重视复句和句群的推理,是翻译理论学习的重要知识。本文以多种例证证明这一观点。

关键词: 英语复句 句群 推理

推理一般由复句或句群表达,一般是前提在前、结论在后,前提之中又是大前提在前、小前提在后。例如:

As the molecules vibrate more and more rapidly,warmth is produced.

由于分子振动越来越快,因此就产生热。

If you drill a hole in a metal block,the drill will collide with atoms of the metal.The kinetic energy imparted by the drill will cause the atoms in the metal to vibrate faster.Consequently,the temperature of the metal will rise。

如果在一块金属上钻孔,钻头猛烈撞击金属的原子,钻头传递动能,使金属中的原子振动加快。因此,金属的温度便上升了.

然而,表达推理的复句,有时是结论在前、前提在后,小前提在前、大前提在后。例如:

The force between the charged balls is a field force,since the balls;are not in contact But the force is not gravitational force, since gravitational force is always a force of attraction ,never repulsion

这两个带电的球之间的力是场力,因为两球未接触,但这种力又不是引力,因为引力总是吸引力,而不是排斥力。

若干个简单句,虽然句法上各自独立,但意义上有联系,于是可组成句群。构成句群的手段有两种:一是靠关联词联系,二是靠各句间意义的向心作用(意合法)。例如:

The molecules of a gas are far apart.Consequently,a gas can be easily compressed.

气体的分子相距很远,因此容易压缩。

Water stored behind a dam possesses potential energy,the energy of position.When the gates of the dam are released,the water spills over the waterfall.The water has now acquired what is called kinetic energy,the energy of motion.The energy of the waterfall will produce mechanical energy as the water turns the blades of the turbine.This mechanical energy will be converted to electrical energy in a generator.

大坝上面储存的水具有势能(即位能),坝门打开,水倾泻而下,形成瀑布,这时水便有了动能。当落水转动水轮机的叶轮时,落水的能量便产生机械能,机械能通过发电机而转化为电能。

客观事物最简单、最基本的联系是因果联系,因果关系是典型的推理。原因和目的相通,目的表达未然,原因说明已然。 时间和条件表明客观联系的可能性,是潜在的因果关系,因而时间、条件与原因有相通之处。例如:

If you drill la hole in a metal block,the metal becomes hot.

如果你在铁块上钻孔,铁块就会变热。

If a neutral body gains electrons,让will have a negative charge.

电中性的物体额外得到一些电子,就具有负电荷。

We enclose the oscillator in a box so that the light does not go away to infinity.

我们把振荡器密封在盒子里,使光不无限外泻。

The decision was made(in order)that peace should prevail.

下决心赢得和平。

客观事物的因果分析是极其复杂的,不要说复杂的科学课题,就是日常生活中的因果联系,也不是一下子能准确抓住的。

例如:drill a hole并不是metal becomes hot的直接原因,只是大前提,而省略的小前提the drill will collide with atoms of the metal and the kinetic energy imparted by the drill will cause theatoms in the metal to vibrate faster才是直接的原因。在用语言文字表达思想时,为了表达得经济与简练,常常是省略大前提或小前提或结论,因而在分析因果关系时,要注意找直接的真正的原因。

有的简单句也可以是表达推理的,如:

A temperature rise results from friction.

温度升高是摩擦的结果。

Temperature changes may cause rock to crumble.

温度变化可能引起岩石碎裂。

To know him is to like him.

了解他就喜欢他。

这种表达推理的简单句是复合命题的紧缩形式,即用简单的形式表达复合句的内容,上面三句的原型是:A temperature rises when(where)there is friction.

As temperature changes, rock may crumble.

If you know him, you will like him.

汉语不习惯用单句表达推理,并且有时根本不能用单句翻译(如上面第三句),因而可译为复句,如:

A bit of knowledge kept me from making a big mistake (when an important question was to be decided.)

我因为稍有一些知识,所以避免了犯错。endprint

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