新课标下高考英语作文写作指导
2014-08-27张鸣凤
张鸣凤
高考英语写作的主要目的是考查考生能否运用所学的英语知识，用合乎英语习惯的表达方式传递信息。它一方面考查学生的词汇量，另一方面考查其综合运用语言的能力和思维习惯。近几年，高考英语书面表达命题形式趋于多样化，包括提纲式、文字提示与图表相结合、图画式、图表式等形式，命题开放性有所增强，常常要求考生根据情景进行发挥，或是发表感想或看法，文体包括记叙文、议论文、说明文和应用文等。由于部分学生词汇量较为贫乏，没有养成良好的写作习惯，写作总是信手而写，这样就导致其在行文过程中出现“写不出来”的状况。那么，如何提高学生的英语写作能力以适应高考要求，让文章“言之有物”、“言之有序”、“言之有情”、“言之有美”，从而得到高分呢？下面介绍有关英语书面表达的写作步骤与注意事项，以及如何开头、过渡、结尾。
一、认真审题，拟定提纲，写出各段主题句，丰富文章内容及设亮点。
1.认真审题。拿到题目后，首先要认真审题，看题目的要求是什么，要点是什么，以及特殊要求是什么。确定文章的时态及文体，是议论文还是记叙文？对分几段写有无要求？认真审清题目的文字或图片，构思提纲，切忌偏题、离题，东拉西扯，一定要避免条理不清、重点不突出的失误。把握全部要点，理清脉络，既不能无中生有，又不要漏掉要点。为了避免写作时遗漏要点，最好用笔把信息划下来，以免出错。根据汉语提示简化文章要点，将要点短语化、短语句子化。
2.列出文章框架，写下提纲。对一篇书面表达来说，理清文章结构和框架，写出各段主题句是很重要的。一定要先确定文章的结构，注意合理布局，即整篇文章分几段，每段写什么，涵盖哪些知识点。一般分为引导段、主题段和结尾段，每段的主题句非常重要，是段落内容的高度概括。段落主题句通常是一个语法结构完整、内容概括、用词简洁明了的单句。将段落主题置于段落的开头，可使文章结构更清晰，让读者对文章内容一目了然，再根据需要将句子归为各段。
3.连句成篇。遣词造句时，要注意语法正确、选词恰当、长短句结合；组句成篇时，要注意巧妙过渡、行文流畅、衔接连贯，恰当地使用连接词。部分学生在行文过程中，喜欢将句子任意堆砌，这主要是因为他们不会灵活运用衔接词。
4.认真修改。写完后要快速阅读一遍文章，检查单词拼写、语法和标点是否正确。没有把握的词和句子一定不能用，不要把不会的词空一格出来。此外，一定要保持卷面整齐美观，高考“书面表达”的质量，既反映在表达内容上，又反映在书形式上。
二、必须掌握一定的写作技巧。
在用词方面，考生应尽量学会地道的英语表达，适度运用一些高级词汇，并运用一些较复杂的语法结构，如各种从句、强调句、倒装句、非谓语动词等。全文句式要富于变化，长短句结合。注意文章的连贯性，准确使用承上启下的过渡词，使全文结构紧凑。
表示顺序的：first，second，third，then，finally，to begin with，first of all，in the first place，last，next，above all，last but not the least，first and most important等；
表示时间的：in the past，now，at present，in the future，eventually，meanwhile，from now on，at the same time，for the time being，in the end，immediately，in the meantime，in the meanwhile，recently，soon，now and then，lately，as soon as，afterwards，now，after a while等；
表示转折的：however，while，on the contrary，at the same time，instead of，but，yet，on the other hand，unfortunately等；
表示递进的：besides，whats more，furthermore，moreover，in addition，furthermore，moreover，as well as等；
表示并列时的：and，as well as，also，both ... and，neither ... Nor，either ... or等；
表示原因的：as a result，owing to，due to，because of，therefore，thanks to，because，as，since，for等；
表示让步的：although，after all，in spite of，despite，even if，even though，though等；
表示举例的：for example，for instance，such as，take ... for example等；
表示结果的：as a result，thus，hence，so，therefore，consequently，as a consequence等；
表示归纳总结的：finally，in a word，in the end，in conclusion，in short，in general，to sum up，to conclude等；
表示对比的：on one hand，on the other hand，while等；
表示解释的：in other words，in fact，as a matter of fact，that is，namely等；
表示程度的：first of all，above all，again and again等。
三、几种常见的英语句式结构。
1.主语+不及物动词，如：He arrived at six last night.
2.主语+及物动词+宾语，如：I bought a good English Chinese Dictionary yesterday.
3.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语，如：Please tell me a story now.
4.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语，如：I found it impossible to work with him.
5.主语+系动词+表语，如：He is a Chinese boy.The grass turns green in spring.
另外，There be ...句型，表示存在某种事物，如：There is a picture on the wall.
四、写文章时常用句子。
1.引出话题。Recently，the problem of ... has aroused peoples concern.最近，……问题已引起人们的关注。
It is commonly believed that ...人们一般认为……
With the development of science and technology，more and more people believe that ...随着科技的发展，越来越多的人认为……
2.引出不同观点。Peoples views on ... vary from person to person. Some hold that ... However，others believe that ...人们……的观点因人而异.有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……
People may have different opinions about ...人们对……可能会有不同的见解。
Different people hold different attitudes toward sth.不同的人态度各不相同。
3.论证的句子。From my point of view，I cant agree with the idea that ...在我看来，我无法完全同意这一观点……
In my opinion，it is adj. to do ... than to do ... 在我个人看来，做……比做……更……
4.解决办法。There are some suggestions for solving ...这是如何处理某事的一些建议。
The best way to solve the troubles is ...解决这些事的最好办法是……
5.批判错误观点。
As far as sth.is concerned ...就某事而言……
It was obvious that ...很显然……
There is no evidence to suggest that ...没有证据表明……
6.给出原因。There are three reasons for this./The reasons for this are as follows.
Why did ...？ For one thing ...，for another ...为什么会……？一个原因是……
另一个原因是……
I quite agree with it that ... The reasons are as follows.我十分赞同……其原因如下：
7.表示优缺点。There are some advantages/disadvantages.
It is beneficial to us./It is of great benefit to us./It does us a lot of good.
It has more disadvantages than advantages.
It will do much harm to us./ It is harmful to us.
8.表示重要、必要。It is important（necessary，difficult，possible）for sb.to do sth.
Sth.plays an important role in our daily life.
9.表示措施。We should take some effective measures/try our best to do sth.
10.表示变化。Some great changes have taken place in the past five years in some place.
11.提出建议。It is high time that ...该是我们……的时候了。
Only in this way can we ...只有这样，我们才能……
12.预示后果。No doubt，unless we take some effective measures，it is very likely that ...
毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，要不然可能会……
13.结尾。Therefore，wed better draw the conclusion that ...因此，我们最好得出这样的结论……
There is no doubt that sth.has its advantage as well as disadvantage.毫无疑问……有优点也有缺点。
三、几种常见的英语句式结构。
1.主语+不及物动词，如：He arrived at six last night.
2.主语+及物动词+宾语，如：I bought a good English Chinese Dictionary yesterday.
3.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语，如：Please tell me a story now.
4.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语，如：I found it impossible to work with him.
5.主语+系动词+表语，如：He is a Chinese boy.The grass turns green in spring.
另外，There be ...句型，表示存在某种事物，如：There is a picture on the wall.
四、写文章时常用句子。
1.引出话题。Recently，the problem of ... has aroused peoples concern.最近，……问题已引起人们的关注。
It is commonly believed that ...人们一般认为……
With the development of science and technology，more and more people believe that ...随着科技的发展，越来越多的人认为……
2.引出不同观点。Peoples views on ... vary from person to person. Some hold that ... However，others believe that ...人们……的观点因人而异.有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……
People may have different opinions about ...人们对……可能会有不同的见解。
Different people hold different attitudes toward sth.不同的人态度各不相同。
3.论证的句子。From my point of view，I cant agree with the idea that ...在我看来，我无法完全同意这一观点……
In my opinion，it is adj. to do ... than to do ... 在我个人看来，做……比做……更……
4.解决办法。There are some suggestions for solving ...这是如何处理某事的一些建议。
The best way to solve the troubles is ...解决这些事的最好办法是……
5.批判错误观点。
As far as sth.is concerned ...就某事而言……
It was obvious that ...很显然……
There is no evidence to suggest that ...没有证据表明……
6.给出原因。There are three reasons for this./The reasons for this are as follows.
Why did ...？ For one thing ...，for another ...为什么会……？一个原因是……
另一个原因是……
I quite agree with it that ... The reasons are as follows.我十分赞同……其原因如下：
7.表示优缺点。There are some advantages/disadvantages.
It is beneficial to us./It is of great benefit to us./It does us a lot of good.
It has more disadvantages than advantages.
It will do much harm to us./ It is harmful to us.
8.表示重要、必要。It is important（necessary，difficult，possible）for sb.to do sth.
Sth.plays an important role in our daily life.
9.表示措施。We should take some effective measures/try our best to do sth.
10.表示变化。Some great changes have taken place in the past five years in some place.
11.提出建议。It is high time that ...该是我们……的时候了。
Only in this way can we ...只有这样，我们才能……
12.预示后果。No doubt，unless we take some effective measures，it is very likely that ...
毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，要不然可能会……
13.结尾。Therefore，wed better draw the conclusion that ...因此，我们最好得出这样的结论……
There is no doubt that sth.has its advantage as well as disadvantage.毫无疑问……有优点也有缺点。
三、几种常见的英语句式结构。
1.主语+不及物动词，如：He arrived at six last night.
2.主语+及物动词+宾语，如：I bought a good English Chinese Dictionary yesterday.
3.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语，如：Please tell me a story now.
4.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语，如：I found it impossible to work with him.
5.主语+系动词+表语，如：He is a Chinese boy.The grass turns green in spring.
另外，There be ...句型，表示存在某种事物，如：There is a picture on the wall.
四、写文章时常用句子。
1.引出话题。Recently，the problem of ... has aroused peoples concern.最近，……问题已引起人们的关注。
It is commonly believed that ...人们一般认为……
With the development of science and technology，more and more people believe that ...随着科技的发展，越来越多的人认为……
2.引出不同观点。Peoples views on ... vary from person to person. Some hold that ... However，others believe that ...人们……的观点因人而异.有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……
People may have different opinions about ...人们对……可能会有不同的见解。
Different people hold different attitudes toward sth.不同的人态度各不相同。
3.论证的句子。From my point of view，I cant agree with the idea that ...在我看来，我无法完全同意这一观点……
In my opinion，it is adj. to do ... than to do ... 在我个人看来，做……比做……更……
4.解决办法。There are some suggestions for solving ...这是如何处理某事的一些建议。
The best way to solve the troubles is ...解决这些事的最好办法是……
5.批判错误观点。
As far as sth.is concerned ...就某事而言……
It was obvious that ...很显然……
There is no evidence to suggest that ...没有证据表明……
6.给出原因。There are three reasons for this./The reasons for this are as follows.
Why did ...？ For one thing ...，for another ...为什么会……？一个原因是……
另一个原因是……
I quite agree with it that ... The reasons are as follows.我十分赞同……其原因如下：
7.表示优缺点。There are some advantages/disadvantages.
It is beneficial to us./It is of great benefit to us./It does us a lot of good.
It has more disadvantages than advantages.
It will do much harm to us./ It is harmful to us.
8.表示重要、必要。It is important（necessary，difficult，possible）for sb.to do sth.
Sth.plays an important role in our daily life.
9.表示措施。We should take some effective measures/try our best to do sth.
10.表示变化。Some great changes have taken place in the past five years in some place.
11.提出建议。It is high time that ...该是我们……的时候了。
Only in this way can we ...只有这样，我们才能……
12.预示后果。No doubt，unless we take some effective measures，it is very likely that ...
毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，要不然可能会……
13.结尾。Therefore，wed better draw the conclusion that ...因此，我们最好得出这样的结论……
There is no doubt that sth.has its advantage as well as disadvantage.毫无疑问……有优点也有缺点。
