高转矩自锁托槽矫治双颌前突的疗效及对牙根形态及根尖外吸收的影响分析
2023-05-22肖子轶,罗芬,李婧,刘帆
肖子轶,罗芬,李婧,刘帆
[摘要]目的:研究高转矩自锁托槽用于双颌前突的正畸效果,以及对牙根形态及根尖外吸收的影响。方法:纳入2018年1月-2022年1月笔者医院收治的96例双颌前突患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组48例。观察组采用Damon-Q金属高转矩自锁托槽进行系统矫治,对照组采用传统直丝弓金属托槽。比较两组矫治前后牙菌斑指数及牙周袋深度,检测两组矫治前后龈沟液炎症因子[白介素-1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)]水平;通过锥形束CT影像测量,比较两组矫治后根尖外吸收量、矫治前后尖牙间宽度、第一前磨牙间宽度、第二前磨牙间宽度及前牙凸度,比较两组矫正前后舌骨位置变化。结果:两组矫治后3个月牙菌斑指数、牙周袋深度均显著高于矫治前,矫治后6个月牙菌斑指数、牙周袋深度均显著高于矫治前及矫治后3个月;观察组矫治后3、6个月,牙菌斑指数、牙周袋深度均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组矫治后6个月IL-1β、TNF-α水平均显著高于矫治前,且观察组IL-1β、TNF-α水平均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。矫治后,观察组右上颌中切牙、左上侧中切牙、右上颌侧切牙、左上颌侧切牙根尖外吸收量均低于對照组(P<0.05);两组矫治后6个月第一前磨牙间宽度、第二前磨牙间宽度、前牙凸度显著高于矫治前,且观察组数据显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组矫治后舌骨垂直向距离较矫正前显著增加,水平向距离显著减小,观察组矫治后舌骨垂直向距离显著大于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:高转矩自锁托槽矫治双颌前突的效果显著,且在减轻根尖外吸收发生风险方面具有一定优势。
[关键词]高转矩;自锁托槽;双颌前突;正畸;牙根形态;根尖外吸收
[中图分类号]R783.5 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]1008-6455(2023)04-0151-05
Analysis of the Effect of High Torque Self-locking Bracket in the Treatment of Bimaxillary Protrusion and Its Influence on Root Morphology and External Apical Root Resorption
XIAO Ziyi,LUO Fen,LI Jing,LIU Fan
(Department of Orthodontics,Wuyi Hospital,Changsha Stomatological Hospital,Changsha 410005,Hunan,China)
Abstract: Objective To study the orthodontic effect, root morphology and external apical root resorption of high torque self-locking brackets used in bimaxillary protrusion. Methods 96 patients with bimaxillary protrusion treated from January 2018 to January 2022 were included as the research objects. They were divided into two groups according to the random number table method, with 48 cases in each group. The observation group was treated with damon-Q metal high torque self-locking bracket, and the control group was treated with traditional straight wire mental bracket.Plaque index and periodontal pocket depth were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Gingival crevicular fluid inflammatory factor was measured before and after correction in the two groups IL-1β and TNF-α level, measure and compare the external apical root resorption, inter canine width, inter molar width of the first premolar,inter molar width of the second premolar and anterior tooth convexity between the two groups after correction by cone beam CT image.Compaird the hyoid position before and after correction between the two groups. Results The plaque index and periodontal pocket depth of the two groups at 3 months after treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment , and the plaque index and periodontal pocket depth at 6 months after treatment were significantly higher than those before and 3 months after treatment. The plaque index and periodontal pocket depth of the observation group at 3 and 6 months after correction were significantly lower than those of the control group,the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).The levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the two groups after 6 months of correction were significantly higher than those before correction ,After 6 months of treatment, the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).The external apical root resorption of right maxillary central incisor, left maxillary central incisor, right maxillary lateral incisor and left maxillary lateral incisor in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The width between the first premolar, the width between the second premolar, anterior tooth convexity in the two groups were significantly higher than those before correction 6 months after treatment. The width between the first premolar, the width between the second premolar, anterior tooth convexity in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group 6 months after correction (P<0.05). After correction,the vertical distance of hyoid bone was significantly increased and the horizontal distance was significantly reduced in both groups.After correction,the vertical distance of hyoid bone in the observation group was significantly greater than that in the control group,the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion High torque self-locking bracket has significant orthodontic effect on bimaxillary protrusion,and has certain advantages in reducing the risk of external apical root resorption.
Key words: high torque; self locking bracket; bimaxillary protrusion; orthodontics; root morphology; external apical root resorption
随着经济的发展,人们对面部美观性的追求日益提高,采取正畸治疗双颌前突的患者数量逐渐增多[1]。直丝弓金属托槽是既往临床在治疗双颌前突中应用较多的矫治器,具有精准定位牙齿、矫治力使用合理等优点,但其易受口腔不良卫生习惯影响,引起菌斑滞留、造成牙周炎等[2-3]。高转矩自锁托槽是近年来临床应用广泛的一种新型托槽,其对传统托槽结构进行革新,弓丝可在槽沟内轻松出入,从而使牙齿在治疗过程中得到更佳的矫治力[4-5]。而高转矩自锁托槽与传统托槽相比,其用于双颌前突的正畸效果、牙根形态及根尖外吸收情况相关临床报道较少,故本研究对此展开分析,现报道如下。
1 资料和方法
1.1 一般资料:纳入2018年1月-2022年1月笔者科室收治的96例双颌前突患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为两组,每组48例。观察组:男26例,女22例,年龄18~50岁,平均(26.24±7.20)岁;对照组:男23例,女25例,年龄19~49岁,平均(25.83±6.60)岁。两组一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。本研究获医院医学伦理委员会批准。
1.2 纳入标准:①双颌前突;②安氏Ⅰ类、骨性Ⅰ类、均角;③采取拔除第一前磨牙方式矫治;④年龄≥18岁;⑤口腔卫生状况良好,口腔黏膜正常;⑥临床病例资料完整,影像学检查清晰;⑦患者依从性良好,按时复诊;⑧患者或其家属知情同意,簽署知情同意书。
1.3 排除标准:①伴有牙外伤、牙髓坏死及行根管治疗者;②牙列重度拥挤、龋齿、埋伏牙;③既往正畸治疗史;④牙体、冠根比例、牙根形态异常;⑤伴有先天缺牙、多生牙;⑥合并牙周炎等牙周病;⑦X线检查示牙槽骨中存在骨岛等高密度影像;⑧合并全身性疾病;⑨入院前3个月内使用过激素或抗生素类药物;⑩严重面部创伤或畸形; 妊娠、哺乳期女性。
1.4 方法:患者矫治前常规拍摄锥形束CT,设置扫描参数为扫描层厚0.25 mm,焦点0.3 mm,扫描角度360°,扫描时间18 s,对患者颌面部进行扫描。观察组采用Damon-Q金属高转矩自锁托槽[美国ORMCO公司生产,国食药监械(进)字2013第2632166号,由底板、体部、槽沟、SpinTke滑盖等组成,材质为医用不锈钢(包含镍、铬),制备方法为174不锈钢铸模成形技术]进行系统矫治;对照组采用传统直丝弓金属托槽[美国3M Unitek公司,国食药监械(进)字2015第2630713号,由底板、体部、槽沟、双翼等组成,材质为医用不锈钢(包含镍、铬),制备方法为174不锈钢铸模成形技术],使用磨牙强支抗。牙齿矫正全程需经历牙齿排齐、牙列整平、咬合关系调整、精细调整、保持等步骤。托槽粘接于牙冠中心,穿过镍钛丝。定期复诊,顺序更换弓丝,排齐、整平上下牙列,不锈钢丝为主弓丝,滑动法内收前牙关闭间隙,精细调整咬合关系,拆除矫治后拍摄锥形束CT,并使用透明保持器保持。
1.5 观察指标
1.5.1 矫治前后牙菌斑指数及牙周袋深度[6]:观察两组矫治前后牙菌斑指数及牙周袋深度。菌斑指数:共分为4级。0=龈缘区无菌斑;1=龈缘区牙面有薄菌斑,视诊不易见,但用探针尖的侧面可刮出菌斑;2=龈缘或邻面可见中等量菌斑;3=龈缘区或龈沟内、邻面有大量软垢;牙周袋深度检测:以0.2 N压力用牙周探针沿牙齿长轴方向进行探诊,记录基牙颊唇、舌侧的近中、中央、远中6个位点从牙龈缘至牙周袋底的距离,取平均值记录。
1.5.2 矫治前后龈沟液炎症因子水平:将龈沟液样本取出于-4 ℃条件下解冻,每管中分别加入稀释缓冲液l ml在室温下震荡洗涤1 h,置于离心机中离心1 200 r/min,离心10 min,收集上清液。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测两组样本中白介素- 1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量。
1.5.3 矫治后根尖外吸收量:两组于矫治前及矫治后6个月拍摄锥形束CT影像,拍摄的锥形束CT影像资料通过CS 3D imaging sofware图像处理软件调整X、Y、Z轴确定根尖点(b点)及切缘中点(a点),牙长轴为通过切缘中点(a点)与根尖点(b点)的直线,经过牙长轴且与唇面垂直纵的切面为牙体矢状面,正中矢状面上唇侧釉牙本质界点(c点),经c点做牙长轴的垂直线相交于d点,测量b、d点间的距离为牙根长。牙根根尖外吸收量=矫治前牙根长度-矫治后牙根长度。
1.5.4 矫治前后尖牙间宽度、第一前磨牙间宽度、第二前磨牙间宽度及前牙凸度:通过锥形束CT影像测量及比较两组矫治前后尖牙间宽度、第一前磨牙间宽度、第二前磨牙间宽度、前牙凸度(UI-SN角度:将上中切牙和蝶鞍点连线,再将蝶鞍点与鼻根点连线,测量两条连线之间夹角角度;UI-NA:上中切牙至鼻根点的连线与上齿槽座点至鼻根点的连线之间的垂直距离)。
1.5.5 矫治前后舌骨位置变化:测量两组治疗前后舌骨X线片,垂直方向测量舌骨尖与眶耳平面的垂直距离,水平方向测量舌骨尖与翼上颌裂点。
1.6 统计学分析:选用SPSS 22.0统计学软件对数据进行处理,计量资料以(x?±s)表示,组间比较行t检验;计数资料以百分率(%)表示,组间比较行χ2检验;利用ICC指数评估观察者间的观测一致性,以ICC>0.75为试验的可重复性较好。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组矫治前后牙菌斑指数及牙周袋深度比较:两组矫治后3个月,牙菌斑指数、牙周袋深度均显著高于矫治前;矫治后6个月,牙菌斑指数、牙周袋深度均显著高于矫治前及矫治后3个月;观察组矫治后3、6个月牙菌斑指数、牙周袋深度均显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 两组矫治前后龈沟液炎症因子水平比较:两组矫治后6个月IL-1β、TNF-α水平均显著高于矫治前,但观察组矫治后6个月IL-1β、TNF-α水平显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3 两组矫治后根尖外吸收量比较:矫治后,观察组右上颌中切牙、左上颌中切牙、右上颌侧切牙、左上颌侧切牙根尖外吸收量均低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表3。表3中观察者间ICC指数均≥0.903。
2.4 两组矫治前后尖牙间宽度、第一前磨牙间宽度、第二前磨牙间宽度、UI-NA及UI-SN比较:两组矫治后6个月,第一前磨牙间宽度、第二前磨牙间宽度、UI-NA、UI-SN显著高于矫治前(P<0.05);观察组矫治后6个月第一前磨牙间宽度、第二前磨牙间宽度、UI-NA、UI-SN显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表4。表4中观察者间ICC指数均≥0.912。
2.5 两组矫治前后舌骨位置变化:两组矫治后舌骨垂直向距离较矫正前显著增加,水平向距离显著减小,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组矫治后舌骨垂直向距离显著大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表5。表5中观察者间ICC指数均≥0.907。
2.6 典型病例:张某,18岁,安氏Ⅰ类、骨性Ⅰ类、均角,上下颌拔双侧第一前磨牙,采用Damon-Q金属高转矩自锁托槽矫治,矫治前及矫治后3、6个月口内咬合像见图1。
3 讨论
在双颌前突的临床治疗中,随着医疗技术的不断发展,固定矫治器的迭代更新,矫治技术也越来越精湛[7]。直丝弓金属托槽是既往臨床较为主流的固定矫治器,直丝弓矫治技术强调持续轻力,具有早期支抗控制,可增加下切牙冠舌向转矩以对抗打开咬合及Ⅱ类牵引时下切牙唇倾,增加上切牙的冠唇舌向转矩以抵抗第一前磨牙拔除患者收切牙时的转矩丢失,并显著减少下尖牙至下第二磨牙冠舌向转矩[8-9]。直丝弓金属托槽的优势在临床应用中得到广泛认可,但该矫治器也存在一定劣势,其传统的结扎方式使弓丝不能灵活移动,从而产生较大摩擦力,影响矫治进程[10-11]。
高转矩自锁托槽是一种运用新矫治理念的矫治器,其结构由两个镍钛弹力夹组成,当弓丝对其产生压力后,弹力夹可通过材料的弹性形变而自动开闭,弓丝可在槽沟内轻松出入,从而显著降低弓丝和槽沟之间的摩擦力[12]。这个系统通过改变弓丝放置及取出的方式彻底变革传统矫治理念,从而实现了托槽设计上的进步,解决了摩擦力过高这一矫治过程中的经典难题[13-14]。
本研究观察高转矩自锁托槽用于矫治双颌前突的正畸效果及对牙根形态、根尖外吸收的影响。结果显示,两组矫治后牙菌斑指数及牙周袋深度均明显高于矫治前,而观察组矫治后3、6个月牙菌斑指数、牙周袋深度均显著低于对照组;炎症因子方面,两组矫治后6个月IL-1β、TNF-α水平较矫治前明显升高,但观察组较对照组升高水平更低。IL-1β可促进人牙周成纤维细胞中金属基质蛋白酶表达,进而崩解牙周组织;TNF-α与牙槽骨吸收密切相关,两者均为反映牙周炎症的重要指标[15]。提示采用高转矩自锁托槽对口腔环境影响较小,对牙周组织的化学、机械刺激小。自锁托槽无需对弓丝进行结扎,其通过锁扣结构固定弓丝,降低了摩擦力,且其结构简单更有利于患者口腔卫生的维护,降低产生菌斑、炎症等风险。
本研究结果显示,观察组右上颌中切牙、左上颌中切牙、右上颌侧切牙、左上颌侧切牙根尖外吸收量均低于对照组,且观察组矫治后6个月第一前磨牙间宽度、第二前磨牙间宽度、UI-NA、UI-SN均显著高于对照组,表明应用Damon-Q金属高转矩自锁托槽正畸对牙根尖外吸收量较小,正畸效果显著。根尖外吸收是正畸治疗中最常发生的并发症,严重的牙根吸收会引起冠根比例减小,牙齿稳定性下降,甚至发生牙齿松动、脱落[16]。矫治器种类是影响牙根吸收的重要因素之一,孙志涛等[17]研究显示,正畸性根尖外吸收量与矫治力大小、牙移动速度呈正相关,这可能与根尖局部压力增加有关。传统直丝弓托槽为防止前牙转矩丢失,发生舌倾,在关闭间隙过程中主弓丝上前牙加正转矩,从而产生较大的控根力量,可能使牙根吸收风险增加[18]。而高转矩自锁托槽在排齐整平阶段逐步增加上前牙的转矩,前牙内收阶段换主弓丝后未加正转矩及后倾弯等保持弓丝完全水平,未主动对上前牙施加大的控根力量,使其摩擦力小、轻力等优势充分发挥,显著降低牙根尖吸收风险。自锁托槽作用力轻、摩擦力小,灵活适宜的矫治力有利于牙列更快排齐,并促进后牙弓扩大,牙槽骨组织发生适应性改建,为前突的牙合排齐提供间隙,提升正畸效果。
综上,高转矩自锁托槽用于双颌前突具有良好的正畸效果,且正畸性根尖外吸收发生风险较传统直丝弓托槽小,并有利于保护牙周健康,具有较高的临床应用价值。
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[收稿日期]2022-06-07
本文引用格式:肖子軼,罗芬,李婧,等.高转矩自锁托槽矫治双颌前突的疗效及对牙根形态及根尖外吸收的影响分析[J].中国美容医学,2023,32(4):151-155.