直缘乌头地上部分非生物碱成分的研究

刘 佳 杨树超杨崇康张 莲罗启鹏沈 勇*

(1.云南农业大学农学与生物技术学院,云南 昆明 650201;2.昆明康人生物科技有限公司,云南 昆明 650033;3.香格里拉兰草药业,云南 迪庆 674601)

乌头为毛茛科植物,在全世界分布很广,我国的乌头主要分布于西南部横断山区,是重要的药用植物,具有镇痉、冶风庳、风湿神经痛等作用[1],该属植物虽然有毒,但也具极大的研究意义和开发利用价值。直缘乌头Aconitum transsectum Diels 系毛茛科乌头属植物,该植物的二萜生物碱化学成分已有报道[2-4]。本课题组也已对该种植物的二萜生物碱[5-8]及内生菌进行化学成分研究[9]。本实验首次对直缘乌头水溶性非生物碱部分进行系统的化学成分研究。从水溶性非生物碱部分中共分离得到15 个化合物,其中化合物2～7、10、12、14～15为首次从乌头属植物中分离得到,15 个化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。

1 材料

Avance-500 MHz 核磁共振仪(瑞士Bruker 公司)；Hei-vap digital G3 旋转蒸发仪(德国Herdorf公司)；VG Autospec 3000 质谱仪(英国Micromass公司)；薄层色谱硅胶(临沂市海祥化工有限公司)；柱层析硅胶(200～300 目,青岛海洋化工有限公司)；Sephadex LH-20 (瑞士Pharmacia 公司)；RP-18 反相材料(德国墨克公司)。

直缘乌头地上部分采于云南丽江玉龙县,经中科院昆明植物所雷立功副研究员鉴定为直缘乌头Aconitum transsectum Diels。

2 提取与分离

将50 kg 直缘乌头地上部分干燥粉碎后,用600 L 甲醇渗漉提取,减压浓缩至近干。用2%HCl 水溶液溶解并过滤,滤液用5% NaOH 水溶液调pH 至9,氯仿萃取除去生物碱,水层部分用5%HCl 溶液调pH 至中性,用正丁醇萃取5 次,回收并蒸干正丁醇部分获得水溶性非生物碱粗提物约100 g。经硅胶柱,用氯仿-甲醇-水(8∶2∶0.1～6∶4∶0.3) 进行梯度洗脱,经TLC 检查后合并得5 个流分(Fr 1-5)。其中Fr2 经硅胶柱乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水(7∶3∶0.1),再经Sephadex LH-20 氯仿-甲醇(1∶1),及Rp-18 反相硅胶柱甲醇-水(2∶8～5∶5) 进行梯度洗脱反复分离纯化得到化合物1(80 mg)、2 (1.20 g)、3 (26 mg)、4 (0.72 g)、5 (0.73 g)。Fr3 经硅胶柱乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水(8∶2∶0.1)、丙酮-甲醇-水(8∶2∶0.1),再经Sephadex LH-20 氯仿-甲醇(1∶1),Rp-18 反相硅胶柱甲醇-水(2∶8～5∶5),反复分离纯化得到化合物6 (1.80 g)、7 (17 mg)、8 (15.62 g)、9 (0.64 g)、10 (23 mg)。Fr4 经硅胶柱乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水(9∶1∶0.1)、丙酮-乙酸乙酯-水(1∶1∶0.2),再经Sephadex LH-20 柱氯仿-甲醇(1∶1) 及Rp-18 反相硅胶柱甲醇-水(2∶8～5∶5),分离纯化得到化合物11 (37 mg)、12 (40 mg)。Fr5 经硅胶柱氯仿-甲醇-石油醚-乙酸乙酯(8∶2∶1∶1)、石油醚-丙酮-乙酸乙酯-水(1∶1∶1∶0.1),Sephadex LH-20 氯仿-甲醇(1∶1),Rp-18 反相硅胶柱甲醇-水(5∶5),分离纯化得到化合物13 (20 mg)、14 (15 mg)、15 (18 mg)。

3 结构鉴定

化合物1:白色粉末,C17H24O9。ESI-MS m/z:395.1 [M+Na]+。1H-NMR (500 MHz,CD3OD) δ:6.73 (2H,s,H-3,5),6.56 (1H,d,J=15.9 Hz,H-7),6.35 (1H,dd,J=11.2,5.6 Hz,H-8),4.85 (1H,d,J=7.5 Hz,H-1′),4.22 (2H,dd,J=5.6,1.5 Hz,H-9),3.85 (6H,s,-OCH3×2),3.48～3.19 (6H,m,H-2′～6′)；13C-NMR (125 MHz,CD3OD) δ:56.3 (OCH3×2),62.6 (C-6′),63.6 (C-9),71.3 (C-4′),75.7 (C-2′),77.8 (C-3′),78.4 (C-5′),105.3 (C-1′),105.4 (C-3,5),130.0 (C-7),131.3 (C-8),135.2 (C-4),135.9(C-1),154.3 (C-2,6)。以上数据与文献[10]基本一致,故鉴定为丁香苷。

化合物2:淡黄色无定形粉末,C27H30O15。ESI-MS m/z:595.2 [M+H]+。1H-NMR (500 MHz,C5D5N) δ:8.42 (2H,d,J=8.8 Hz,H-2′,6′),7.22 (2H,d,J=8.7 Hz,H-3′,5′),6.92 (1H,s,H-8),6.76 (1H,d,J=2.1 Hz,H-6),6.38 (1H,d,J=7.2 Hz,Glu-H-1″),6.24 (1H,s,Rha-H-1‴),1.63 (3H,d,J=6.1 Hz,Rha-H-6 ‘″)；13CNMR (125 MHz,C5D5N) δ:18.7 (Rha-C-6‴),62.7 (Glu-C-6″),71.5 (Glu-C-4″),71.5 (Rha-C-5‴),71.7 (Rha-C-2‴),72.4 (Rha-C-3‴),73.6(Rha-C-4‴),76.2 (Glu-C-2″),78.6 (Glu-C-3″),79.2 (Glu-C-5″),94.9 (C-8),100.0 (C-1‴),100.4 (C-6),103.7 (C-1″),106.9 (C-10),116.2(C-3′,5′),121.9 (C-1′),132.0 (C-2′,6′),135.8 (C-3),156.9 (C-9),157.4 (C-2),161.9(C-4′),162.3 (C-5),162.8 (C-7),178.9 (C-4)。以上数据与文献[11]基本一致,故鉴定为山柰酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷。

化合物3:棕黄色无定形粉末,C29H32O16。ESI-MS m/z:635.2 [M-H]-。1H-NMR (500 MHz,CD3OD) δ:8.15 (2H,d,J=8.8 Hz,H-2′,6′),6.95 (2H,d,J=8.8 Hz,H-3′,5′),6.58 (1H,d,J=1.9 Hz,H-8),6.23 (1H,d,J=1.9 Hz,H-6),5.91 (1H,d,J=7.8 Hz,H-1″),1.85 (3H,s,-CH3COO),5.49 (1H,d,J=7.8 Hz,H-1‴)；13CNMR (125 MHz,CD3OD) δ:18.1 (C-6‴),20.4(-CH3COO),63.3 (C-6″),72.0 (C-4″),72.0 (C-5‴),72.1 (C-3‴),72.4 (C-2‴),74.2 (C-4‴),76.4 (C-5″),78.7 (C-3″),79.1 (C-2″),96.4 (C-8),100.5 (C-6),101.5 (C-1″),104.7 (C-1‴),108.2 (C-10),117.0 (C-3′,5′),123.3 (C-1′),133.2 (C-2′,6′),136.5 (C-3),158.7 (C-2),160.4 (C-9),162.5 (C-4′),163.5 (C-5),164.3(C-7),173.6 (-COOCH3),180.4 (C-4)。以上数据与文献[12]基本一致,故鉴定为kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyronosyl (1 →2) -[6-O-acetyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside。

化合物4:黄色无定形粉末,C27H30O15。ESIMS m/z:595.2 [M+H]+。1H-NMR (500 MHz,CD3OD) δ:8.06 (2H,d,J=8.8 Hz,H-2′,6′),6.87 (2H,d,J=8.8 Hz,H-3′,5′),6.74 (1H,s,H-8),6.45 (1H,s,H-6),5.55 (1H,m,H-1″),5.22 (1H,m,H-1‴),1.23 (3H,d,J=6.2 Hz,H-6‴)；13C-NMR (125 MHz,CD3OD) δ:18.2 (C-6‴),62.7 (C-6″),71.2 (C-4″),71.3 (C-5‴),71.7 (C-3‴),72.1 (C-2‴),73.6 (C-4‴),75.7 (C-5″),78.0 (C-3″),78.3 (C-2″),95.6 (C-8),99.8 (C-6),100.7 (C-1″),104.1 (C-1‴),107.5 (C-10),116.2 (C-3′,5′),122.6 (C-1′),132.4 (C-2′,6′),135.8 (C-3),158.1 (C-2),159.8 (C-9),161.8 (C-4′),162.9 (C-5),163.6 (C-7),179.7(C-4)。以上数据与文献[13]基本一致,故鉴定为山柰酚-3-O-新橙皮苷。

化合物5:黄色无定形粉末,C27H30O16。ESIMS m/z:611.2 [M+H]+。1H-NMR (500 MHz,CD3OD) δ:7.73 (1H,d,J=2.2 Hz,H-2′),7.62(1H,d,J=2.2 Hz,H-6′),6.88 (1H,d,J=8.5 Hz,H-5′),6.74 (1H,d,J=2.1 Hz,H-8),6.45(1H,d,J=2.1 Hz,H-6),5.56 (1H,s,Rha-H-1″),5.35 (1H,d,J=7.6 Hz,Glu-H-1″),1.25(3H,d,J=6.2 Hz,Rha-H-6″)；13C-NMR (125 MHz,CD3OD) δ:18.4 (Rha-C-6″),62.6 (Glu-C-6″),71.3 (Glu-C-4″),71.3 (Rha-C-5″),71.7(Rha-C-3″),72.1 (Rha-C-2″),73.6 (Rha-C-4″),75.7 (Glu-C-5″),78.1 (Glu-C-3″),78.5 (Glu-C-2″),95.6 (C-8),99.9 (C-6),100.7 (Glu-C-1″),103.9 (Rha-C-1″),107.5 (C-10),116.3 (C-2′),117.7 (C-5′),123.0 (C-6′),123.4 (C-1′),135.8(C-3),146.0 (C-3′),150.1 (C-4′),158.0 (C-2),159.4 (C-9),162.8 (C-5),163.6 (C-7),179.6 (C-4)。以上数据与文献[14]基本一致,故鉴定为槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-7-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷。

化合物6:黄色无定形粉末,C27H30O16。ESIMS m/z:611.1 [M+H]+。1H-NMR (500 MHz,DMSO-d6) δ:7.82 (1H,dd,J=2.0,8.5 Hz,H-6′),7.77 (1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-2′),6.88 (1H,d,J=8.5 Hz,H-5′),6.63 (1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-8),6.25 (1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-6),5.71 (1H,d,J=7.6 Hz,Glu-H-1″),5.35 (1H,s,Rha-H-1‴),0.83 (3H,d,J=6.2 Hz,Rha-H-6‴)；13C-NMR(125 MHz,DMSO-d6) δ:17.4 (Rha-C-6‴),60.5(Glu-C-6″),68.6 (Rha-C-5‴),70.0 (Glu-C-4″),70.4 (Rha-C-2‴),70.7 (Rha-C-3‴),72.0 (Rha-C-4‴),76.8 (Glu-C-2″),77.2 (Glu-C-5″),77.4(Glu-C-3″),93.6 (C-8),98.9 (C-6),99.2 (Glu-C-1″),101.2 (Rha-C-1‴),104.0 (C-10),115.8(C-2′),116.2 (C-5′),121.0 (C-6′),122.4 (C-1′),133.8 (C-3),145.0 (C-3′),148.2 (C-4′),156.3 (C-2),156.7 (C-9),161.5 (C-5),164.1(C-7),177.6 (C-4)。以上数据与文献[15]基本一致,故鉴定为槲皮素-3-O-新橙皮糖苷。

化合物7:棕黄色无定形粉末,C10H12O2。ESIMS m/z:165.1 [M+H]+。1H-NMR (500 MHz,CD3OD) δ:7.05 (2H,d,J=8.4 Hz,H-2′,6′),6.75 (2H,d,J=8.4 Hz,H-3′,5′),3.05 (2H,t,J=7.4,8.1 Hz,H-3),2.82 (2H,t,J=8.1,7.4 Hz,H-4),1.90 (3H,s,H-1)；13C-NMR (125 MHz,CD3OD) δ:24.2 (C-1),34.1 (C-4),42.3(C-3),116.8 (C-3′,5′),128.6 (C-1′),130.8(C-2′,6′),157.6 (C-4′),180.2 (C-2)。以上数据与文献[16]基本一致,故鉴定为4-(4′-羟基苯基) -2-丁酮。

化合物8:白色球状结晶,C26H34O12。ESI-MS m/z:561.1 [M+Na]+。1H-NMR (500 MHz,C5D5N) δ:7.59 (1H,d,J=8.3 Hz,H-5),7.40(1H,d,J=8.3 Hz,H-5′),7.11 (1H,d,J=8.3 Hz,H-6),7.01 (1H,d,J=8.3 Hz,H-6′),5.68(1H,d,J=6.7 Hz,H-1″),5.00 (1H,d,J=8.6 Hz,H-7),4.94 (1H,d,J=8.6 Hz,H-7′)；13CNMR (125 MHz,C5D5N) δ:53.4 (C-8′),55.9(-CH3O),55.9 (-CH3O),56.5 (C-8),62.4 (C-6″),63.3 (C-9),71.0 (C-4″),71.3 (C-9′),74.9(C-2″),76.8 (C-3″),78.0 (C-7′),78.9 (C-5″),85.1 (C-7),102.3 (C-1″),111.2 (C-2′),111.8(C-2),115.9 (C-5′),116.4 (C-5),120.0 (C-6),120.3 (C-6′),134.2 (C-1),139.5 (C-1′),147.4(C-4′),147.9 (C-4),148.8 (C-3′),150.1 (C-3)。以上数据与文献[17]基本一致,故鉴定为lanicepside B。

化合物9:粉红色无定形粉末,C12H13NO3。ESI-MS m/z:220.1 [M+H]+,242 [M+Na]+。1HNMR (500 MHz,CDCl3) δ:8.68 (1H,s,OH-8),8.45 (1H,s,OH-9),7.02 (1H,s,H-10),6.97(1H,s,H-7),4.52 (1H,d,J=7.7 Hz,H-10b),4.32 (1H,m,H-5),2.88 (1H,m,H-5),2.70(2H,m,H-6),2.40 (1H,m,H-2),2.32 (1H,m,H-2),1.65 (1H,m,H-1)；13C-NMR (125 MHz,CDCl3) δ:28.1 (C-6),28.2 (C-1),32.0(C-2),37.5 (C-5),56.5 (C-10b),112.8 (C-10),116.6 (C-7),124.8 (C-6a),129.4 (C-10a),146.2 (C-8),146.4 (C-9),172.7 (C-3)。以上数据与文献 [18]基本一致,故鉴定为马齿苋酰胺E。

化合物10:淡黄色针状结晶,C20H18O10。ESIMS m/z:419.1 [M+H]+。1H-NMR (500 MHz,C5D5N) δ:8.08 (2H,q,H-2′,6′),6.92 (2H,q,H-3′,5′),6.76 (1H,d,J=2.1 Hz,H-8),6.38(1H,d,J=2.2 Hz,H-6),5.30 (1H,d,J=7.2 Hz,Ara-H-1″)；13C-NMR (125 MHz,C5D5N) δ:65.9 (Xyl-C-5″),67.5 (Xyl-C-4″),70.0 (Xyl-C-2″),72.4 (Xyl-C-3″),94.2 (C-8),98.8 (C-6),100.2 (Xyl-C-1″),104.6 (C-10),115.5 (C-3′,5′),121.6 (C-1′),129.7 (C-2′,6′),136.1 (C-3),147.5 (C-9),155.8 (C-2),159.4 (C-4′),160.3 (C-5),162.6 (C-7),176.1 (C-4)。以上数据与文献[19]基本一致,故鉴定为kaempferol-3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyloside。

化合物11:白色粉末,C26H34O12。ESI-MS m/z:561.1 [M+Na]+。1H-NMR (500 MHz,C5D5N) δ:7.13 (1H,d,J=8.3 Hz,H-5′),7.06 (1H,d,J=1.9 Hz,H-2′),6.93 (1H,d,J=1.9 Hz,H-2),6.76 (1H,dd,J=1.9,6.7 Hz,H-6),4.85 (1H,d,J=6.7 Hz,H-1″),4.53 (1H,d,J=8.5 Hz,H-7′)；13C-NMR (125 MHz,C5D5N) δ:52.7 (C-8′),55.8 (-CH3O),56.4 (-CH3O),56.7 (C-8),62.5(C-6″),63.2 (C-9),71.1 (C-4″),71.3 (C-9′),74.9 (C-2″),77.3 (C-3″),77.8 (C-7′),78.2 (C-5″),85.8 (C-7),102.8 (C-1″),111.2 (C-2),112.2 (C-2′),116.0 (C-5),117.5 (C-5′),120.6(C-6′),120.7 (C-6),134.0 (C-1′),139.6 (C-1),147.4 (C-4),147.6 (C-4′),149.1 (C-3),150.8 (C-3′)。以上数据与文献[17]基本一致,故鉴定为lanicepside A。

化合物12:白色粉末,C36H44O15。ESI-MS m/z:715.3 [M-H]-。1H-NMR (500 MHz,CD3OD) δ:7.13 (1H,s,H2″),6.99 (1H,s,H-2),6.94(1H,s,H-2′),6.87 (1H,d,J=8.3 Hz,H-5),6.81 (2H,d,J=8.3 Hz,H-6,6′),6.76 (2H,d,J=8.3 Hz,H-5′,5″),6.06 (1H,d,J=1.1 Hz,H-7),5.79 (1H,d,J=6.3 Hz,H-8),4.85 (1H,d,J=3.8 Hz,H-7),4.70 (1H,d,J=4.1 Hz,H-7′),4.46 (1H,d,J=4.3 Hz,H-8″),4.33 (1H,q,J=5.3,1.1 Hz,H-9),4.22 (2H,d,J=6.6 Hz,H-9,9′),4.17 (1H,d,J=7.3 Hz,H-1‴),4.05 (1H,m,H-3),3.85 (1H,dd,J=11.6,6.0 Hz,H-9″),3.56 (1H,dd,J=11.6,6.0 Hz,H-9″),1.76(2H,m,H-4),1.63 (1H,d,J=12.1 Hz,H-2),1.44 (1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-2),1.26 (3H,d,J=5.5 Hz,H-10),1.12 (3H,s,H-13),0.87 (3H,s,H-12)；13C-NMR (125 MHz,CD3OD) δ:55.8(C-8),55.9 (C-8′),56.3 (-CH3O),56.4 (-CH3O),56.5 (-CH3O),62.3 (C-9″),62.5 (C-6‴),71.2 (C-4‴),71.3 (C-9),71.3 (C-9′),74.9 (C-2‴),77.1 (C-3‴),78.2 (C-5‴),78.2(C-7″),85.8 (C-8″),86.3 (C-7),87.2 (C-7′),102.8 (C-1‴),111.2 (C-2′),111.2 (C-2),111.2(C-2″),115.8 (C-5″),116.0 (C-5′),118.7 (C-5),120.2 (C-6),120.3 (C-6′),120.5 (C-6″),131.0 (C-1″),134.1 (C-1′),137.0 (C-1),147.4(C-4′),147.6 (C-4″),148.7 (C-3″),148.9 (C-3′),149.1 (C-4),151.7 (C-3)。以上数据与文献[20]基本一致,故鉴定为mananthoside K。

化合物13:白色粉末,C13H24O4。ESI-MS m/z:243.2 [M-H]-。1H-NMR (500 MHz,CD3OD) δ:6.06 (1H,d,J=1.1 Hz,H-7),5.79 (1H,d,J=6.3 Hz,H-8),4.33 (1H,t,J=5.3,1.1 Hz,H-9),4.05 (1H,m,H-3),1.76 (2H,m,H-4),1.63 (1H,d,J=12.1 Hz,H-2),1.44 (1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-2),1.26 (3H,d,J=5.5 Hz,H-10),1.12 (3H,s,H-13),0.87 (3H,s,H-12)；13C-NMR (125 MHz,CD3OD) δ:24.2 (C-10),26.2 (C-12),27.1 (C-13),27.5 (C-11),40.7(C-1),45.7 (C-4),46.4 (C-2),65.3 (C-3),69.6 (C-9),77.8 (C-5),78.9 (C-6),131.2 (C-7),136.1 (C-8)。以上数据与文献[21]基本一致,故鉴定为megastigmane。

化合物14:白色粉末,C20H26O7。ESI-MS m/z:379.2 [M+H]+。1H-NMR (500 MHz,CD3OD) δ:6.90 (1H,d,H-2),6.88 (1H,d,H-2′),6.81(1H,d,J=2.6 Hz,H-6),6.79 (1H,d,J=2.6 Hz,H-6′),3.85 (1H,d,J=9.1 Hz,H-1),3.62(1H,m,H-4),3.30 (1H,m,H-2),1.12 (1H,m,H-3)；13C-NMR (125 MHz,CD3OD) δ:43.8 (C-3),45.9 (C-2),55.8 (-CH3O),56.4 (-CH3O),56.7 (C-8),62.5 (C-6″),63.2 (C-9),71.1 (C-4″),71.3 (C-9′),74.9 (C-2″),77.3 (C-3″),77.8 (C-7′),78.2 (C-5″),85.8 (C-7),102.8 (C-1″),111.2 (C-2),112.2 (C-2′),116.0 (C-5),117.5 (C-5′),120.6 (C-6′),120.7 (C-6),134.0(C-1′),139.6 (C-1),147.4 (C-4),147.6 (C-4′),149.1 (C-3),150.8 (C-3′)。以上数据与文献[22]基本一致,故鉴定此化合物为4-(3′-hydroxy-4′-methoxyphenyl) -4-(4″-hydroxy-3″-methoxyphenyl) -2,3-di (hydroxymethyl) butan-1-ol。

化合物15:无色油状,C38H36O11。ESI-MS m/z:691.3 [M+Na]+。1H-NMR (500 MHz,CD3CD) δ:6.70～7.02 (20H,m,H-2,H-5,H-6,H-2′,H-5′,H-6′,H-3″,H-5″,H-3‴,and H-5‴),4.87 (2H,m,H-7),4.84 (2H,m,H-9′),4.51 (2H,m,H-8),4.43 (2H,m,H-9),3.82 (3H,s,-CH3O),3.79 (3H,s,-CH3O)；13C-NMR (125 MHz,CD3OD) δ:56.4 (-CH3O),56.5 (-CH3O),63.2(C-9),65.3 (C-9′),74.1 (C-7),85.8 (C-8),111.4 (C-2),111.7 (C-2′),115.6 (C-8″),115.8(C-8‴),115.8 (C-5),115.9 (C-5′),116.0 (C-3″,5″),116.0 (C-3‴,5‴),118.5 (C-2),118.7(C-2′),120.6 (C-6),120.6 (C-6′),120.6 (C-8′),127.0 (C-1″),127.1 (C-1‴),131.2 (C-2″,6″),131.2 (C-2‴,6‴),133.8 (C-1),134.0 (C-1′),134.1 (C-7′),147.0 (C-7″),147.1 (C-7‴),147.4 (C-3),147.8 (C-4),148.6 (C-4′),148.8(C-3′),160.3 (C-4″),160.6 (C-4‴),167.4 (C-9″),167.6 (C-9‴)。以上数据与文献[23]基本一致,故鉴定为dadahol B。

4 讨论

乌头叶作为《中国药典》 收录品种,也是蒙医药里的一味重要药材,据调查,蒙医药近300 种常用成方之中,应用草乌叶的就有20 余种[24]。然而近年来,乌头的地上部分没有得到很好的开发利用,种出的乌头地上部分绝大多数都是焚烧丢弃的。如果能在乌头地上部分发现一些活性成分,将可以将乌头叶加以利用,变废为宝。

乌头属植物虽然有毒,但几千年来民间仍有煮食乌头的习惯,这足以说明其具有增强体质、预防疾病的作用。煮食乌头的溶剂是水,用水煮提的成分除了部分中弱极性的二萜生物碱外,还存在很多强极性成分,而乌头的强极性成分一直以来很少被关注。本实验从中分离得到了1 个生物碱、6 个黄酮苷、8 个酚酸及酚苷类化合物,表明直缘乌头的主要成分除了生物碱,还有黄酮及黄酮苷、酚酸及酚苷类,这两大类成分在近年来的很多研究表明,有很强的药理活性[25-28]。基于此,下一步课题组将针对这两大类成分进行系统的药理活性研究,以期发掘其独特的活性成分。