中学英语“现在分词”用法归纳及难点突破
2019-11-26王学斌
王学斌
(陕西省镇安中学,陕西商洛 711500)
引 言
英语中的分词既具有形容词和副词的功能,又具有动词的特点,用途较为广泛,在句子中可以作状语、表语、定语、宾语补足语等[1]。从时间上来划分,分词可以分为现在分词和过去分词,也就是动词的ing 形式和ed 形式,本文主要对现在分词的用法进行了分析和探讨。
一、现在分词的构成
现在分词由动词原形后加-ing 构成,有以下四种形式。
(1)在动词原形后直接加-ing,如work →working,start →starting,build →building,teach →teaching。
(2)去掉“e”,再加-ing,如make→making,take→taking, produce→ producing。
(3)以元音字母加重读闭音节字母结尾时,双写重读闭音节字母,再加-ing,如stop →stopping,begin →beginning,win →winning,swim →swimming。
(4)以字母-ie 结尾时,变ie 为y,再加-ing,例lie→lying,tie →tying,die →dying,等等。
二、现在分词的特点
在语法上,现在分词具有形容词和副词的特点。
三、现在分词的应用
由于现在分词具有形容词和副词的特点,它在句子中可以作表语、定语、补足语和状语。
(一)作表语
观察下列例句,探究现在分词作表语的特点。
(1)This TV program is very interesting.
(2)The theme parks are very amazing.
(3)What he did is very disappointing.
(4)The words he said to his father were frightening.
归纳:
第一,作表语的现在分词一般具有情感色彩。例如,disappointing, interesting, moving, boring, exciting, surprising, worrying, tiring, frightening, pleasing, amazing, satisfying, discouraging, encouraging, shocking, confusing, delighting, embarrassing, terrifying, disgusting。
第二,一般来说,现在分词作表语时,句子的主语常指事物。
(二)作定语
观察下列五个例句,探究现在分词作定语的特点以及定语从句作定语与现在分词作定语的转换规律。
(1)There is a sleeping girl under the tree.
转换后:There is a girl who is sleeping under the tree.
(2)I know the man standing there.
转换后:I know the man who is standing there.
(3)A picture which dates from 118 BC has been found.
转换后:A picture dating from 118 BC has been found.
(4)Zhuge Liang was a Chinese army general who lived from 181 to 234 AD.
转换后:Zhuge Liang was a Chinese army general living from 181 to 234 AD.
(5)Look! A smiling girl is coming here.
转换后:Look! A girl who is smiling is coming here.
归纳:
第一,在位置上,现在分词单独作定语时一般放在所修饰名词之前,如例(1)(5);现在分词短语作定语时必须放在所修饰词之后,如例(2)(3)(4)。
第二,被修饰名词与现在分词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系,如例(1)—(5),其作用相当于定语从句。
第三,定语从句的引导词在从句中作主语时,可将从句作定语转换为现在分词或现在分词短语作定语(从句主谓为主动关系时)[2]。
第四,一般来说,在时态上,现在分词作定语所表示的动作为现在进行时态、一般现在时态或一般过去时态等。
(三)作宾语补足语
观察下列例句,探究现在分词作宾语补足语的特点。
(1)The teacher found his students discussing the math problem when he passed the classroom.
(2)The salesman caught the boy stealing but let him off.
(3)His grandmother always suggests him getting on well with his classmates.
(4)I heard Jack and his classmates singing in the classroom just now.
归纳:
第一,在逻辑上,宾语和宾语补足语之间有主谓关系,如例(1)—(4)。
第二,在时间上,句子谓语与现在分词所表示的动作同时进行,如例(1)(2)(4)。
第三, 现在分词常在suggest, leave, feel, hear, catch, imagine, make 等之后作宾语补足语。
(四)作状语
观察下列例句,探究现在分词作状语的特点以及某些状语从句与现在分词作状语的转换规律。
(1)When he was walking in the street, he came across his English teacher.
转换后:(When)walking in the street, he came across his English teacher.
转换后:He came across his English teacher when walking in the street.
(2)She sat at the door (,) watching TV.
(3)Jack and Ann went into the teacher's office, talking and
laughing.
(4)I will help her to learn English if I have time.
转换后:(If)Having time, I will help her to learn English.转换后: I will help her to learn English if having time.
归纳:
现在分词作状语时,一般分为以下两种情况。
第一,在时间、原因、条件或让步状语从句中,若主从句的主语一致且从句主语和谓语为主动语态时,可将从句变为现在分词或现在分词短语作状语。放句首时,从句的引导词可以带上,也可以不带上;若放句末时,状语从句的引导词必须带上,如例(1)(4)。
第二,如简单句含有多个谓语,且它们的动作同时发生时,须用现在分词置句末(主语和该动词之间为主动关系时)作方式、伴随或结果状语,如例(2)(3)。
结 语
总之,在中学英语教学中,教师要引导学生通过观察、发现、归纳以及有效的训练,来把握现在分词的构成、词性、作用及应用规律,这样他们就能掌握和突破现在分词这一学习重难点,并能对其进行正确而灵活的运用。