分词在英语教学中的妙用
2021-03-15何小茹
【摘要】在长期的英语教学中,我发现学生在学习过程中对分词的理解与运用存在着误区与偏差,特别是对分词的时态、语态以及分词的语法功能掌握的不系统、不全面,从而在英语的阅读与写作中出现诸多误解、误判与误用,故特撰此文,以便同仁商榷讨论,批评指正。
【关键词】逻辑主语;功能从句
【作者简介】何小茹(1966.09-),女,汉族,甘肃省天水市天水郡小学,研究方向:小学英语教学工作。
一、分词的概念
分词是一种独立于谓语动词之外,与句中主语存在着密切关系的动作现象,它既有自己的主语,也有自己的宾语(及物动词的分词)、状语等成分。分词具有自己独立的时态与语态。分词也可与自己的宾语、状语一起构成分词短语(即分词分句)。
二、分词的构成形式,以动词do为例
现在分词 过去分词
doing done
三、分词的时态、语态
1.分词的时态。表示分词动作与句中谓语动词发生时间先后次序的分词形式称之为分词的时态。现在分词的时态有二种,即:一般式和完成式。分词的一般式表示分词的动作与句中谓语动词动作同时进行或发生在谓语动词动作之后,分词的完成式表示分词的动作发生在句中谓语动词动作之前。
2.分词的语态。表示分词的动作与分词的逻辑主语之间的关系的分词形式称之为分词的语态。一般有两种:主动式与被动式。分词动作与分词的逻辑主语是意义上的主动关系时,分词使用主动式;分词动作与分词的逻辑主语是意义上的被动关系时,分词便用被动式。分词的时态与语态以动词do为例,列表如下:
1.Singing the Nationd Theme grandily,the students looked at the national flag rising slowly.
现在分词singing所表示的动作与句中谓动动词所表示的动作looked at the national flag同时进行。
2.Having cleaned the classroom,John and his students locked the door and left for their homes.
分词的完成式Having cleaned the classroom所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词Locked and Left所表示的动作之前。
Being asked why he was late for school,John thought out a Lie to answer his mother.
分词的被动式being asked所表示的被动动作与句中谓thought out所表示的动作同时发生。
Having been fined for breaking the traffic rules,Mike drove away angrily.现在分词的完成被动式Having been fined所表示的被动动作发生在句中谓语动词drove away angrily所表示的动作之前。
Having two hours to spare,I went to see a film 。
I與having两者为意义上的主动关系。
DiscourageD by my failure,I resingned from my job
过去分词discouraged与它的逻辑主语I两者间是意义上的被动关系。
四、分词的功能
分词在句中使用时具有如下功能:1.动词功能现在分词与助动词be连用时构成各种进行时态;过去分词与助动词have连用时构成各种完成时态;过去分词与be连用构成各种被动语态;它可以具有自己的宾语和状语。同时,分词本身也表示一定的动作,有自己独立的时态和语态,如二中所述,2.具有形容词功能,在句中作状语。
例如:1.It was raining hard when I got home.(进行时态)
2.I've forgot her name.(完成时态)
3.English is spoken in the world.(被动语态)
4.I'm interested in English.(作表语)
5.The guests invited to the party had arrived.(作定语)
6.That book is interesting.(作表语)
7.He says she's got a broken heart.(作定语)
8.I heard him singing in the next romm.(作宾语补足语)
9.He was seen stealing money from a woman.(主语补足语)
作状语的情况见上文二中所列例句。
五、分词与其功能分句之间转换
1.由于分词具有功能,故具有形容词功能的分词和分词短语可以转化为以下两种带有从句的主从合句。
(1)分词作宾语补足语←→宾语从句
1.I saw him playing basketball on the playground
(宾语补足语)
→I saw that he was playing basket ball on
the playground.(宾语从句)
2.I found John being scolded by the teacher.
(宾语补足语)
I found that John was being scolded by the teacher
(宾语从句)
(2)分词作定语←→定语从句
1.I saw some fallen leaves on the ground after
a terrible wind .(定语)
→I saw some leaves that had fallen on the ground
after a terrible wind.(定语从句)
(3)India is also a developing country.(宾语)
India is also a country that is developing.
2.分词具有副词性质,可以转换为与之功能相当的副词从句,即状语从句,用来表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步等状语功能的主从复合句,通常用于正式文体中。
1.Washing my hands,I walked into the dinning room.(时间状语)
→After I had washed my hands , I walked into the dinning room.(时间状语从句)
2.Having failed my teaching exam ,I took up farming .(时间状语从句)
3. Used economically , one tin will last for six weeks.(條件状语)
→ If it is used economically ,one tin will last for six weeks.(条件状语从句)
4.It rained for several days, completely flooding the whole village.(结果状语)
→It raintd for several days so that it flooded the whole village.(结果状语从句)
5.Not having got much formal education, she succeeded in attending a key university.(进步状语)
→Though she hadn't got much formal education, she succeeded in attending in a key university.(让步状语从句)
以上从语用学的角度初步探索分词的用法功能,便于学生准确把握分词在英语学习中的理解与运用,从各种功能分句入手,进一步学习分词的语用功能,能够由浅入深地掌握分词的用法,其中如有纰漏,敬请读者批评指正。
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