cN0期阴茎癌患者腹股沟淋巴结清扫的研究进展
2019-10-30何叶叠
何叶叠
[摘要]阴茎癌是一种发病率较低的恶性肿瘤,主要通过淋巴结进行转移,并且淋巴结的转移情况是肿瘤预后的重要因素。对于临床上无触及或可见的增大的腹股沟淋巴结的cN0期阴茎癌患者,如何权衡腹股沟淋巴结清扫带来的手术获益与伤害,是临床上一项重要的挑战。cN0期患者在原发灶切除后选择主动监测或是淋巴结清扫需要经过筛选,其中高危的患者可能需要更积极的治疗。早期进行腹股沟淋巴结清扫可能带来生存获益。改良的腹股沟淋巴结清扫、动态显像前哨淋巴结活检等手段会减少传统腹股沟淋巴结清扫的创伤,但对cN0期患者行放疗的证据不足。
[关键词]阴茎癌;腹股沟淋巴结清扫;cN0;转移;生存获益
[中图分类号] R737.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2019)8(a)-0027-04
[Abstract] Penile cancer is a kind of malignant tumor with low incidence rate, which mainly metastasizes through lymph nodes, and lymph node metastasis is an important factor for the prognosis. For cN0 penile cancer patients with clinically unexposed or visible enlarged inguinal lymph nodes, it is a clinically important challenge to balance the benefits and injuries of inguinal lymph node dissection. Patients in cN0 stage who choose active monitoring or lymph node dissection after excision of the primary lesion need to be screened, and those with intermediate or high risk may require more aggressive treatment. Early inguinal lymph node dissection may bring survival benefits. Modified inguinal lymph node dissection and dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy can reduce the trauma of traditional inguinal lymph node dissection, but there is insufficient evidence for radiotherapy in patients with cN0.
[Key words] Penile cancer; Inguinal lymph node dissection; cN0; Metastasis; Survival benefit
陰茎癌是一种较为罕见的男性生殖系统恶性肿瘤,其发病率在发达国家约为十万分之一[1-2]。阴茎癌的转移途径主要是淋巴转移,而腹股沟淋巴结是阴茎癌发生区域淋巴结转移的第一站[3]。阴茎皮肤淋巴结回流至腹股沟浅表淋巴结,以上内侧区为主,同时两侧交叉引流[4-5]。腹股沟深部淋巴结则收集浅表淋巴结或者阴茎深部组织的淋巴液[6]。阴茎癌淋巴结转移情况是非常重要的预后因素。cN0期阴茎癌患者总体预后较好,5年肿瘤特异性生存率为85%~100%[7-8],目前美国国立综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)以及欧洲泌尿外科协会(European As-sociation of Urology,EAU)指南对于组织学已证实腹股沟淋巴结转移、临床可触及增大的腹股沟淋巴结(cN1+期)或临床无可触及或可见的增大的腹股沟淋巴结(cN0期)但具有高危因素的患者推荐行腹股沟淋巴结清扫术[7-9],但腹股沟淋巴结清扫术后并发症的发生率较高[10]。对于cN0期患者腹股沟淋巴结的具体处理方式,目前仍有不少争议。
1治疗方式的选择
cN0期患者发生微转移的概率在不同时代不同中心的报道大致接近。1986年McDougal等[11]报道了cN0期阴茎癌患者微转移发生率大约为20%。2008年Ornellas等[12]研究发现有24%的cN0期患者存在微转移,并且约52%的cN0期患者会产生延迟的淋巴结转移。因此,cN0期患者在原发病灶切除后选择主动监测可避免预防性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术后并发症带来的困扰,但是可能延误治疗时机。目前EAU指南推荐对于低危(pT1G1)的患者进行主动监测[7]。在一项随机对照研究中[13],423例cN0期患者被分成预防性腹股沟淋巴结清扫组、观察组和淋巴结活检组,淋巴结清扫组和观察组的5年无病生存率分别为100%和76%。Djajadiningrat等[14]回顾性分析了655例仅进行了原发病灶切除的cN0期阴茎鳞癌患者(T1G1-3 cN0 SCCP),发现T1G1、TIG2、T1G3的患者5年肿瘤特异性死亡率(CSM)分别为2.6%、10.0%和15.9%,而三者的5年总特异性死亡率(OCM)分别为29.5%、27.3%以及29.3%,可见在cN0T1G1期患者中即使在原发病灶切除术后未进行腹股沟淋巴结清扫,其肿瘤相关性死亡风险依然呈现一个较低的水平,这为T1G1期患者在切除原发病灶术后进行监测提供了证据。Winters等[15]对接受腹股沟淋巴结清扫术的461例cN0期患者进行分析,发现24.0%的患者术后病理分期上升,而原发病灶淋巴管浸润浸润(LVI)是淋巴结转移强有力的独立预测因素,因此推荐将淋巴管浸润列入独立的高危因素。Yumura等[16]对66例cN0期阴茎癌患者原发病灶切除术后进行检测,中位随访时间为35.7个月,其中13例(21.2%)发生腹股沟淋巴结转移,5年无病生存率为77.3%,多因素分析显示仅LVI与腹股沟淋巴结转移发生率相关,根据EAU风险分级,低危组、中危组、高危组腹股沟淋巴结转移发生率分别为12.0、17.6、55.6%,因此其认为对于中高危患者建议行更积极的措施。Heyns等[17]在总结了其他文献报道后提出,对于低危(G1-2、Tis、Ta、T1、无脉管浸润)的cN0期阴茎癌患者,建议在原发病灶切除术后2年内每3个月进行随访,第3年、第4年分别每4个月、6个月随访,5年之后每年进行1次随访。
2手术时机的选择
对于cN0期患者的腹股沟淋巴结清扫时机,目前仍有争论,主要有原发病治疗后6周以内进行早期清扫,以及随诊过程中触及肿大淋巴结后进行延迟清扫2种观点[5]。Meijer等[18]研究认为阴茎癌患者的生存率更取决于淋巴结的情况而非局部病变程度,对于T2~T3,cN0期的患者,即刻行腹股沟淋巴结清扫相较于延迟清扫能提高生存率。Chipollini等[19]根据腹股沟淋巴结清扫术的时间,分析了肿瘤局部复发和疾病特异性生存的预测因素,发现淋巴结阳性和早期腹股沟淋巴结清扫是区域复发的预测因素,早期清扫组和晚期清扫组5年疾病特异性生存率分别为64.1%和39.5%,其认为3个月是腹股沟淋巴结清扫术的最佳时间窗。另外有文献[20]通过检索美国国家癌症数据库(NCDB),筛选出cN0M0期的阴茎癌患者共1919例,其中377例(19.6%)患者进行了早期区域淋巴结清扫术,其总生存率(OS)为117.9个月,43.0%的患者临床病理分期≥T2,26.0%的患者病理学证实淋巴结转移,以上数据与延迟进行淋巴结清扫的患者均有显著性差异(OS:98.3个月,cT2≤16.1%,pN1≤0.8%),因此早期淋巴结清扫相比延迟淋巴结清扫更具有生存获益。
3减少传统腹股沟淋巴结清扫创伤的方式
3.1改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫
对于cN0期阴茎癌患者,改良的腹股沟淋巴结清扫术是一项可以选择的术式[21]。1985年Fraley等[22]最早提出了这个概念。2008年Leijte等[23]一项前瞻性研究发现,腹股沟前哨淋巴结仅见于腹股沟上内侧区、上外侧区和中央区(根据Daseler5分区法),下侧2个区域均未见到前哨淋巴结,这也为改良清扫术的清扫范围提供了依据。由于缩小了传统腹股沟淋巴结清扫范围,改良清扫术较大限度减少了传统手术方式带来的并发症[10,13,24]。有研究者对31例接受改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫的cN0期阴茎癌患者进行了3年随访,均未发现复发情况[25]。另有研究对12例接受了改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术的患者进行长期随访的结果中未发现严重和长期的并发症,也没有复发[10]。改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫可以选择进行术中冰冻来决定是否扩大清扫范围[26]。
3.2动态显像前哨淋巴结活检
动态显像前哨淋巴结活检(DSNB)是通过在原发肿瘤周围皮下注射99m锝纳米胶体,术前淋巴闪烁显像、术中皮内蓝染技术和γ射线探头对前哨淋巴结进行识别来实现的。DSNB需要一定的学习曲线,不同中心報道的DSNB的敏感度差异较大[21]。Zou等[27]对27篇相关文献共3545项相关病例进行了Meta分析,发现在cN0期阴茎癌患者中,DSNB的敏感度和阴性预测值分别88.0%和99.0%,并且与操作人员的经验密切相关,SPECT/CT、术中伽马探头以及三维影像重建均可用于协助进行DSNB,此外,术前超声检查、针吸活检、手术探查等操作也是对cN0期患者腹股沟淋巴结转移的排除方法。相关研究报道指出DSNB的假阴性率达到12.0%~15.0%[25,28-29],这可能使这部分患者延误治疗而导致不良后果。而在有经验的中心进行DSNB可以将假阴性率降低至4.8%[30],并发症发生率在10.0%以内,并且都能通过保守治疗妥善解决[31]。
3.3放射治疗
Kulkarni等[32]曾对cN0期阴茎癌患者做过一项前瞻性非随机研究,发现进行腹股沟淋巴结清扫组、放疗组和观察组的5年生存率分别为74.0%、66.0%和63.0%。在一些其他的相关研究中,cN0期阴茎癌患者的辅助放疗后淋巴结出现转移的概率为22.0%~25.0%[33,34],与cN0期阴茎癌患者发生淋巴结微转移的概率相似,说明放疗并不能降低cN0期阴茎癌患者腹股沟淋巴结转移的发生率。结合目前已有的研究报道,对于cN0期阴茎癌患者不推荐行辅助放疗。
4小结
cN0期的阴茎癌患者总体预后较好,但仍存在淋巴结微转移的风险。对于低危的cN0期阴茎癌患者,可以进行随访监测,对于存在中高危因素的cN0期患者推荐行腹股沟淋巴结清扫。早期进行腹股沟淋巴结清扫相对于延迟清扫,更能带来生存获益。对于cN0期阴茎癌患者,可以推荐行改良的腹股沟淋巴结清扫术以及DSNB,以减少传统腹股沟淋巴结清扫带来的并发症。对于cN0期阴茎癌患者目前不推荐行辅助放疗。
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(收稿日期:2019-02-26 本文編辑:任秀兰)