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青岛地区不同妊娠时期妇女甲状腺素的检测

2019-09-10刘德春亢林萍李宝来瓮占平

青岛大学学报(医学版) 2019年6期
关键词:参考值妊娠

刘德春 亢林萍 李宝来 瓮占平

[摘要] 目的 检测青岛地区妊娠不同时期妇女甲状腺素水平,为其参考值建立提供临床依据。

方法 选取青岛市市立医院产科门诊2016年1—11月常规产检的正常妊娠妇女1 124例,其中妊娠早期366例(早孕组),妊娠中期399例(中孕组),妊娠晚期359例(晚孕组);隨机选取同期查体中心22~42岁健康非妊娠妇女643例作为对照组。采用化学发光免疫分析法检测各组妇女促甲状腺素(TSH)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)水平,以中位数及双侧限值(M,P2.5~P97.5)表示妊娠各期甲状腺素的生物参考区间。

结果 早孕组、中孕组、晚孕组及对照组血清TSH中位数及参考范围分别为(1.46,0.06~4.62)、(1.62,0.06~4.70)、(1.78,0.06~4.82)、(1.89,0.67~4.91)mU/L,FT4则分别为(11.12,8.43~16.41)、(9.53,6.74~13.59)、(8.66,6.24~15.05)、(10.85,8.39~16.03)pmol/L;FT3分别为(4.80,4.00~6.34)、(4.63,3.68~5.93)、(4.33,3.25~5.73)、(4.83,4.00~6.47)pmol/L。早孕组TSH水平显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(Z=-6.676,P<0.01);随着妊娠进展,TSH水平逐渐升高,早孕组与中孕组、中孕组与晚孕组比较差异均有统计学意义(Z=-2.005、-1.982,P<0.05)。早孕组FT4水平显著高于对照组,FT3水平显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(Z=-2.891、-3.593,P<0.01),FT4、FT3均随着妊娠进展逐渐下降。

结论 青岛地区妊娠不同阶段妇女甲状腺素参考值存在差异。

[关键词] 妊娠;参考值;促甲状腺素;甲状腺素

[中图分类号] R339.2

[文献标志码] A

[文章编号]  2096-5532(2019)06-0726-04

doi:10.11712/jms201906023

[开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID)]

DETERMINATION OF SERUM THYROID HORMONES IN PREGNANT WOMEN AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF PREGNANCY IN QINGDAO, CHINA

LIU Dechun, KANG Linping, LI Baolai, WENG Zhanping

(Obstetrics Department of Qingdao Muni-

cipal Hospita, Qingdao 266000, China)

[ABSTRACT] Objective To measure serum thyroid hormones in pregnant women at different stages of pregnancy in Qing-dao, China, and to provide a clinical basis for establishing the reference values of serum thyroid hormones in different stages of pregnancy.

Methods A total of 1 124 healthy pregnant women who underwent routine antenatal examination in the obstetrics outpatient clinic of Qingdao Municipal Hospital from January to November, 2016 were selected for this study. They were divided into early pregnancy group (366 cases), mid-pregnancy group (399 cases), and late pregnancy group (359 cases). A total of 643 healthy non-pregnant women aged between 22-42 years in the same period were selected as control group from the Regular Physical Examination Center in Qingdao Municipal Hospital. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels were measured for the women in each group using chemiluminescent immunoassay, and the biological reference intervals of thyroid hormones at different stages of pregnancy were expressed as median and bilateral limits (M,P2.5-P97.5).

Results The medians and reference ranges of serum TSH, FT4, and FT3 in the early pregnancy group, mid-pregnancy group, and late pregnancy group were as follows: TSH,(1.46,0.06-4.62),(1.62,0.06-4.70),(1.78, 0.06-4.82), and (1.89, 0.67-4.91)mU/L, respectively; FT4,(11.12,8.43-16.41),(9.53,6.74-13.59),(8.66,6.24-15.05), and (10.85,8.39-16.03) pmol/L, respectively; FT3,(4.80,4.00-6.34),(4.63,3.68-5.93),(4.33,3.25-5.73), and (4.83,4.00-6.47) pmol/L, respectively. The early pregnancy group had a significantly lower TSH level than the control group (Z=-6.676,P<0.01). TSH level gradually increased as pregnancy progressed; TSH was significantly lower in the early pregnancy group than in the mid-pregnancy group, and in the mid-pregnancy group than in the late pregnancy group (Z=-2.005,-1.982;P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the early pregnancy group had a significantly higher FT4 level and a significantly lower FT3 level (Z=-2.891,-3.593;P<0.01); both serum FT4 and FT3 levels decreased as the pregnancy progressed.

Conclusion

The reference values of serum thyroid hormones differ between pregnant women at different stages of pregnancy in Qingdao.

[KEY WORDS] pregnancy; reference values; thyrotropin; free thyroxine

甲狀腺素的主要作用是调节人体物质能量代谢,促进生长发育。妇女妊娠期间甲状腺素直接参与胎儿发育,并且是胎儿神经系统发育中不可缺少的调控激素之一。几乎整个神经系统发育过程,包括神经细胞增殖、迁移,神经网络的构成和髓鞘形成等都离不开甲状腺素调控[1]。研究证实,妊娠期未治疗的甲状腺功能减退症可以明显影响后代的智力[2-3],如果能够早期发现、早期治疗,后代智力将不被影响,因此妊娠早期预防及治疗甲状腺功能异常疾病具有重要意义[4-5]。血清游离甲状腺素(FT4)水平对临床诊断妊娠期甲状腺疾病具有重要地位,而近年来妊娠期妇女甲状腺功能的相关指标参考范围尚未统一[6-10]。由于妇女妊娠期机体代谢的变化以及各地区的碘营养状态和检测试剂不同,各地区甲状腺素测定值范围也存在差异,中华医学会2012年颁布的《妊娠和产后甲状腺疾病诊治指南》[11]建议建立各地区妊娠期甲状腺素水平的参考范围。目前青岛地区还没有相关参考指标。本课题组检测1 124例妊娠各期妇女促甲状腺素(TSH)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)水平的变化,为建立青岛地区妊娠期妇女甲状腺素水平的参考值提供临床依据。

1 对象与方法

1.1 研究对象

2016年1—11月,选取来我院产科门诊进行产检的22~42岁正常妊娠妇女1 124例纳入研究,并根据妊娠期分为早孕组(4~13周)366例,中孕组(14~27周)399例,晚孕组(28~39周)359例。选择同时间段于我院查体中心进行体检的22~42岁健康非妊娠妇女643例作为对照组。

各组间年龄比较差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。见表1。

1.2 入选标准

参照美国临床生化研究所(NACB)的标准[12]:①妊娠妇女样本量至少120例;②排除抗甲状腺过氧化酶抗体(TPOAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb)阳性者(免疫化学发光等敏感测定方法);③排除有甲状腺疾病个人史和家族史者;④排除可见或者可以触及甲状腺肿;⑤排除服用可能改变甲状腺功能的药物者。纳入研究者均有5年以上青岛居住史。

1.3 研究方法

采集研究对象空腹静脉血3 mL,静置2 h后,离心机3 000 r/min离心6 min,取上清立即检测。应用美国BECKMAN COULTER全自动生化发光分析仪及其配套的TSH、FT4、FT3、TPOAb、TgAb免疫发光试剂盒检测各样本TSH、FT4、FT3的水平,排除TPOAb、TgAb阳性者,将数据及年龄输入Excle 2013软件,建立数据库。所有的试剂盒均进行实验室标准质控,测定批内及批间差异均<10%。

1.4 统计学分析

采用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行数据处理和分析,TSH、FT4、FT3为非正态分布数据,其多组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis检验,再采用Wilcoxon Rank Sum Tests 进行两两比较,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。甲状腺素水平参考范围采用双侧限值95%参考值范围,使用百分位数法,其结果以中位数(M)及双侧限值(P2.5~P97.5)表示。

2 结 果

早孕组、中孕组、晚孕组和对照组孕妇的TSH、FT4、FT3中位数及参考范围见表2。早孕组与中孕组孕妇TSH水平显著低于对照组(Z=-6.676、-4.321,P<0.01),中孕组与晚孕组均显著高于早孕组(Z=-2.005、-3.413,P<0.01),晚孕组显著高于中孕组(Z=-1.982,P<0.05),晚孕组与对照组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。早孕组FT4水平显著高于对照组(Z=-6.676,P<0.01),中孕组、晚孕组显著低于对照组(Z=-12.829、-13.157,P<0.01),中孕组与晚孕组均显著低于早孕组(Z=-12.525、-12.819,P<0.01),晚孕组显著低于中孕组(Z=-5.780,P<0.01)。早孕组、中孕组及晚孕组孕妇FT3水平显著低于对照组(Z=-3.593~-12.136,P<0.01),中孕组与晚孕组显著低于早孕组(Z=-5.026、-9.755,P<0.01),晚孕组显著低于中孕组(Z=-6.198,P<0.01)。

3 讨 论

妇女妊娠期新陈代谢的剧烈改变以及妊娠黄

体、胎盘等分泌激素的多重调节,使甲状腺素分泌产生较大改变。妊娠期若仍采用非妊娠妇女甲状腺素水平参考范围来评估甲状腺功能水平,易造成漏诊或误诊[13]。妇女受孕后妊娠黄体及胎盘相继分泌人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG),HCG水平通常在受精卵着床后的10周达到高峰,持续约10 d后迅速下降,至妊娠中晚期其血清浓度仅为峰值10%[14]。HCG与TSH一样由α、β两个亚基组成,α亚基几乎相同,相互间能发生交叉反应,有促进甲状腺分泌甲状腺素的作用[15],故血清FT4随HCG升高而上升,两者呈正相关。血清中HCG升高,对下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴调节起到负反馈作用,从而使TSH分泌减少,故TSH与HCG呈负相关。此外,增多的FT4也在一定程度上抑制TSH分泌,使妊娠早期妇女TSH水平降低20%~30%[16]。GLINOER等[17]研究发现,HCG每升高10 kU/L,FT4浓度可增加0.6 pmol/L,同时TSH浓度下降0.1 mU/L。因此,在妊娠早期出现TSH降低,并在妊娠12周达最低点[18-19]。另外,妊娠期妇女肾小球滤过率较非妊娠期增加50%[14],肾小管对碘的重吸收减少,使母体相对缺碘,而妊娠中晚期由于胎儿发育的优先需要,又增强了母体向胎盘转运碘的能力,使母体碘更易缺乏。甲状腺可利用的碘减少,引起妊娠中晚期FT4减少,FT4又通过负反馈调节使TSH升高[20]。本研究中甲状腺素变化趋势与上述调节机制相一致。任安[21]在《妊娠及产后甲状腺疾病诊治指南》解读中指出,妊娠早期TSH水平较非妊娠期降低20%~30%[16],而FT4水平较非妊娠期升高10%~15%,本实验结果与其相一致。总体而言,妊娠早期TSH较非妊娠期降低,随着妊娠期的延长呈增加趋势。孕早期FT4高于非孕期,随着孕期进展,呈下降趋势,与相关研究结果一致[22-25]。

目前已有相关地区及国家建立了甲状腺素参考值,并制定参考指南。例如,2011年美国甲状腺学会(ATA)颁布的指南[6]中推荐,妊娠早期、中期和晚期血清TSH的参考范围分别为0.1~2.5、0.2~3.0、0.3~3.0 mU/L,本研究中TSH较其参考值上限分别高了2.12(84.80%)、1.70(56.67%)、1.82(60.67%)mU/L。2017年ATA颁布的《妊娠和产后甲状腺疾病诊断指南》[7]参考中国LI等[26]研究,建议将妊娠早期TSH的参考值上限定为4.0 mU/L,本研究妊娠早期TSH上限较其增高0.62 mU/L(15.5%)。LI等[26]研究认为,妊娠早期TSH的参考范围为0.10~4.34 mU/L,本研究结果与其相近,但上限高0.28 mU/L(6.45%)。2012年中华医学会颁布的《妊娠和产后甲状腺疾病诊治指南》[11]建立了4组妊娠期血清TSH、FT4参考范围,本研究妇女妊娠早期、中期TSH的参考值上限高于指南中3组,而FT4在妊娠早、中、晚期参考值上限均小于指南中4组。

本研究结果符合相关研究及国内外指南变化趋势,但具体参考值存在差异。究其原因,可能与各地区、国家研究团队所采用的试剂品牌、室内温度、血液样品保存时间及上样时间不统一等技术要素有关。但更重要的可能与区域间碘摄入差异有关。王璐[27]研究表明,青岛3县及市区均为碘缺乏地区,孕妇和哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数均未达到推荐标准150 μg/L。林彦琳等[28]研究表明,妊娠早期妇女尿碘为8.20~1 856.70 μg/L,尿碘中位数178.36 μg/L,碘缺乏占39.08%,其中重度、中度和轻度碘缺乏分别占1.68%、3.36%和34.04%,认为青岛地区妊娠早期妇女普遍存在碘缺乏。青岛地区碘的缺乏,导致FT4合成相对减少,从而负反馈调节使TSH相对升高,解释了本研究TSH参考值上限明显高于其他研究原因。

综上所述,妊娠期妇女甲状腺素水平与非妊娠期差异明显,并随着妊娠期进展有一定变化规律。本次研究结果与ATA 2011年和2017年颁布的指南,以及胡璐璐等[29]、李佳等[30]研究孕妇甲状腺素变化的趋势相同,但结果不完全相同,可能与人种、地区、生活习惯、饮食摄入碘量、检验试剂等不同有关。建立本地区、本实验室妊娠特异性甲状腺功能指标水平参考范围很有必要。本研究结果可为青岛地区妊娠期妇女甲状腺功能檢测提供依据,对于早期、正确诊断妊娠期甲状腺疾病具有实用意义。

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