丁苯酞对血管性痴呆大鼠记忆能力及海马CA1区Caspase—3表达的影响
2017-11-17毛西京朱博驰于挺敏
毛西京 朱博驰 于挺敏
[摘要] 目的 观察丁苯酞对血管性痴呆大鼠记忆能力及海马CA1区凋亡基因Caspase-3表达的影响,探讨丁苯酞对血管性痴呆的保护作用。方法 将80只SPF级健康Wistar大鼠按随机区组法分为4个组,每组20只:血管性痴呆模型组(VD组)、血管性痴呆模型+丁苯酞氯化鈉注射液组(NBP治疗组)、假手术+丁苯酞氯化钠注射液组(NBP对照组)、假手术组(Sham组),每组再分为4个亚组:术后1、2、4、8周,每个亚组5只。永久性双侧颈总动脉结扎法制备VD大鼠模型。NBP对照组和NBP治疗组大鼠术后1 d开始给予丁苯酞氯化钠注射液腹腔注射,剂量为5 mg/(kg·d),Sham组和VD组大鼠给予生理盐水腹腔注射(0.2 mL/d)。各组大鼠连续腹腔注射给药7 d。术后8周亚组大鼠,在术前、术后4周和术后8周进行记忆能力测试(Morris水迷宫)。术后各时间点(1、2、4、8周),留取海马组织,采用免疫组化法观察各组大鼠海马CA1区Caspase-3的表达。 结果 NBP治疗组大鼠逃避潜伏期较VD组大鼠明显缩短(P < 0.05)。VD组和NBP治疗组大鼠海马CA1区Caspase-3蛋白表达灰度明显高于Sham组(P < 0.05);术后4周和8周时,NBP治疗组大鼠海马CA1区Caspase-3蛋白表达均明显低于VD组大鼠相应时间点(P < 0.05)。VD大鼠术后8周时海马CA1区Caspase-3表达灰度明显高于术后1周时(P < 0.05)。 结论 NBP对VD大鼠记忆能力有明显改善作用,考虑与其抑制VD大鼠海马CA1区Caspase-3过度表达有关。
[关键词] 丁苯酞;血管性痴呆;海马;细胞凋亡
[中图分类号] R743 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)10(a)-0009-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the effects of 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) on memory and Caspase-3 expression in the hippocampal CA1 region of vascular dementia rats, in order to explore protective effects and mechanisms of NBP on rats with vascular dementia (VD). Methods A total of 80 SPF Wistar rats were divided into vascular dementia models group (VD group), vascular dementia models + NBP injection group (NBP treatment group), sham surgery + NBP injection group (NBP control group), sham surgery group (Sham group), according to random group method. Then each group was divided into four subgroups (n = 5): 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery. VD models were established by ligating bilateral common carotid artery. Then the rats in the NBP treatment group and NBP control group were intraperitoneally injected with NBP 5 mg/(kg·d) for 7 consecutive days. The rats in the VD group and Sham group were intraperitoneally injected with saline (0.2 mL/d) for 7 consecutive days. Memory ability of 8 weeks subgroup rats were tested by Morris water maze at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery. At 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery, the rats in each group were decapitated. The brains were obtained, and then hippocampus were isolated. Caspase-3 expression in the hippocampal CA1 region were determined by immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with VD group, escape latency in the NBP treatment group were significantly shorter (P < 0.05). At 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after surgery, Caspase-3 expression in the VD group and NBP treatment group were significantly increased than those in the Sham group (P < 0.05). Compared with VD group, Caspase-3 expression in the NBP treatment group were significantly lower at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery (P < 0.05). In VD group, Caspase-3 expression at 8 weeks after surgery was significantly higher than at 1 weeks (P < 0.05). Conclusion NBP can improve the memory ability of VD rats, which may be connected with the overexpression of caspase-3 in the hippocampus CA1 region of VD rats.endprint
[Key words] 3-n-butylphthalide; Vascular dementia; Hippocampus; Cell apoptosis
丁苯酞(3-n-butylphthalide,NBP)是治疗急性期脑梗死的国家级一类新药[1]。临床和基础研究均发现NBP对血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD)具有良好的治疗和干预效果[2-5],但其作用机制还缺乏深入的研究。VD发生的最常见病因是脑血管病后的长期慢性脑缺血,细胞凋亡则是最重要的病理机制[6-7]。天冬氨酸特异酶切的半胱氨酸蛋白酶(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinases,Caspases)是细胞凋亡的具体介导者和执行者[8],其中Caspase-3则是细胞凋亡的关键因子和凋亡信号传递的共同通路[9-10]。本研究在制备VD大鼠模型的基础上,观察NBP对VD大鼠记忆能力的改善作用,同时检测大鼠海马CA1区Caspase-3的表达变化,探讨NBP对VD大鼠的保护作用及机制。
1 材料和方法
1.1 实验动物、试剂和仪器
SPF级Wistar大鼠80只,雌雄各半,体重(210+10)g,购于吉林大学动物中心,动物合格证号:SCXK(吉)2003-001。丁苯酞氯化钠注射液(生产厂家:石药集团恩必普药业有限公司)。大鼠抗激活型Caspase-3多克隆抗体购自北京博奥森生物公司。Morris水迷宫XR-XM101,上海欣软信息科技有限公司。
1.2 实验动物分组
实验大鼠按随机区组法分为4个组,每组20只:血管性癡呆模型组(VD组)、血管性痴呆模型+丁苯酞注射剂组(NBP治疗组)、假手术+丁苯酞注射剂组(NBP对照组)、假手术组(Sham组)。每组又分为4个亚组:术后1、2、4、8周,每个亚组5只。
1.3 VD大鼠模型制备
采用永久性双侧颈总动脉结扎法制备VD大鼠模型。术前禁食、禁水8 h,10%水合氯醛腹腔注射麻醉大鼠,颈前正中做一个长约1 cm的纵形切口,逐层分离各层组织结构,分离出颈总动脉,以1号丝线永久结扎颈总动脉,同法结扎另一侧颈总动脉。Sham组和NBP对照组大鼠操作与VD组和NBP治疗组大鼠一致,但不结扎双侧颈总动脉。
1.4 药物干预
NBP对照组和NBP治疗组大鼠清醒后,腹腔注射丁苯酞氯化钠注射液,剂量为5 mg/(kg·d),Sham组和VD组大鼠腹腔注射生理盐水(0.2 mL/d)。连续给药7 d。
1.5 观察指标
1.5.1 大鼠记忆能力测试 用Morris水迷宫进行大鼠记忆能力的检测(各组术后8周亚组的大鼠,在术前、术后4周和术后8周进行测试)。Morris水迷宫是一个高50 cm、直径120 cm的圆柱水池,将水迷宫划分四个象限,将一个高30 cm、直径12 cm的透明圆柱型有机玻璃平台置于其中一个象限中心,整个实验期间平台位置和水迷宫内外参照物都要保持不变。池壁四个象限各选择一个入水点,相邻两个入水点间距基本均等,向池内注入自来水,加入奶粉使池水混浊不清,水面高出平台2~3 cm,水温在25℃左右。第一次实验预先训练大鼠,使其在水迷宫中自由游动2 min,并在平台上站立20 s,适应环境。测试时将大鼠分别从水迷宫的4个入水点放入水中,记录大鼠寻找并爬上平台的时间,即逃避潜伏期,将其作为大鼠记忆能力的指标,如果大鼠在1 min没未找到平台则由实验者引导其找到平台,逃避潜伏期记为1 min。
1.5.2 标本采集及免疫组化 术后1、2、4、8周,各组大鼠给予10%水合氯醛腹腔注射麻醉,心脏灌流5 min,取脑,分离海马,10%中性福尔马林液固定48 h,PBS洗脱3次,80%~100%梯度酒精脱水,二甲苯透明后,石蜡包埋,制成厚度为4 μm的切片。免疫组化采用SP法操作(Caspase-3多克隆抗体稀释度为1∶100)。每张组织切片随机选取5个视野(400倍镜下),测定阳性表达灰度值,并计算每个视野下的阳性细胞总数所占细胞总数的比率,细胞表达平均灰度=视野灰度×阳性细胞比率,以5个视野的平均值表示。
1.6统计学方法
采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料数据用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析和Tukey检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 大鼠记忆能力测试结果
同组内比较,NBP治疗组和VD组大鼠术后4周和8周逃避潜伏期明显长于术前(P < 0.05),术后4周和8周逃避潜伏期差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);NBP对照组和Sham组各时间点逃避潜伏期差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。组间比较,术前各组逃避潜伏期差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);术后4周和8周,VD组大鼠和NBP治疗组大鼠逃避潜伏期明显长于Sham组(P < 0.05),NBP治疗组大鼠逃避潜伏期较VD组大鼠明显缩短(P < 0.05)。见表1。
2.2 Caspase-3蛋白在各组大鼠海马CA1区的表达特征
Caspase-3蛋白阳性表达显示为黄棕色颗粒,主要定位于细胞浆。VD组大鼠海马CA1区神经元数目较少,排列紊乱,部分细胞出现空泡样变性,Caspase-3表达呈强阳性,NBP治疗组大鼠海马CA1区神经元损伤明显减小,Caspase-3表达显著减弱。见图1(封四)。
2.3 各组大鼠海马CA1区Caspase-3蛋白的表达情况
VD组和NBP治疗组大鼠术后1、2、4周和8周时海马CA1区Caspase-3蛋白表达灰度明显高于同期Sham组(P < 0.05);NBP治疗组大鼠4周和8周时海马CA1区Caspase-3蛋白表达均明显低于同期VD组大鼠(P < 0.05)。同组内比较,VD组大鼠术后8周大鼠海马CA1区Caspase-3表达灰度明显高于术后1周(P < 0.05)。见表2。endprint
3 讨论
永久性双侧颈总动脉结扎法符合VD发病病理基础,与人类VD的发生具有最大程度的相似性[11-12],因此本研究VD大鼠模型采用此法制备。免疫组化结果显示:VD组大鼠海马CA1区神经细胞数目较少,排列紊乱,部分细胞出现空泡样变性;而NBP治疗组大鼠损伤明显减轻。Morris水迷宫可以检测实验大鼠记住周围环境中帮助其定位水下平台线索的能力[13]。本研究结果显示:VD组和NBP治疗组术后4周和术后8周水迷宫逃避潜伏期明显长于术前(P < 0.05),说明VD模型大鼠记忆力受损,造模成功。术后4周,NBP治疗组大鼠逃避潜伏期较VD组大鼠明显缩短(P < 0.05);术后8周,NBP治疗组大鼠逃避潜伏期也较VD组大鼠明显缩短(P < 0.05),说明NBP对VD大鼠的空间记忆和空间定位能力具有改善作用。
Caspases是细胞凋亡的具体介导者和执行者[8]。Caspase-3是细胞凋亡的关键因子和凋亡信号传递的共同通路,它的表达情况不仅可以反映细胞凋亡的水平,同时还可以提示凋亡因素的存在[14-18]。本实验发现:VD组大鼠1、2、4周和8周时海马CA1区Caspase-3蛋白表达均明显升高,且随着时间呈逐渐增强的趋势,8周时VD组大鼠海马CA1区Caspase-3表达最强。Caspase-3蛋白的过度表达可以引起大鼠海马CA1区神经元凋亡的发生。NBP治疗组大鼠在4周和8周时海马CA1区Caspase-3表达较VD组明显下降(P < 0.05),说明NBP可以抑制VD组大鼠海马CA1区Caspase-3的过度表达。
本实验在制备VD大鼠的基础上,应用NBP给予干预治疗,可以改善VD大鼠记忆能力。观察不同时间点大鼠海马CA1区Caspase-3蛋白的表达情况,结果发现:VD组大鼠海马CA1区Caspase-3蛋白表达均明显升高,且随着时间呈逐渐增强的趋势,8周时VD组大鼠海马CA1区Caspase-3表达最强,证实细胞凋亡的关键因素Caspase-3蛋白参与VD的发病过程。NBP干预治疗后,VD大鼠在4周和8周时海马CA1区Caspase-3表达明显下降,提示NBP可以抑制VD大鼠海马CA1区Caspase-3的过度表达,从而减弱脑缺血造成的迟发性神经细胞凋亡,起到神经保护作用。
[参考文献]
[1] 朱以诚,崔丽英,高山,等.丁苯酞注射剂治疗急性脑梗死的多中心、随机、双盲双模拟、对照Ⅲ期临床试验[J].中华神经科杂志,2014,2:113-118.
[2] 程文姚,杨健,余新沛.丁苯酞软胶囊与尼莫地平对卒中后血管性痴呆患者的疗效[J].解放军预防医学杂志,2016, 34(4):516-518.
[3] Huai Y,Dong Y,Xu J,et al. L-3-n-butylphthalide protects against vascular dementia via activation of the Akt kinase pathway [J]. Neural Regen Res,2013,8(19):1733-1742.
[4] Zhang L,Lü L,Chan WM,et al. Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis [J]. Neurochem Res,2012,37(5):911-919.
[5] 赵万红,罗超,龚应霞,等.消旋丁苯酞对慢性脑缺血大鼠认知功能的影响及其生化机制研究[J].中华老年医学杂志,2014,33(4):412-415.
[6] Sun Zk,Ma XR,Jia YJ,et al. Effects of resveratrol on apoptosis in a rat model of vascular dementia [J]. Exp Ther Med,2014,7(4):843-848.
[7] Shen Yang,Guangan Zhou,Hong Liu,et al. Protective effects of p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 against hippocampal apoptosis and spatial learning and memory deficits in a rat model of vascular dementia [J]. Biomed Res Int,2013, 2013:215798.
[8] 毛德文,陳月桥,王丽,等. Caspase-8及Caspase-3与细胞凋亡[J].辽宁中医药大学学报,2008,10(10):148-150.
[9] Abdel Shakor AB,Atia M,Alshehri AS,et al. Ceramide generation during curcumin-induced apoptosis is controlled by crosstalk among Bcl-2,Bcl-xL,caspases and glutathione [J]. Cell Signal,2015,27(11):2220-2230.
[10] Delgado ME,Olsson M,Lincoln FA,et al. Determining the contributions of caspase-2,caspase-8 and effector caspases to intracellular VDVADase activities during apoptosis initiation and execution [J]. Biochim Biophys Acta,2013,1833(10):2279-2292.endprint
[11] Jia H,Zhang XM,Zhang BA,et al. Dendritic morphology of neurons in medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in 2VO rats [J]. Neurol Sci,2012,33(5):1063-1070.
[12] Cechetti F,Worm PV,Pereira LO,et al. The modified 2VO ischemia protocol causes cognitive impairment similar to that induced by the standard method,but with a better survival rate [J]. Braz J Med Biol Res,2010,43(12):1178-1183.
[13] Zhong XM,Ren XC,Lou YL,et al. Effects of in-vitro cultured calculus bovis on learning and memory impairments of hyperlipemia vascular dementia rats [J]. J Ethno?鄄pharmacol,2016,192:390-397.
[14] Edgington-Mitchell LE,Bogyo M. Detection of active caspases during apoptosis using fluorescent activity-based probes [J]. Methods Mol Biol,2016,1419:27-39.
[15] Lu HF,Chen YS,Yang JS,et al. Gypenosides induced G0/G1 arrest via inhibition of cyclin E and induction of apoptosis via activation of caspases-3 and -9 in human lung cancer A-549 cells [J]. In Vivo,2008,22(2):215-221.
[16] Hayakawa A,Kawamoto Y,Nakajima H,et al. Bid truncation mediated by caspases-3 and -9 in vinorelbine-induced apoptosis [J]. Apoptosis,2008,13(4):523-530.
[17] Katunuma N,Ohashi A,Sano E,et al. Catechin derivatives:specific inhibitor for caspases-3,7 and 2,and the prevention of apoptosis at the cell and animal levels [J]. FEBS Lett,2006,580(3):741-746.
[18] Morales-Cano D,Calvi?觡o E,Rubio V,et al. Apoptosis induced by paclitaxel via Bcl-2,Bax and caspases 3 and 9 activation in NB4 human leukaemia cells is not modulated by ERK inhibition [J]. Exp Toxicol Pathol,2013,65(7-8):1101-1108.
(收稿日期:2017-06-22 本文編辑:李岳泽)endprint