甲状腺术后甲状旁腺功能减退和低钙血症影响因素分析
2017-09-16刘方舟钱亦淳赵炎斌王玥闫卫樊玉文虞同华胡婷婷张园
刘方舟, 钱亦淳, 赵炎斌, 王玥, 闫卫, 樊玉文, 虞同华, 胡婷婷, 张园
论 著
甲状腺术后甲状旁腺功能减退和低钙血症影响因素分析
刘方舟, 钱亦淳, 赵炎斌, 王玥, 闫卫, 樊玉文, 虞同华, 胡婷婷, 张园
目的探讨甲状腺术后低钙血症和甲状旁腺功能减退的影响因素以及资料分析。方法回顾江苏省肿瘤医院头颈外科2016年1月至2017年1月收治的183例经手术治疗的甲状腺疾病患者手术后低钙血症和甲状旁腺功能减退情况。分析年龄、性别、病理诊断、中央区淋巴结清扫、颈侧区淋巴结清扫、手术范围、手术时间、术前血钙水平、术前甲状旁腺激素水平与术后甲状旁腺功能减退及低钙血症的关系。结果183例术后病理诊断为甲状腺癌163例(89.07%),甲状腺其他疾病20例(10.93%)。术后141例甲状旁腺功能正常的患者中7例(4.96%)发生低钙血症,42例甲状旁腺功能减退的患者中26例(61.91%)发生低钙血症。单因素分析显示,性别、中央区淋巴结清扫、颈侧区淋巴结清扫、手术范围、手术时间、术前甲状旁腺激素水平与术后甲状旁腺功能减退相关。年龄、性别、中央区淋巴结清扫、颈侧区淋巴结清扫、手术范围、手术时间与术后低钙血症相关。结论手术范围大、女性、行中央区淋巴结清扫、行颈侧区淋巴结清扫、手术时间长、术前甲状旁腺激素水平低的患者术后甲状旁腺功能减退的发生率高。手术范围大、年龄较大、女性、行中央区淋巴结清扫、行颈侧区淋巴结清扫以及手术时间长的患者术后低钙血症的发生率高。
甲状腺切除术; 甲状旁腺; 甲状旁腺功能减退症; 低钙血症; 影响因素分析
甲状腺手术是治疗甲状腺疾病尤其甲状腺癌的主要方法。低钙血症是甲状腺术后最常见的并发症之一,而甲状旁腺功能减退(hypoparathyroidism,HPT)是其主要原因。一般术后6个月内血钙恢复正常称为暂时性低钙血症,发生率0.3%~49%;>6个月甚至终身不能恢复正常称为永久性低钙血症,发生率0~13%[1-8]。多种因素与术后低钙血症及甲状旁腺功能减退的发生有关,包括性别、年龄、手术范围、手术时间、颈部淋巴结清扫和术前血钙水平等[2,9]。然而,这些因素与甲状旁腺功能减退及低钙血症的关系尚不明确。我们探讨甲状腺术后甲状旁腺功能减退和低钙血症相关的影响因素以及术后低钙血症的资料分析。
1 资料和方法
1.1 研究对象 收集2016年1月至2017年1月江苏省肿瘤医院头颈外科收治并经手术治疗的甲状腺疾病患者作为研究对象。纳入标准:均有甲状腺手术指征,手术范围达到一侧腺叶以上,排除有颈部手术史、有甲状旁腺疾病史和术前有甲状旁腺功能或血钙水平异常者。
1.2 手术方式 有2种方式:甲状腺单侧腺叶切除术(包括单侧腺叶+峡部切除术);甲状腺全切术。手术均由本科室经验丰富的医生实施。
1.3 观察项目与方法 入院后常规检查患者甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)及血钙。术后第l天清晨复测PTH及血钙并详细询问有无低钙临床症状。血钙<2.08 mmol/L视为低钙血症(参考值2.08~2.60 mmol/L)。PTH<1.6 pmol/L视为甲状旁腺功能减退(1.6~6.9 pmol/L)。评估以下因素与甲状旁腺功能减退及低钙血症发生的关系:患者年龄和性别、术前血钙水平、术前PTH水平、手术范围、中央区淋巴结清扫、颈侧区淋巴结清扫、手术时间、病理诊断。
1.4 统计学方法 应用SPSS19.0统计软件进行数据统计分析,计数资料应用χ2检验,计量资料采用F检验,血钙和PTH的比较采用Pearson相关分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 一般资料 共183例入组,其中男51例(27.87%),女132例(72.13%),年龄(43±16)岁。术后病理诊断为甲状腺癌163例(89.07%);甲状腺其他疾病20例(10.93%),包括结节性甲状腺肿、桥本甲状腺炎、甲状腺腺瘤、亚急性甲状腺炎。行甲状腺单侧腺叶切除术84例(45.90%),甲状腺全切术99例(55.10%)。手术后42例(22.95%)发生甲状旁腺功能减退,33例(18.03%)发生低钙血症。
2.2 甲状腺术后低钙血症与甲状旁腺功能减退的关系 甲状旁腺功能减退与低钙血症的发生相关(P=0.000)。但是甲状旁腺功能正常的患者也会发生低钙血症,而部分甲状旁腺功能减退的患者血钙却在正常范围。术后141例甲状旁腺功能正常者中7例(4.96%)发生低钙血症,42例甲状旁腺功能减退者中26例(61.91%)发生低钙血症,16例(38.09%)未发生低钙血症(表1)。低钙症状多为持续性,经补钙治疗后,症状在3~7 d缓解,血钙能维持在正常或接近正常水平。
表1 甲状腺术后低钙血症与甲状旁腺功能减退的关系[例(%)]
2.3 甲状腺术后甲状旁腺功能减退的相关单因素分析 单因素分析显示:性别(P=0.017)、中央区淋巴结清扫(P=0.000)、颈侧区淋巴结清扫(P=0.045)、手术范围(P=0.001)、术前PTH浓度(P=0.032)、手术时间(P=0.001)可能与术后甲状旁腺功能减退有关,而年龄(P=0.531)、病理诊断(P=0.254)、术前血钙浓度(P=0.589)与甲状腺术后甲状旁腺功能减退无关,见表2。
表2 甲状腺术后甲状旁腺功能减退的相关单因素分析[例(%)]
2.4 甲状腺术后低钙血症的相关单因素分析 在对甲状腺术后低钙血症的影响因素分析后发现,年龄(P=0.031)、性别(P=0.015)、中央区淋巴结清扫(P=0.000)、颈侧区淋巴结清扫(P=0.045)、手术范围(P=0.000)、手术时间(P=0.013)等因素可能与甲状腺术后低钙血症有关;病理诊断(P=0.231)、术前血钙(P=0.150)及PTH浓度(P=0.079)与甲状腺术后低钙血症无关,见表3。
2.5 低钙处理 对有明确低钙症状的患者给予口服钙尔奇D每天3次,每次1片,并根据临床表现和实验室结果调整用量。对于病情严重或预计低钙时间较长的患者,给予10%葡萄糖酸钙溶液静脉注射,10 ml/次,必要时可重复,直到临床症状消失。同时给予骨化三醇0.25 mg,每天1次。经治90%以上患者低钙症状在3~7 d内缓解。同时,我们应用中成药丹参川芎制剂10 ml/d静脉滴注用以改善术后甲状旁腺的微循环,此研究尚在进行中。另外,术中保护术区甲状旁腺血供,尽量减少其供血血管痉挛十分重要。
表3 甲状腺术后低钙血症的相关单因素分析
3 讨论
急性低钙血症患者可表现为轻度的神经系统症状,如末端肢体麻木、口周感觉异常、手足痉挛,面神经征和陶瑟征[10],严重者可发生喉痉挛和气管痉挛,导致呼吸窘迫而危及生命。长期低钙可出现转移性钙化如低钙性眼病和损害肾脏。本研究中,术后甲状旁腺功能正常者低钙较轻,临床症状不明显或仅表现为手足麻木,甲状旁腺功能减退者低钙症状较重,少数严重者发生“鸡爪样”抽搐。我们对患者术后血钙和PTH进行相关分析发现,PTH正常的患者也会出现术后低钙血症,部分有手足麻木症状,但此类患者症状多为自限性的,与文献报道一致[11-13]。此外,我们发现一些患者甲状旁腺功能低下而血钙水平却正常,可能是由于患者血钙代偿能力较强或PTH下降的幅度不大所致。
通常认为甲状旁腺功能降低是手术引起,主要原因有:①甲状旁腺血运受损;②甲状旁腺挫伤;③误切甲状旁腺。甲状旁腺通常附在甲状腺背面外膜上,但也有发现位于甲状腺包膜内或甲状腺实质内[15-18],甲状腺手术时很容易误切除,造成甲状旁腺功能减退。根据Demeester-Mirkine等[19]研究,低钙血症是一个复杂的,受多种因素影响的症状。甲状旁腺功能减退可能是其主要原因[20],但除甲状旁腺功能减退以外,低钙血症的原因可能还有以下几点:①血钙稀释,尿钙排出增加;②降钙素释放入血;③肾功能不全;④骨饥饿现象。甲状腺术后激素水平恢复正常,骨骼恢复正常代谢导致血钙下降[21]。
手术范围是直接关系到低钙血症的发生率和严重程度的重要因素[22-23]。手术范围越大,对甲状旁腺功能的影响越大。文献报道,2个以上的甲状旁腺误切才会表现为甲状旁腺功能减退[24];双侧甲状腺切除患者往往具有较高的术后低钙血症发生率[25]。Rosato等[2]在14 934例患者中发现,0.4%的患者单侧腺叶切除术后发生低钙血症,0.1%的患者明确为甲状旁腺功能减退,在除甲状腺以外的其他手术中也会观察到。然而也有学者认为,即使在单侧甲状腺切除术过程中,单侧的甲状旁腺损伤也会导致甲状旁腺功能减退[26-27]。
本文数据显示,全甲状腺切除术引起的低钙血症主要是甲状旁腺功能减退所致,而单侧腺叶切除术所致的低钙血症可能主要是甲状旁腺以外的因素引起。提示行全甲状腺切除术时需格外注意保护甲状旁腺,术后常规监测血钙和PTH。Prim和Yamashita等[28-29]研究显示,女性术后低钙血症的发生率显著高于男性。本组中女性低钙血症的发生率比男性高,同时女性甲状旁腺功能减退的发生率也明显升高。有研究显示,女性患者的甲状旁腺位于甲状腺包膜内的比例较高,这可能是术后低钙血症的发生率高的原因[25,30]。另外,女性患者的维生素D水平较低也可能与术后低钙血症发生有关[29]。众所周知,老年人尤其是绝经期妇女骨质疏松的发生率较高。老年人肾功能下降和(或)PTH缺乏,对肾脏产生的1,25羟维生素D的调解能力明显下降,因此肠道钙吸收下降,从而导致骨质疏松[29]。骨质疏松的老年人没有足够可用于交换的钙储备来补充术后血钙的下降。
行中央区淋巴结清扫与术后甲状旁腺功能减退所致的低钙血症发生率的增加相关[4,20,31]。在本研究中,我们发现术后甲状旁腺功能减退和低钙血症的发生与行中央区淋巴结清扫均相关,行双侧中央区淋巴结清扫的患者甲状旁腺功能减退和低钙血症的发生率明显增高。甲状旁腺的位置常位于中央区淋巴结清扫范围内,清扫时容易造成甲状旁腺误切和供血血管损伤从而造成甲状旁腺功能减退。由于对侧的甲状旁腺功能可以代偿,单侧清扫对甲状旁腺功能影响较小,而双侧清扫影响较大。
纳米碳悬液注射最近被应用到前哨淋巴结活检中对淋巴结的识别[32-34]。我们的前期研究显示,纳米碳悬液注射可以帮助识别甲状旁腺从而在甲状腺手术中保护旁腺[35]。注射纳米碳悬液后,甲状腺以及周围的淋巴结被黑染而甲状旁腺负染色,术者可以更容易识别甲状旁腺。注射纳米碳后,淋巴结的显影将导致更彻底的淋巴结清扫,但可能加重了对甲状旁腺血供的破坏,从而抵消了纳米碳对旁腺的识别保护作用。另外,甲状腺与甲状旁腺关系临床上人为分为A、B、C三型,在我们的研究中,因为考虑到单侧腺叶切除及全甲状腺切除这个因素,不同侧的A、B、C类型可能不同,所以,我们对于该三型不作为临床因素的纳入标准。
报道显示,甲状旁腺在甲状腺癌中较甲状腺良性疾病被误切的风险大[36]。本研究发现,甲状腺疾病的良恶性与术后低钙血症的发生无关联,这可能是由于高分辨率B超的普及,使甲状腺癌被早期发现。本组甲状腺癌多为微小癌,手术时间短,恢复快,而本组良性甲状腺疾病手术范围均在单侧腺叶以上,因此手术创伤差别并不明显。手术时间与低钙血症的发生显著相关。手术时间与手术范围直接相关,通常手术范围大,手术时间长,难度较高,容易损伤甲状旁腺。另外,手术时间长的患者禁食时间长,术前术中术后补液量大,手术应激大,也可能会增加低钙血症的发生。
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Clinicalanalysisofpost-thyroidectomyhypoparathyroidismandhypocalcaemia
LIUFangzhou,QIANYichun,ZHAOYanbin,WANGYue,YANWei,FANYuwen,YUTonghua,HUTingting,ZHANGYuan.
(DepartmentofHeadandNeckSurgery,JiangsuCancerHospital,Nanjing210009,China)
ZHANGYuan,Email:yzhang1963@163.com
ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the influencing factors for post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia and hypoparathyroidism as well as the prevention and treatment for postoperative hypocalcaemia.MethodsA total of 183 patients undergoing thyroidectomy in Jiangsu Cancer Hospital were preoperatively and postoperatively assessed for hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism.Analyses were performed to evaluate potential elinicopathologic factors for hypocalcaemia and hypoparathyroidism according to age, gender, histopathological diagnosis, central neck dissection, lateral neck dissection, extent of operation, operative time, preoperative serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level, and preoperative serum calcium level.ResultsA total of 163 patients were diagnosed as thyroid cancer in the 183 patients (89.07%), 20 patients were with other thyroid diseases (10.93%). Hypocalcemia was found in 7 patients (4.96%) from the 141 patients with normal parathyroid function, and in 26 patients (61.91%) from the 42 patients with hypoparathyroidism. From the 42 patients with hypoparathyroidism, 16 patients (38.09%) were without the occurrence of hypocalcemia. The drop-out value of preoperative and postoperative PTH was negative correlated to postoperative calcium. Univariate analysis showed that gender, central neck dissection, lateral neck dissection, extent of operation, operative time, and preoperative serum PTH were related to hypoparathyroidism. Age, gender, central neck dissection, lateral neck dissection, extent of operation and operative time were the factors related to hypocalcaemia.ConclusionsThe risk factors of post-thyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism include female, central neck dissection, lateral neck dissection, large extent of operation, long operative time and low preoperative PTH level. The risk factors of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia include order age, female, central neck dissection, lateral neck dissection, large extent of operation and long operative time.
Thyroidectomy; Parathyroid glands; Hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcemia; Root cause analysis
江苏省科技厅重点项目资助(No.BE2016796)
210009 江苏 南京, 南京医科大学附属肿瘤医院(江苏省肿瘤医院) 头颈外科
张园,Email:yzhang1963@163.com
10.3969/j.issn.1674-4136.2017.04.006
1674-4136(2017)04-0224-05
2017-03-20][本文编辑:李庆]