炎性肠病患者凝血功能的相关分析
2023-08-08施竞超王利民王华斌
施竞超 王利民 王华斌
[摘要] 目的 研究炎性腸病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)患者凝血相关指标的变化情况,并评估各指标对炎性肠病活动性的诊断价值。方法 选取2019年1月至2022年12月金华市中心医院收治的228例IBD患者作为IBD组,其中又分为溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)组患者118例,克罗恩病(Crohns disease,CD)组患者110例。将UC组分为缓解组(n=52)和活动组(n=66),CD组分为缓解组(n=40)和活动组(n=70)。另选取100名健康成人作为对照组。比较各组的血浆凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、凝血酶时间(thrombin time,TT)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,FIB)、D-二聚体(D-dimer,D-D)、血小板(platelet,PLT)、平均血小板体积(mean platelet volume,MPV)等指标水平。采用受试者操作特征(receiver operator characteristic,ROC)曲线评估各参数对疾病活动性的研究价值。结果 UC组和CD组的PT、APTT、FIB、D-D、PLT均高于对照组,TT、MPV均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CD组的PLT高于UC组,FIB、D-D、MPV均低于UC组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),UC活动组的FIB、D-D、PLT均高于缓解组,MPV低于缓解组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CD活动组的PT、FIB、D-D、PLT高于缓解组,凝血酶原活动度(prothrombin activity,PTA)、MPV低于缓解组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。UC患者的ROC曲线分析中,FIB和D-D的曲线下面积较大,分别为0.837和0.859,FIB敏感度为70%,特异性为88%,D-D敏感度为86%,特异性为72%。CD患者的ROC曲线分析中,PLT和MPV的曲线下面积较大,分别为0.845和0.802,PLT敏感度为76%,特异性为84%,MPV敏感度为70%,特异性为90%。结论 FIB、D-D是评估UC活动性较好的指标,PLT、MPV是评估CD疾病活动性较好的指标,可用于临床对IBD的评估。
[关键词] 炎性肠病;克罗恩病;溃疡性结肠炎;凝血功能;血小板
[中图分类号] R574 [文献标识码] A [DOI] 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2023.20.002
Correlation analysis of coagulation function in inflammatory bowel disease
SHI Jingchao1,2, WANG Limin2, WANG Huabin2
1.School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; 2.Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medcine (Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital), Jinhua 321000, Zhejiang, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the changes of coagulation-related indicators in patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD), and to evaluate the diagnostic value of these indicators for IBD activity. Methods A total of 228 patients with IBD admitted to Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital from January 2019 to December 2022 were selected as the IBD group, including 118 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) as the UC group and 110 patients with Crohns disease (CD) as the CD group. The UC group was divided into a remission group (n=52) and an active group (n=66), and the CD group was divided into a remission group (n=40) and an active group (n=70). Another 100 healthy adults were selected as the control group. The plasma prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen (FIB), D-dimer (D-D), platelet (PLT) and mean platelet volume (MPV) levels were compared between the groups. The value of each parameter for the disease activity was assessed by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. Results PT, APTT, FIB, D-D, PLT were higher in the UC and CD groups than those in the control group, and TT, MPV were lower than those in the control group, all differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). PLT was higher in the CD group than that in the UC group, FIB, D-D, MPV were lower than those in the UC group, all differences were statistically significant (P<0.05), FIB, D-D, PLT were higher in the UC activity group than those in the remission group, and MPV were lower than that in the remission group, all differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). PT, FIB, D-D and PLT were higher in the CD activity group than those in the remission group, and prothrombin activity (PTA) and MPV were lower than those in the remission group, all differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis for UC patients, the area under the curve (AUC) was larger for FIB and D-D at 0.837 and 0.859, respectively, with a FIB sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 88%, and 86% and 72% for D-D. ROC curve analysis for CD patients, AUC was larger for PLT and MPV at 0.845 and 0.802, with a PLT sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 84%, and an MPV sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 90%. Conclusions FIB and D-D are good indicators for assessing the activity of UC, and PLT and MPV are good indicators for assessing the activity of CD disease, which can be used in the clinical assessment of IBD.
[Key words] Inflammatory bowel disease; Crohns disease; Ulcerative colitis; Coagulation function; Platelet
炎性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)主要分为溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)和克罗恩病(Crohns disease,CD),二者均可引起消化功能紊乱和胃肠道炎症,可发生于青少年和成年人,对男性和女性的影响相近[1]。IBD的病因和发病机制尚未完全阐明,可能受遗传、免疫、感染、环境等多种因素的影响[2]。IBD以消化道症状为主,UC主要累及直肠和乙状结肠,表现为腹痛腹胀、血便、里急后重等,而CD好发于小肠,表现为腹痛、腹部包块、腹泻等。此外,IBD还可见全身症状,如关节痛、皮疹、结节性红斑等。近年来的研究发现,IBD患者的静脉血栓栓塞症风险升高,有1%~8%的患者可合并血栓形成,发生率明显高于正常人群[3]。血液的高凝状态和高黏稠度可能是引起IBD患者血栓的主要原因[4]。因此,本研究分析了各项凝血指标的变化对IBD患者的影响,用以评估和预测疾病活动情况。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2019年1月至2022年12月金华市中心医院收治的228例IBD患者作为IBD组,其中又分为UC组118例,CD组110例。另选取100名健康成人作为对照组。根据改良Mayo评分[5]及疾病活动性指数(clinical activity index,CAI)[6],将UC组分成缓解组(n=52)和活动组(n=66);根据Best克罗恩病活动指数(Crohns disease activity index,CD-AI)计算法[7],将CD组分为缓解组(n=40)和活动组(n=70)。评分标准见表1、2。纳入标准:①参照《炎症性肠病诊断与治疗的共识意见(2012年·广州)》[7]中的诊断标准,根据患者的临床表现、影像学检查、实验室检查、内镜检查以及组织学检查综合分析确诊者;②年龄16~90歲;③首次确诊IBD。排除标准:①近1个月内有手术史、感染史;②患者入院前曾服用过华法林、达比加群酯、氯吡格雷等抗凝或抗血小板药物;③合并其他心血管、肝肾功能疾病;④合并有恶性肿瘤史;⑤肠结核、缺血性结肠炎等疾病者;⑥无法获取患者原始病史数据者。UC组中,男70例,女48例,平均年龄(45.61±14.31)岁;CD组中,男63例,女47例,平均年龄(35.33±13.63)岁;对照组中,男50例,女50例,平均年龄(44.21±10.32)岁。本研究经浙江大学医学院附属金华医院伦理委员会审批[伦理审批号:(2023)伦审第(7)号]。
1.2 方法
IBD组患者在入院次日清晨采集空腹外周静脉血,同时采集对照组空腹外周静脉血,测定采样用管为EDTA-K2抗凝剂,凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、凝血酶时间(thrombin time、TT)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,FIB)、D二聚体(D-Dimer、D-D)测定采样用管为凝血功能专用枸橼酸钠抗凝管。凝血管采集后,3000转/min,离心10min,分离血浆。检测各组的血浆PT、APTT、TT、FIB、D-D、血小板(platelet,PLT)、平均血小板体积(mean platelet volume,MPV),同时计算凝血酶原活动度(prothrombin activity,PTA)、PLT和MPV检测使用日本SYSMEX公司的全自动血细胞分析仪,PT、APTT、TT、FIB、D-D检测使用美国Werfen公司的ACL TOP700全自动血凝分析仪。
1.3 统计学方法
采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件对数据进行处理分析,计量资料以均数±标准差()表示,组间比较采用t检验,计数资料采用例数(百分比)[n(%)]表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。采用受试者操作特征(receiver operator characteristic,ROC)曲线评估各参数对IBD的诊断价值,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 IBD组(UC组和CD组)与对照组凝血功能指标比较
IBD组(UC组和CD组)的PT、APTT、FIB、D-D、PLT均高于对照组,TT、MPV均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CD组的PLT高于UC组,FIB、D-D、MPV均低于UC组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表3。
2.2 缓解期和活动期凝血功能指标比较
UC活动组的FIB、D-D、PLT均高于缓解组,MPV低于缓解组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表4。CD活动组的PT、FIB、D-D、PLT高于缓解组,PTA、MPV低于缓解组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表5。
2.3 PLT、MPV、FIB、D-D对UC活动性的ROC曲线分析
用UC组的PLT、MPV、FIB、D-D分别绘制ROC曲线,判断其对UC疾病活动性的诊断价值。PLT的曲线下面积(area under the cure,AUC)为0.703,敏感度为72%,特异性为64%;MPV的AUC为0.619,敏感度为44%,特异性为88%;FIB的AUC 为0.837,敏感度为70%,特异性为88%,D-D的AUC为0.859,敏感度为86%,特异性为72%。见表6、图1。
2.4 PLT、MPV、FIB、D-D、PT、PTA对CD活动性的诊断价值
对CD组的PLT、MPV、FIB、D-D、PT、PTA分别绘制ROC曲线,判断其对CD疾病活动性的诊断价值。PLT的AUC为0.845,敏感度为76%,特异性为84%,MPV的AUC为0.802,敏感度为70%,特异性为90%,FIB的AUC为0.720,敏感度为72%,特异性为52%,D-D的AUC为0.760,敏感度为74.00%,特异性为66%。PT的AUC为0.659,敏感度为88%,特异性为44%,PTA的AUC为0.696,敏感度为50%,特异性为86%,见表7、图2。
3 讨论
IBD是一种发病原因不明的慢性免疫性疾病,主要包括UC与CD。目前临床医生主要通过患者的临床表征评估病情,但易受主观因素的影响而造成偏倚,所以需要寻找更加客观有效的评估指标。有研究表明IBD患者的外周血处于一个高凝状态,凝血和纤溶的平衡被打破,患者体内凝血级联反应和凝血因子处于异常状态,容易形成血栓,尤其是在活动期[8]。也有研究认为肠道的炎症活动与血液的高凝状态是相互影响的过程[9-10]。
本研究结果显示,UC组和CD组患者的PT、APTT、D-D、PLT都显著高于对照组,TT、MPV显著低于对照组。凝血的级联反应包括外源性和内源性两条途径,而IBD患者体内的凝血因子含量会有一定的变化,相关研究认为IBD患者体内的Ⅴa、Ⅶa、Ⅷa、Ⅹa、Ⅺa、Ⅻa比健康人会有所增加,而ⅩⅢ有所下降[11-13],从而增加了静脉血栓形成的风险。PT与APTT是反应外源性凝血和内源性凝血最常用的指标。本研究结果显示,IBD患者的PT、APTT都较健康者延长,可能跟凝血因子的过度消耗,凝血功能亢进有关。有研究认为,IBD患者病情进入活动期后,其PT结果会出现延长的情况,高于IBD缓解期[9],与本研究结果一致,但差异无统计学意义。同时,本研究中IBD患者活动期的APTT比缓解期略有升高,但差异无统计学意义。
IBD患者的血液高凝状态与纤溶系统失调也有着重要的关系。本研究结果显示IBD患者的FIB和D-D显著高于对照组,UC组的FIB和D-D水平又显著高于CD组,UC组在活动期时,FIB和D-D水平上升的更高。纤溶系统可使生理性止血过程中产生的一过性纤维蛋白凝块溶解,而IBD患者纤溶系统的活性下降,其中纤溶酶原激活物水平下降,其抑制物表达上升,血栓不易溶解[14]。FIB是纤维蛋白的生成原料和降解产物,FIB升高会使血液黏稠度升高,进而累及肠道微循环。D-D是交联纤维蛋白的降解产物,其在血液中增高是血栓前状态的表现。
血小板功能的异常是导致IBD患者静脉血栓的另一重要环节。血小板参与了炎症、止血、伤口愈合等生理反应。在IBD患者肠道活检标本中,发现了大量毛细血管血栓,即使是在疾病的缓解期也能出现这一现象[15-16],同时有研究发现MPV在IBD患者中有降低的趋势[17]。本研究结果显示,IBD组患者的PLT显著高于对照组,MPV显著低于对照组,与此前的研究结果一致,且CD组患者在两项指标的变化中更甚于UC患者。而IBD患者活动期的PLT均显著高于缓解期,MPV均显著低于缓解期,CD患者变动幅度更大。
ROC曲线分析显示,UC患者的FIB和D-D的AUC较大,D-D的敏感度最高, FIB的特异性最高。CD患者的PLT和MPV的AUC较大,PT的敏感度最高但特异性很低,MPV的特异性最高。对比UC活动性和CD活动性特点,UC患者纤溶指标的AUC更高,可用于评估UC活动性;CD患者血小板指标的AUC更高,可作为评估CD疾病活动性的指标。在本研究中还发现,CD患者的平均年龄低于UC患者,可能与CD患者的发病年龄较低有关,与何琼等[18]观点一致。
综上所述,IBD患者凝血相关指标与健康者存在显著差异性,对于UC患者,纤溶相关数据是监测疾病活动性较好的指标,对于CD患者,血小板相关数据是检测疾病活动性较好的指标,这为临床IBD抗凝治疗提供了一定的参考依据。但本研究仍存在不足,作为单中心研究,樣本来源单一且样本量尚有不足,可能对研究结果会造成一定的偏倚,后期仍需大样本多中心的前瞻性研究。
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(收稿日期:2023–03–11)
(修回日期:2023–06–27)