银松素治疗Nrf2-/-小鼠少弱精症作用机制研究
2023-04-12董进叶韬雯李小冉史建伍赵伟徐大伟王鑫蕾王成牛
董进 叶韬雯 李小冉 史建伍 赵伟 徐大伟 王鑫蕾 王成牛
[摘 要] 目的:探究銀松素(pinosylvin)对Nrf2基因敲除小鼠少弱精症的治疗作用及机制。方法:将实验小鼠分为野生型(WT)组、Nrf2-/-组和Nrf2-/-+pinosylvin组,Nrf2-/-+pinosylvin组小鼠给予100 mg/kg银松素灌胃,持续灌胃4周,处死小鼠取出睾丸及附睾组织。使用计算机辅助分析系统检测各组小鼠精子浓度与精子活力;苏木素伊红染色观察小鼠睾丸及附睾病理变化;酶联免疫吸附法检测各组小鼠睾丸组织中丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)及活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平;Western blot检测各组小鼠睾丸组织中铁死亡相关蛋白谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)和凋亡相关蛋白Bax、P53表达。结果:与WT组小鼠比较,Nrf2-/-组小鼠精子浓度和精子活力明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),表明Nrf2-/-小鼠出现少弱精症。病理切片染色显示,Nrf2-/-组小鼠睾丸曲细精管内大量生精细胞丢失,附睾内精子数量显著减少;给予银松素干预治疗后部分曲细精管中生殖细胞恢复,附睾内精子数量明显增加。Nrf2-/-组小鼠睾丸组织中MDA和ROS含量较WT小鼠明显上升,给予银松素干预治疗后Nrf2-/-组小鼠睾丸组织中MDA和ROS含量明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Western blot检测显示,Nrf2-/-组小鼠睾丸组织中Bax和P53蛋白表达水平明显高于WT组,银松素干预后Nrf2-/-组小鼠Bax和P53蛋白表达水平显著下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:银松素可以改善Nrf2-/-小鼠少弱精症,其作用机制可能与抗氧化应激、抗细胞凋亡有关,银松素可能成为临床治疗男性少弱精症的新药物。
[关键词] 少弱精症;银松素;氧化应激;凋亡
[中图分类号] R979.9 [文献标志码] A [DOI] 10.19767/j.cnki.32-1412.2023.06.001
Study on the mechanism of role of pinosylvin in the treatment
of oligozoospermia in Nrf2-/- mice
DONG Jin1, YE Taowen1, LI Xiaoran1, SHI Jianwu1,ZHAO Wei2, XU Dawei2,WANG Xinlei3, WANG Chengniu1
(1Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical College, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226001; 2the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University/the First Peoples Hospital of Nantong; 3Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University)
[Abstract] Objective:To investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of pinosylvin on oligozoospermia in Nrf2 gene knockout mice. Methods:The mice were divided into three experimental groups: the wild-type (WT) group, the homozygous (Nrf2-/-) group, and the homozygous + pinosylvin (Nrf2-/-+ pinosylvin) group. Nrf2-/- mice were administered with 100 mg/kg of pinosylvin through gavage. After a 4-week gavage period, the mice were euthanized to obtain the tissues of testes and epididymides. A computer-assisted analysis system was used to measure sperm concentration and motility in each group of mice. Pathological changes in the testes and epididymides of mice were observed through hematoxylin and eosin staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to assess the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the testicular tissues of mice from each group. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the expression levels of ferroptosis-related protein glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), apoptosis-related proteins B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein (Bax) and P53 in the testicular tissues of mice. Results:Compared with the WT mice, the mice in Nrf2-/- group exhibited a significant decrease in sperm concentration and sperm motility, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05), indicating the manifestation of oligozoospermia symptoms in Nrf2-/- mice. Pathological section staining showed a substantial loss of germ cells in the seminiferous tubules and a significant reduction in sperm count in the epididymis in Nrf2-/- mice. After treatment with pinosylvin, germ cells in some seminiferous tubules recovered, and the sperm count in the epididymis noticeably increased. The levels of MDA and ROS in the testicular tissues of Nrf2-/- mice were markedly elevated than that in the WT mice. However, pinosylvin treatment decreased MDA and ROS levels in the testicular tissues of Nrf2-/- mice, with statistical differences (P<0.05). Western blot analysis revealed that the protein expression levels of Bax and P53 in the testicular tissues of Nrf2-/- mice were significantly higher than those in the WT group. Nevertheless, pinosylvin treatment decreased the expression levels of Bax and P53 in Nrf2-/- mice, with statistical differences (P<0.05). Conclusion: Pinosylvin can ameliorate oligozoospermia symptoms in Nrf2-/- mice, and its mechanism of action may be associated with anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptosis. These findings suggest that pinosylvin could potentially serve as a new therapeutic drug for the clinical treatment of male oligozoospermia.
[Key words] oligozoospermia; pinosylvin; oxidative stress; apoptosis
银松素(反式-3,5-二羟基二苯乙烯,pinosylvin)是在以松科为代表的植物中天然存在的芪类化合物,当植物受到生物或非生物威胁如外伤、食草动物、真菌、臭氧、紫外线时,银松素会通过丙二酰辅酶A及肉桂酰辅酶A反应生成细胞松弛素,起到自卫作用[1]。药理学测试发现银松素生物活性非常广谱,具有抗微生物、抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、神经保护以及抗免疫变态反应等作用[2-5]。
当前全球面临生育率下降趋势,许多育龄夫妇受到不孕不育的困扰,其中男性因素约占50%,少弱精症是引起男性不育的主要因素之一,环境污染、酒精、烟草等均可能导致男性少弱精症[6-8]。研究发现,高活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)导致的氧化应激是少弱精症发生的重要机制之一。我们前期研究已证明银松素通过激活Nrf2/ARE信号通路调节活性氧水平,从而改善少弱精症[9-10]。本研究通过Nrf2基因敲除(Nrf2-/-)小鼠模型,探究银松素改善少弱精症的作用机制。
1 材料与方法
1.1 实验动物 将Nrf2-/-小鼠饲养于南通大学实验动物中心,SPF级屏障系统,环境温度(22±2)℃,相对湿度50%~70%,早7:30~晚7:30昼夜间断照明,全程自由饮食、进水。本研究经南通大学实验动物伦理委员会审核批准。
1.2 药物与试剂 银松素参照文献合成[9];HE染色试剂盒(Biosharp,BL700A);小鼠丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)ELISA试剂盒(草之源,cby23821);小鼠活性氧ELISA试剂盒(草之源,cby18879);ECL化学发光底物(Biosharp,BL520A);Nrf2单克隆抗体(货号12721s)、GPX4多克隆抗体(货号52455s)、P53单克隆抗体(货号2524S)、BAX多克隆抗体(货号2772S)均购自Cell Signaling Technology公司。
1.3 分组与给药 将实验小鼠分为野生型(WT)组、Nrf2-/-组及Nrf2-/-+pinosylvin组,每组各5只。将银松素溶解在5%DMSO水溶液中,Nrf2-/-+pinosylvin组小鼠每天给予100 mg/kg银松素灌胃,持续给药4周。末次给药24 h后,称小鼠体重,颈椎脱臼处死后打开腹腔,称取双侧睾丸湿重并记录。
1.4 精子参数检测 小鼠处死后,迅速将一侧附睾尾转移至提前预热至37 °C含2 mL台式液的小皿中,剪碎,轻轻摇匀,温育15 min后吸取10 μL稀释液至精子计数板中,采用精子自动计数分析系统进行精子参数检测。
1.5 苏木素伊红(HE)染色 将睾丸和附睾组织浸泡于4%多聚甲醛中4 °C过夜,随后乙醇梯度脱水、二甲苯透明、浸蜡、包埋、切片烘干,制成石蜡切片备用。切片经二甲苯脱蜡、梯度乙醇水化、苏木素染色、1%盐酸酒精分化、伊红染色、梯度酒精脱水、二甲苯透明、中性树脂封片,在光学显微镜下观察睾丸和附睾组织病理学形态变化。
1.6 酶联免疫吸附试验 取适量睾丸组织,匀浆、裂解、离心后获取组织总蛋白。采用BCA法测定蛋白浓度,按照试剂盒说明书测定小鼠睾丸组织中MDA和ROS含量。
1.7 Western Blot检测 提取的总蛋白中添加5×loading buffer后,95 °C 5 min蛋白变性。电泳、转膜、封闭后,按抗体说明书推荐比例稀释一抗,孵育过夜;二抗室温孵育1 h,化学发光法显影。
1.8 统计学处理 应用统计学软件GraphPad Prism 8.0对数据进行分析处理。计量资料以x±s表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析及t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结 果
2.1 银松素提高Nrf2-/-小鼠精子参数水平 与WT小鼠比较,Nrf2-/-小鼠精子浓度和精子活力均明显降低,而给予Nrf2-/-小鼠银松素干预后,精子浓度和活力明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.0001)。见图1。
2.2 银松素减轻Nrf2-/-小鼠睾丸组织损伤 病理切片染色显示,WT小鼠睾丸中各级生精细胞排列整齐,曲细精管内可见完整的精子发生,同时附睾内可见大量精子。Nrf2-/-小鼠睾丸生精小管内大量生精细胞丢失,附睾头、体、尾可见精子数量明显减少。給予银松素干预治疗后,部分曲细精管中生精细胞恢复,甚至出现延长型精子,在附睾尾中精子也得到一定程度的恢复。见图2。
2.3 银松素降低睾丸组织中丙二醛和活性氧含量 与野生型小鼠比较Nrf2-/-小鼠睾丸组织中MDA和ROS水平显著升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.0001),提示Nrf2基因敲除后,小鼠睾丸组织中发生了氧化应激。给予银松素干预治疗后Nrf2-/-小鼠睾丸组织中MDA和ROS水平显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.0001),提示银松素可减轻Nrf2-/-小鼠睾丸组织中的氧化应激。见图3。
2.4 银松素对铁死亡和凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响 Western Blot检测结果显示,Nrf2-/-小鼠睾丸组织中凋亡相关蛋白P53和Bax表达较WT小鼠明显增加,给予银松素干预治疗后睾丸组织中P53和Bax表达显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.0001),提示银松素具有抗细胞凋亡的作用。各组小鼠睾丸组织中GPX4表达比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见图4。
3 讨 论
已有文献报道,Nrf2基因敲除会导致小鼠睾丸组织中发生铁死亡,产生少弱精症[11]。铁死亡是一种区别于凋亡的细胞程序性死亡方式,主要特征是脂质过氧化物水平升高,活性氧水平上升,机体氧化-抗氧化系统失衡,发生氧化应激,导致细胞死亡[12]。从凋亡、自噬、焦亡、铁死亡到近两年发现的铜死亡、双硫死亡[13-14],活性氧水平失衡导致的氧化应激是细胞各种程序性死亡的诱因之一。银松素作为天然的强效抗氧化物质,具有美白、抗癌、神经保护等作用,但其在生殖系统中的功效相关报道较少。本研究发现在Nrf2基因敲除后,银松素并未通过Nrf2-GPX4轴对铁死亡起到明显的调控作用,但是银松素降低了Nrf2-/-小鼠活性氧水平,减轻氧化应激导致的睾丸损伤。有研究报道银松素有效减轻Nrf2-/-小鼠慢性氧化应激的发生,与本研究结果一致,提示银松素可能通过调控其他(非Nrf2)通路发挥抗氧化作用[15]。
P53是一种调控细胞分裂的肿瘤抑制蛋白和转录因子,阻止DNA突变或受损细胞分裂,导致细胞周期停滞,并通过转录调控细胞凋亡信号传导[16]。Bax基因是人体最主要的促凋亡基因,Bax蛋白与Bcl-2形成异二聚体抑制Bcl-2的抗凋亡作用[17]。本研究结果显示,Nrf2-/-小鼠睾丸组织中凋亡相关蛋白Bax、P53表达上调,而银松素降低P53和Bax蛋白的表达,提示银松素具有一定的抗细胞凋亡作用。
综上所述,银松素可能通过抗氧化应激和抗凋亡作用减轻睾丸生精细胞的损伤,从而减轻Nrf2-/-小鼠少弱精症状。
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[收稿日期] 2023-11-07
(本文編辑 赵喜)