负压封闭引流对下肢骨折患者炎症反应及微循环的影响观察
2022-05-09刘大伟
刘大伟
【摘要】 目的:分析負压封闭引流用于下肢骨折患者中对炎症反应及微循环的影响。方法:选取2019年1月-2021年3月佳木斯市中心医院收治的80例下肢骨折患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将患者分为观察组和对照组,各40例。观察组术后采用负压封闭引流技术治疗,对照组采用常规换药治疗。记录两组患者住院期间情况,包括换敷料次数、创面感染情况、抗生素使用时间、创面愈合时间、住院时间;分别于治疗前(T0)及治疗后1 d(T1)、3 d(T2)抽取空腹外周静脉血,检测血清炎症反应指标,包括C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞计数(WBC)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8);分别于T0、T1及T2检测患者微循环情况,指标包括流态积分、襻周积分、管襻积分及总积分。比较两组各指标的差异。结果:观察组换敷料次数少于对照组(P<0.05),创面感染率低于对照组,抗生素使用时间、创面愈合时间及住院时间均短于对照组(P<0.05)。两组T0各炎症反应指标及微循环指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);T1及T2,两组CRP、WBC、IL-6、IL-8及流态积分、管襻积分、襻周积分、总积分均低于T0,且观察组上述指标均低于对照组,两组T2炎症反应指标及微循环指标均低于T1,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:负压封闭引流有利于加速下肢骨折患者术后恢复,减轻患者炎症反应,对改善患者微循环有积极意义。
【关键词】 负压封闭引流 下肢骨折 炎症反应 微循环
Effect of Vacuum Sealing Drainage on Inflammatory Reaction and Microcirculation in Patients with Lower Limb Fracture/LIU Dawei. //Medical Innovation of China, 2022, 19(11): 0-045
[Abstract] Objective: To analyze the effect of vacuum sealing drainage on inflammatory reaction and microcirculation in patients with lower limb fracture. Method: A total of 80 patients with lower limb fractures treated in Jiamusi Central Hospital from January 2019 to March 2021 were as the research objects, according to the random number table method, the patients were divided into observation group and control group, with 40 cases in each group. The observation group was treated with negative pressure sealing drainage technique after operation, and the control group was treated with routine dressing change. The situation of patients during hospitalization were recorded, including dressing change times, wound infection, antibiotic use time, wound healing time and hospitalization time; fasting peripheral venous blood was taken before treatment (T0) and 1 d (T1), 3 d (T2) after treatment, serum inflammatory response indexes including C reactive protein (CRP), leukocyte count (WBC), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were detected; the microcirculation of patients was measured at T0, T1 and T2 respectively, the indexes include flow state integral, loop circumference integral, loop tube integral and total integral. The differences of all indexes between the two groups were compared. Result: The number of dressing changes in the observation group was less than that in the control group (P<0.05), the wound infection rate was lower than that of the control group, and the use time of antibiotics, wound healing time and hospital stay were shorter than those in the control group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in inflammatory reaction indexes and microcirculation indexes between the two groups at T0 (P>0.05); at T1 and T2, CRP, WBC, IL-6, IL-8, flow state integral, loop tube integral, loop circumference integral and total integral of the two groups were lower than those at T0, and those in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, at T2, the inflammatory reaction indexes and microcirculation indexes of the two groups were lower than those at T1, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Vacuum sealing drainage is helpful to accelerate the postoperative recovery of lower limb fracture patients, reduce the inflammatory reaction and improve the microcirculation of patients.
[Key words] Vacuum sealing drainage Lower limb fracture Inflammatory reaction Microcirculation
First-author’s address: Jiamusi Central Hospital, Heilongjiang Province, Jiamusi 154002, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2022.11.010
下肢骨折為骨科常见疾病,随着交通事故及工伤的增加,开放性骨折增加且骨折常伴有大面积软组织损伤,影响患者正常组织功能及血液循环,明显增加了并发症发生的可能性[1-3]。涉及骨或软组织的伤口感染是下肢骨折手术治疗后最常见的并发症[4],例如,胫骨平台骨折的平均感染率高达27%,pilon骨折的感染率在5%~40%[5]。早期彻底清创和负压封闭引流(vacuum sealing drainage,VSD)是一种保护四肢大伤口的新方法,可有效清除坏死组织及分泌物,预防感染,刺激肉芽生成,从而提高后续手术的成功率,减少术后并发症,促进肢体功能恢复[6-7]。黄鹤等[8]研究也表明负压封闭引流可促进创伤性骨折患者创面愈合、减少创面感染及炎性因子水平。本研究就负压封闭引流对下肢骨折患者炎症反应及微循环的影响进行观察,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 研究对象为佳木斯市中心医院
2019年1月-2021年3月收治的下肢骨折患者80例,男59例,女21例,年龄18~57岁,采用随机数字表法将患者分为观察组和对照组,各40例。纳入标准:(1)入院经影像学检查等确诊为下肢骨折;(2)开放性骨折可能/或合并感染,或重度软组织挫裂伤及软组织缺损;(3)临床资料完整。排除标准:(1)患者存在活动性出血或凝血功能异常;(2)合并影响预后的其他严重创伤;(3)合并心、肝、肾等脏器功能损伤或恶性肿瘤;(4)免疫功能障碍或治疗前使用过抗感染、激素类药物治疗。患者及家属均知情同意,本研究经医院伦理委员会批准同意。
1.2 方法 两组均清理创面并去除坏死组织,保留较大碎骨,清创后消毒铺巾,切开皮肤充分暴露骨折部位进行骨折修复,根据骨折类型、创面及软组织损伤情况等对骨折采用外固定或内固定。术中探查血管神经受损情况并修复,术后给予抗生素、抗凝等常规治疗。对照组给予常规纱布换药:术后采用无菌纱布覆盖创面,根据创面渗出情况更换敷料并给予相应处理,对存在创面感染患者给予抗生素湿纱布敷于创面并包扎;观察组接受VSD技术治疗:根据创面情况裁剪VSD敷料并覆盖于创面,粘贴封闭创面,连接引流管,引流管维持负压持续引流,存在感染患者经另一引流管给予抗感染药物及生理盐水灌洗,根据引流液情况更换敷料。
1.3 观察指标及评价标准 (1)记录患者住院期间情况,包括换敷料次数、创面感染情况、抗生素使用时间、创面愈合时间、住院时间;(2)分别于治疗前(T0)及治疗后1 d(T1)、3 d(T2)抽取空腹外周静脉血,检测血清炎症反应指标:C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞计数(WBC)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)水平;(3)分别于T0、T1及T2检测患者微循环情况:微循环检测仪检测甲襞微循环,采用加权积分进行评价,指标包括流态积分、襻周积分、管襻积分及总积分,正常均为0分[9]。
1.4 统计学处理 本研究所得数据采用统计学软件SPSS 26.0进行分析处理,计量资料用(x±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,组内比较采用配对t检验;计数资料用例(%)表示,组间比较则采用字2检验或Fisher确切概率法。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组一般资料比较 两组年龄、性别、骨折部位、致伤原因比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,见表1。
2.2 两组住院期间情况比较 观察组换敷料次数少于对照组,创面感染率低于对照组,抗生素使用时间、创面愈合时间及住院时间均短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。
2.3 两组炎症反应指标比较 两组T0各炎症反应指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);T1及T2,两组CRP、WBC、IL-6、IL-8均低于T0,且观察组均低于对照组,两组T2炎症反应指标均低于T1,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。
2.4 两组微循环情况比较 两组T0各指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);T1及T2,两组流态积分、管襻积分、襻周积分、总积分均低于T0,且观察组均低于对照组,两组T2各积分均低于T1,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表4。
3 讨论
下肢骨折是极为常见的损伤,在下肢开放性骨折中,由于皮肤破裂,骨折骨暴露在环境中,伤口感染的风险特别高,在软组织广泛损伤的闭合性骨折中,伤口或手术部位感染的发生率同样很高[5]。伤口暴露、坏死组织不完全清除、伤口边缘的缺血或术后伤口渗漏等均可能会导致手术切口感染[10-11]。研究表明,骨折术后传统引流治疗方式术后感染率仍较高[5]。VSD是一种近年来在骨科广泛应用的新型真空封闭引流技术[1],其应用过程中形成的持续负压封闭环境有利于引流区渗出物、坏死组织等的迅速、彻底清除,减少积液产生,其封闭环境同时阻止了外部环境中细菌侵入,从而有效减少创面感染,促进肉芽组织生成,促进伤口愈合[1,12]。黄鹤等[8]将VSD应用于创伤性骨折中,患者创面愈合及住院时间均缩短且具有较高的术后舒适度;王翔等[13]则将VSD应用于多发伤合并Gustilo ⅢC型开放性骨折患者中,不仅减少了患者清创次数及住院时间,同时减少了并发症的发生。本研究中观察组换敷料次数少于对照组,创面感染率低于对照组,抗生素使用时间、创面愈合时间及住院时间均短于对照组(P<0.05),这说明,负压封闭引流有利于加速下肢骨折患者术后恢复[14]。
骨折造成的组织损伤、手术的创伤及术后可能出现的感染,均可引起炎症反应造成炎症因子水平的异常升高[13]。当机体处于应急状态下时,炎症反应指标CRP、WBC、IL-6、IL-8均会大量释放,且炎症因子间可通过级联反应相互作用,合成分泌进一步增强加重炎症反应[11,15]。WBC作为一项常规化验指标,其敏感性较高而特异性较低,CRP是机体损伤或感染急性期血浆中急剧上升的非特异性炎症标志物[16];IL-6属于促炎因子,在外伤引起的急性炎症中诱导急性期反应蛋白的合成,IL-8通过趋化和激活中性粒细胞参与组织损伤,在炎症反应中较CRP更早升高[17-18]。本研究中上述指标在术前均处于较高水平,可能与骨折造成的组织损伤有关,术后各指标均较之前下降,可能与清创处理去除了坏死组织、污染物及疼痛减轻有关,观察组术后各指标优于对照组,表明VSD更有利于减轻炎症反应,与文献[8]研究结果一致。
微循环是反映机体血液循环的重要指标,而甲襞是最常用的观察微循环的部位,流态积分、管襻积分、襻周积分及总积分均是反应微循环的重要指标[19-20]。以往研究表明,骨折创伤可引起微循环障碍[21],VSD技术可改善骨折术后感染患者微循环,本研究将VSD技术直接应用于骨折术后患者,术后感染率较低,患者各项微循环指标均得到显著改善,且优于对照组,表明VSD对改善患者微循环有积极意义。
综上所述,负压封闭引流有利于加速下肢骨折患者术后恢复,减轻患者炎症反应,对改善患者微循环有积极意义。
参考文献
[1] QU J F,YAN R L,WANG L,et al.Free dermatoplasty combined with vacuum sealing drainage for the treatment of large-area soft tissue defects accompanied by bone exposure in the lower leg[J].Exp Ther Med,2013,5(5):1375-1380.
[2] BENIWAL R K,BANSAL A.Osteofascial compartment pressure measurement in closed limb injuries-Whitesides’ technique revisited[J].J Clin Orthop Trauma,2016,7(4):225-228.
[3]华英.下肢骨折合并大面积皮肤缺损行负压封闭引流术的临床效果[J].创伤外科杂志,2018,20(10):789,793.
[4] QUATMAN C E,VILLARREAL M E,COCHRAN A.Incisional Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Following Surgical Repair of Lower Extremity Fractures[J].JAMA,2020,323(6):513-514.
[5] COSTA M L,ACHTEN J,KNIGHT R,et al.Negative-pressure wound therapy compared with standard dressings following surgical treatment of major trauma to the lower limb:the WHiST RCT[J].Health Technol Assess,2020,24(38):1-86.
[6] ISIK A,PEKER K,FIRAT D,et al.Importance of metastatic lymph node ratio in non-metastatic, lymph node-invaded colon cancer:a clinical trial[J].Med Sci Monit,2014,20:1369-1375.
[7] WANG Z,LIU T,CHENG Y,et al.Tibial Nail Combined with Vacuum Sealing Drainage for Gustilo Grade ⅢB Open Tibial Fractures:A Patient Series[J].J Foot Ankle Surg,2020,59(2):409-412.
[8]黃鹤,杨波,许新.负压封闭引流技术对创伤性骨折患者创面愈合及血浆CRP、WBC的影响[J].临床骨科杂志,2017,20(6):698-701.
[9]吴坚,罗兴良,马树云,等.下肢骨折创面感染患者负压封闭引流治疗对下肢微循环及愈合的影响分析[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2016,26(17):3978-3980.
[10] KIM Y H,HWANG K T,KIM J T,et al.What is the ideal interval between dressing changes during negative pressure wound therapy for open trau-matic fractures?[J].J Wound Care,2015,24(11):536,538-540,542.
[11] LOU W J,ZOU K,YU Z B,et al.Cefazolin sodium pentahydrate combined with vacuum sealing drainage in the treatment of open fracture complicated with soft tissue injury[J].Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992),2020,66(4):430-436.
[12] HAO S,JUAN L,XIN W.Treatment of traumatically cutaneous necrosis of buttocks using vacuum sealing drainage combined with ileostomy[J].European Journal of Trauma & Emergency Surgery,2016,42(1):87-90.
[13]王翔,杨帆,解杰,等.负压封闭引流技术在多发伤合并Gustilo ⅢC型开放性骨折患者保肢治疗中的应用[J].中华创伤杂志,2019,35(7):647-652.
[14]王众.一期内固定联合负压封引流治疗严重软组织缺损下肢开放性骨折的临床研究[C]//2016年浙江省骨科学学术年会,2016.
[15] ABDELHAFEZ N M,HASSAN Y S,ELMETWALLY T H.A study on biomarkers, cytokines, and growth factors in children with burn injuries[J].Annals of Burns & Fire Disasters,2007,20(2):89-100.
[16]陈佳.下肢皮肤缺损VSD术后引流液细菌培养及血液炎性指标相关研究[D].广州:广州中医药大学,2016.
[17]程海霞,吴松梅,明晓锋,等.VSD对骨折创面感染患者血清炎症因子及骨性标志物的影响[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2019,29(23):3598-3602.
[18] UYSAL Aİ,ALTIPARMAK B,YAŞAR E,et al.The effects of early femoral nerve block intervention on preoperative pain management and incidence of postoperative delirium geriatric patients undergoing trochanteric femur fracture surgery:A randomized controlled trial[J].Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg,2020,26(1):109-114.
[19]罗明华,杨华,吕志华,等.负压封闭引流对胫腓骨开放性骨折术后感染患者微循环和Th1/Th2的影响[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2020,30(14):2192-2196.
[20]徐清平,宋登峰,王金,等.胫腓骨开放性骨折患者术后感染病原菌分布及VSD治疗对微循环与相关血清细胞因子指标水平的影响[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2017,27(24):5642-5645.
[21] SCOLA A,SCOLA E.Die posttraumatische Dystrophie. Diagnostik und Therapie nach distalen Radiusfrakturen und Handverletzungen Posttraumatic dystrophy. Diagnosis and therapy after distal radius fractures and hand injuries[J].Unfallchirurg,2013,116(8):723-732.
(收稿日期:2021-09-28) (本文編辑:张爽)