EGFR-TKI和标准化疗治疗EGFR突变非小细胞肺癌药物经济学评价系统综述
2022-04-04陈风扬董作军王超君王靖雯孙国君
陈风扬 董作军 王超君 王靖雯 孙国君
摘 要 目的:综合评价酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)和标准化疗用于治疗表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突变晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC )的药物经济学研究,探讨EGFR-TKI和标准化疗的经济性。方法:从中英文数据库检索EGFR-TKI和标准化疗用于NSCLC治疗的药物经济学评价文献,系统综述评价结果。结果:11篇研究认为EGFR-TKI具有经济性,3篇认为化疗经济性更好,4篇认为EGFR-TKI和化疗序贯治疗具有经济性。结论:目前,EGFR-TKI较标准化疗治疗EGFR突变晚期NSCLC患者更具经济性,但决策者应结合国情判断其他国家和地区药物经济学评价结果的外推性。
关键词 EGFR-TKI 标准化疗 非小细胞肺癌 药物经济学评价
中图分类号:R979.19; R956 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2022)05-0032-04
引用本文 陈风扬, 董作军, 王超君, 等. EGFR-TKI和标准化疗治疗EGFR突变非小细胞肺癌药物经济学评价系统综述[J]. 上海医药, 2022, 43(5): 32-35; 49.
System review of the pharmacoeconomic evaluation of EGFR-TKI and standard chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR mutation
CHEN Fengyang1, DONG Zuojun1, WANG Chaojun2, WANG Jingwen1, SUN Guojun1
(1. School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzou 310014, China; 2. Hangzhou Aeronautical Sanatorium for Special Service of Chinese Air Force, Hangzhou 310007, China)
ABSTRACT Objective: To comprehensively evaluate the pharmacoeconomic study of tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKI) and standard chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation and to explore the economy of TKI and standard chemotherapy. Methods: The literatures of pharmacoeconomic evaluation of EGFR-TKI and standard chemotherapy for NSCLC were searched from Chinese and English databases, and the results were systematically reviewed. Results: Eleven studies were considered that the EGFR-TKI treatment regimen was economical, three studies were considered that chemotherapy was more economical, and four studies were considered that EGFR-TKI and sequential chemotherapy were economical. Conclusion: At present, EGFR-TKI is more economical than standard chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation,but decision makers should judge the extrapolation of pharmacoeconomic evaluation results in other countries and regions according to their national conditions.
KEy WORDS EGFR-TKI; standard chemotherapy; non-small cell lung cancer; pharmacoeconomic evaluation
在中國,肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤,占2018年新确诊恶性肿瘤的18%[1]。非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)约占肺癌的80%~85%,约46%的NSCLC患者诊断时已是局部晚期或发生转移[2]。其中,EGFR突变在中国非小细胞肺癌患者中非常普遍,在35%~50%的个体被检测为表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突变NSCLC[3]。
NSCLC标准化疗是以铂类为基础的4~6周期的双药联合化疗,常用的联合药物主要为第三代细胞毒性药物如吉西他滨、培美曲塞、紫杉醇等。但化疗的临床效果并不理想,其中位总生存期(overall survival,OS)仅1年[4]。然而随着NSCLC精准医疗的不断发展,酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)临床的应用越发广泛。在EGFR-TKI的临床效果得到充分肯定之后,国内外学者更加关注药物的经济性。本文将系统回顾EGFR-TKI和标准化疗治疗EGFR突变NSCLC药物经济学评价文献,探讨二者的经济性。
1.1 文献检索
检索Web of Science平台、PubMed数据库、中国学术期刊全文数据库有关EGFR-TKI用于治疗EGFR突变NSCLC药物经济学评价文献。同时,检索相关综述,通过综述的引用文献进一步完善检索结果。检索语言为中文和英文。
1.2 纳入与排除标准
通过人工排除会议摘要、非药物经济学评价和不可及文献,以及对标题、摘要筛选,共有18篇文献纳入EGFR-TKI用于治疗EGFR突变晚期NSCLC药物经济学分析文献。
2.1 药物经济学评价文献分析结果
药物经济学评价文献分析结果见表1。在纳入的18篇文献中,有11篇认为EGFR-TKI具有成本效果[5-15];3篇认为标准化疗治疗具有成本效果[16-18];4篇认为EGFRTKI与标准化疗序贯治疗更具经济性[19-22]。
2.2 标准化疗更具经济性
Lu等[16]以中国医疗卫生体系作为研究角度,评估四种一线策略(培美曲塞加顺铂、培美曲塞加顺铂化疗后培美曲塞维持治疗、吉非替尼、埃克替尼)的经济性。结果表明培美曲塞维持治疗最具经济性。他也提到当埃克替尼和吉非替尼可贈药时,埃克替尼将更具有经济性。 Tan等[17]对阿法替尼与顺铂联合培美曲塞进行成本效果分析。研究表明,在新加坡公共卫生体系下使用阿法替尼一线治疗EGFR突变晚期NSCLC并不具有经济性。Wu等[18]在美国和中国卫生体系下对第三代奥西替尼治与标准化疗治疗伴脑转移EGFR突变晚期NSCLC进行经济性评估研究,结果表明,当前无论是美国还是中国卫生体系下,奥西替尼的ICER都超过意愿支付(willingness to pay,WTP)阈值,因此标准化疗更具经济性。
2.3 EGFR-TKI更具经济性
在欧美,众多研究充分肯定了EGFR-TKI较化疗的经济性。在EGFR突变NSCLC患者更为常见的亚洲,EGFR-TKI同样被证实是更经济的。赵子影等[8]和Narita等[10]分别在日本和中国卫生体系下对吉非替尼联合EGFR检测和紫杉醇联合卡铂(PC)一线治疗进行了成本效果分析。结果发现,与PC相比,吉非替尼联合EGFR检测在WTP阈值下更具成本效果。Wen等[14]和Gu等[15]则对多个EGFR-TKI药物与标准化疗进行药物经济学评价,他们得出虽然EGFR-TKI药物之间的经济性有差异,但其经济性皆优于标准化疗。Wen等[14]将厄洛替尼与顺铂联合吉西他滨治疗亚洲NSCLC患者进行比较,厄洛替尼方案与化疗方案的PFS分别为11.81个月和5.81个月,OS分别为24.68个月和26.16个月。化疗方案的ICER为174 808美元/QALY,超过WTP阈值,所以不具有经济性。Gu等[15]基于多个临床试验以及文献meta分析结果,间接比较多个EGFR-TKI及标准化疗在中国一线治疗的经济性得出EGFR-TKI药物更具成本效果优势。
2.4 EGFR-TKI与标准化疗序贯治疗更具经济性
对于晚期EGFR突变晚期NSCLC患者,EGFR-TKI与标准化疗序贯治疗更符合实际治疗过程。Lopes等[20]以新加波患者角度对一线使用吉非替尼,二线使用标准化疗以及一线使用标准化疗二线使用吉非替尼进行成本效果评价。结果显示,一线使用吉非替尼,二线使用标准化疗可节省成本2 400美元,增加0.91个QALY,更具成本效果。Cai等[21]和Lasalvia等[22]分别以中国与哥伦比亚卫生体系下对第三代EGFR-TKI-奥西替尼治疗EGFR突变NSCLC的经济性进行了评估。结果表明,由于奥西替尼价格昂贵,一线使用奥西替尼虽取得较好的临床效果,但经济性较差。因此在标准EGFR-TKI治疗进展后使用奥西替尼更具经济性。
本研究对EGFR-TKI和标准化疗治疗EGFR突变NSCLC的药物经济学评价进行了全面的系统评价。结果表明,EGFR-TKI较标准化疗治疗EGFR突变NSCLC在经济性方面有更好的优势。但国家和地区之间卫生体系和经济发展水平有差异性,医疗决策部门应结合国情判断其他国家和地区EGFR-TKI和标准化疗药物经济学评价结果的外推性。
在成本数据搜集方面,研究者只考虑药品价格、不良反应(3级以上)管理费用、住院治疗、疾病进展治疗等直接医疗成本。因国内缺少晚期NSCLC效用值研究,因此国内药物经济学评价文献多借鉴其他国家晚期NSCLC患者效用值研究。成本和效用值的差异会直接妨碍最终经济产出的结果,所以研究者会通过敏感性分析观察数据不确定性对结论的影响。
在模型选择方面,Markov模型可以模拟治疗周期,预测未来的临床治疗效果以及经济性,所以Markov模型受到学界的广泛认可。鉴于缺乏直接的临床数据,国内外学者通过提取临床文献的生存曲线,重建患者个体数据,并进行生存函数拟合的方式获得Markov模型的转移概率[23]。但Markov模型使用时需要假设条件,且假设缺少可靠的理论支撑。为了避免Markov模型中大量的模型假设和转移概率计算,很多学者将分区生存模型运用到药物经济学评价中[24]。
另外,本研究发现尽管EGFR-TKI较标准化疗在一线治疗EGFR突变晚期NSCLC的临床疗效和经济性有一定优势,但标准化疗在二线治疗以及联合治疗中发挥着积极作用。标准化疗仍为EGFR突变晚期NSCLC患者具有经济性的辅助治疗方案。
目前,EGFR-TKI较化疗治疗EGFR突变晚期NSCLC患者有更好的经济性。但仍需要来自不同国家和地区对EGFR-TKI和标准化疗进行卫生经济学评估评估。医疗决策部门在制定决策时应结合国情判断其他国家和地区EGFR-TKI和标准化疗药物经济学评价结果的外推性。
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