例谈3C解题法
2022-03-17王继虎
【摘要】表格式任务型阅读是南京市中考英语卷的必考题型之一。本文以南京市2015-2021年中考英语表格式任务型阅读题为样本,依次介绍了copy、change、create三种解题方法。
【关键词】任务型阅读;表格式;解题方法
【作者简介】王继虎,男,江苏省南京市雨花台中学初中部,中小学一级教师。
一、Copy,摘录原词
此类题在任务型阅读题中最为简单。学生只要能够将表格信息与原文进行对比,在原文中锁定关键信息即可。但通过近些年的中考试题来看,命题者为了增加此类题的相对难度,命题时会设置丢分陷阱,因此需要学生们具备较强的观察能力与分析能力。
【例题1】原句:When Noah was 43, he started writing the first American dictionary. (2015南京中考卷)
题目:Noah Webster and the 56 American Dictionary
分析:原句是原文第五段的第一句。因为处于段首这一特殊位置,学生们很容易锁定关键词first,但是题目在表格中被设置为标题,标题中所有实词的首字母需要大写。所以正确答案应是First,而非first。
【例题2】原句:Electric vehicles do not have tailpipe emissions, making them more friendly to the environment, too. (2020南京中考卷)
题目:● Having no tailpipe emissions, they are more environmentally 61 .
分析:原句中的friendly用作宾语补足语,但题目中的答案friendly用作表语。命题者将同一个单词在不同的句子中用作不同的成分,使得学生不敢轻易照搬原词。
【例题3】原句:Call psychological hotline to share your worries and get help from others going through the same experience. (2021南京中考卷)
题目:Turn to psychological hotline and those in the same boat for 64 .
分析:题目将原句中的others going through the same experience替代为those in the same boat,并从句末调至句中,增加了学生答题的难度。
二、Change,转换旧词
此类题在任务型阅读题中最为常见。命题者设置题目时,通常在原文的基础上变换题干,使得题目与原文看上去相似,实则不同。这需要学生们具备较强的辨识能力与信息处理能力。
1. 转换词形
【例题4】原句:However, the most harmful effect sleeping in class is missing out on important points. In the long run, sleepers may end up failing classes. (2019南京中考卷)
題目:◆ Students who sleep too much in class may miss out on important knowledge and 64 in their study.
分析:fail在原文中用作宾语,故采用动名词形式。但在题目中fail用作谓语,句子时态是一般现在时,且主语Students为复数形式,故答案由动名词形式转换为动词原形。
【例题5】原句:Exams are a fact of school life for most people. Almost everyone worries about them and feels stressed, although they have prepared well. (2021南京中考卷)
题目:◆ 56 about exams is a real fact for almost everyone at school.
分析:worry在原句中用作谓语,句子时态是一般现在时,且主语是everyone,故采用动词的第三人称单数形式。但在题目中worry用作主语,故答案由动词的三单形式转换为动名词形式。
2. 转换词性
【例题6】原句:Another major problem is litter. In the parks it is a particular danger to animals. (2017南京中考卷)
题目:◆ Litter is 64 to animals. Fires caused by broken glass can damage large areas very quickly.
分析:原文中danger的前面有不定冠词a,但题目中删掉了a, 因此,该题不能直接将名词danger照搬过来,而应该将名词danger转换为形容词dangerous。
【例题7】 原句:Monet's train scenes turned his career into a success and for the station master, made his train station famous until even now. (2018南京中考卷)
题目:◆ His train scenes made not only his career 65 but also the train station famous.
分析:原文中success的前面有不定冠词a,但题目中删掉了a, 因此,该题不能直接将名词success照搬过来。分析题目发现,not only...but also...表示并列关系,not only后面的横线部分用作his career的宾语补足语,but also后面形容词famous用作the train station的宾语补足语,故该题答案由名词success转换为形容词successful。
3. 转换词义
【例题8】原句:There are certainly benefits to both electric cars and gasoline cars. It's good to know that there is an option. (2020南京中考卷)
题目:Both electric cars and gasoline cars have their own benefits. which provides people with a 65 .
分析:原文中option的前面是不定冠词an,但题目中横线部分的前面是不定冠词a,因此,该题不能直接将option照搬过来,而应该将option转换为近义词choice。
【例题9】原句:Claude Monet created a series of Impressionist paintings of trains from January to March of 1877.
题目:◆ He created paintings of trains 61 January and March in 1877. (2018南京中考卷)
分析:原文中的to在题目中被换成了and,因此,该题不能直接将from照搬过来,而应该将from...to...转换为同义词组between...and。
【例题10】原句:Claude Monet's paintings were quite different from the art styles that were popular in the 1870s France. (2018南京中考卷)
题目:◆ Claude Monet was one of the Impressionist painters whose paintings were not the 56 as the popular art styles in the 1870s France.
分析:对比原文和题目发现,题目中多了否定词not,故答案应将原文中的be different from...转换为反义词组be the same as...。
4. 转换语态
【例题11】原句:If these rules are followed, the National Parks will be protected and continue to give pleasure to many people for a long time. (2017南京中考卷)
题目:◆ People should 65 the rules of the Countryside Code.
分析:原文中从句的主语是rules,使用了被动语态,但题目中主语由rules换成了people,故答案应由被动语态转换为主动语态。
【例题12】原句:Korean children mix together many dishes and flavors at meals. It's common for their food to be hot and spicy. (2016南京中考卷)
题目:● Many dishes and flavors are 64 together at meals in hot and spicy tastes.
分析:原文中句子的主语是Korean children,使用了主动语态,但题目中主语由Korean children换成了dishes and flavors,故答案应由主动语态转换为被动语态。
5. 转换句式
【例题13】原句:Though times have changed, falling asleep in class is still a common occurrence among teenagers. (2019南京中考卷)
题目:Times have changed, 56 falling asleep in class is still quite common.
分析:原文是由though引導的让步状语从句,意为“虽然……但是……”,但是题目将原文的让步状语从句转换成了并列句,故用but表示转折。
【例题14】原句:Many National Parks around the world cover huge areas of land where nobody lives. (2017南京中考卷)
题目:◆ Many National Parks around the world are huge in area but 59 any people.
分析:原文是定语从句,关系副词where引导nobody lives修饰中心词land,意为“无人居住的土地”。但是题目将原文的定语从句转换成了简单句,故用否定介词without表示“没有”。
三、Create,创造新词
此类题在任务型阅读题中难度最大。其答案不会直接出现在原文中,且无法仅通过某句话推断出答案。学生们需要根据对某一段或数段甚至整个语篇的理解,用自己的语言加以总结。这需要学生们具备较强的语篇理解能力、逻辑推理能力和信息概括能力。
【例题15】(2017南京中考卷)
由上表可见,第56空和第58空皆为小标题,需要根据后面的具体信息逆向推断。第56空后面的句子中to protect nature是由动词不定式表示“目的”,故第56空的答案为Purpose。通过比较第58空后面的两个句子,前者在谈“全世界的多数国家公园”,其特点是地广人稀,后者在谈“英国的国家公园”,被用于农业生产或其他活动。根据常识,农业生产等活动是离不开人的,也就与前者产生了区别,故第58空的答案为Difference。
综上,完成表格式任务型阅读题时,可采用以下方法:
首先,通读全文,了解全文大意与文章结构,随后研究表格的结构,将两者进行比对。根据表格的大标题与小标题可将全文划分成若干部分,全文通常会采用“总——分——总”或“总——分”的写作模式,此举有助于缩小锁定答题关键信息的范围。题目的设置通常会按照文章从前到后的顺序进行,但有时也会出现第一题的答案藏在最后一段或最后一题的答案藏在第一段的情况。
其次,当某道题的答案被锁定在某一段甚至某一句中时,仔细比对原文与表格中题目的异同,尤其要留意句式或句中哪些单词的形式发生了变化,正是这些变化决定了该题答案属于哪种类型或该题将采用哪种转换方式获取答案。
最后,所有答案敲定以后,划分答案類型,核实其是否符合本题的命题规律。表格式任务型阅读题的答案通常会呈现出“两头小,中间大”的特点,即Copy型与Create型较少,Change型较多。如果Copy型与Create型答案过多,要检查是否疏忽了转换环节。
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