原发性干燥综合征疾病亚群和并发症的研究进展
2021-11-03吴斌
吴斌
【摘 要】 原发性干燥综合征根据腺体和腺体外的受累程度可表现为不同的疾病亚群,并影响疾病转归和治疗反应。通过综述原发性干燥综合征疾病亚群、并发症、疗效预判等方面的研究进展,预测这些方面可能成为患者临床评估的常规部分,可为特定药物或治疗方法筛选最合适的亚群,也可根据预估的不良风险选择不同强度的治疗,期望疾病亚群的理念能为原发性干燥综合征的诊治提供有益的借鉴。
【关键词】 原发性干燥综合征;疾病亚群;并发症;自身免疫性疾病;研究进展;综述
原发性干燥综合征(primary Sj?gren's syndrome,pSS)可诱发口干和眼干等症状,进一步扩展到上皮外组织,导致相当比例的腺体外表现,如累及肺、肾、血液等系统,且对预后产生不良影响[1]。近年有关疾病亚群、不良结局和治疗反应的预测预判研究进展迅速[2]。本文综述pSS的疾病亚群、并发症的预测因素,以及治疗反应的最新进展,期望能为临床诊疗提供参考。
1 疾病亚群
pSS临床表现异质性大,根据自身抗体与临床关联性,多种自身抗体有望定义pSS亚群。首先,自身抗体可以预测处于疾病前状态的易感人群,如THEANDER等[3]研究发现,抗Ro-60/SSA抗体和抗Ro-52/SSA抗体阳性的发病预测值分别为25%和100%。抗SSA(Ro)和抗SSB(La)抗体存在于70%~80%的干燥综合征(Sj?gren's syndrome,SS)患者中[4],与缺乏这些抗体的患者(血清阴性SS)相比,有更严重的炎症、腺体功能障碍、血管炎、血细胞减少,更高滴度的类风湿因子(RF)和丙种球蛋白血症。相反,血清阴性SS患者的疼痛更普遍[5-6],感觉神经病变比例更高[7],但淋巴瘤风险更低[8]。其次,自身抗体也可以预测临床亚群。如抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体(抗CCP抗体)更常见于炎性关节炎的pSS患者[9],或预测RA的进展[10]。抗线粒体抗体(AMA)和抗平滑肌抗体(ASMA)的存在分别提示原发性胆汁性肝硬化和自身免疫性肝炎,并构成pSS的疾病重叠[11]。抗着丝粒抗体(ACA)阳性被认为是pSS的一种亚型[12],ACA阳性亚群占pSS的3%~5%,介于局限性硬皮病与pSS之间的一种临床表现[13]。与ACA阴性pSS相比,这些患者出现雷诺现象、原发性胆汁性肝硬化和自身免疫性甲状腺炎的频率更高[14],但从长期来看,与经典的系统性硬化相比,这些患者要么保持稳定,要么表现为不严重的硬皮病,少见的内脏受累、较轻的微血管功能障碍、较低的硬化性溃疡[15]。可见,自身抗体对pSS亚群有一定的预测和分层作用。最后,pSS不仅临床表现有异质性,而且在分子层面也有异质性。如JAMES等[16]选取来自47例pSS血液基因表达谱数据,使用随机森林建模方法对患者进行聚类,另外测定30种血清细胞因子、趋化因子和可溶性受体。结果发现,转录模块分为3类pSS患者,第1类没有显示出干扰素(IFN)或炎症模块的明显升高,第2类显示出强大的IFN和炎症模块网络特征,第3类显示出适度升高的IFN模块,但炎症模块受到抑制。提示IFN、炎症和其他特征的分子谱可将pSS患者分为不同亚类,对诊疗可能会提供有用的信息,因此,有必要进行疾病亚群的分子基础研究。
2 并发症预测
2.1 淋巴瘤预测 淋巴瘤被认为是pSS最严重的并发症,对死亡率有明显影响[17],一些临床、血清和组织学标志物已被提出作为潜在预测因子。首先,从临床表现看,单侧或双侧腮腺的反复肿胀被证实为淋巴瘤最可靠的临床预测因素[18]。下肢皮肤小血管炎(紫癜或腿部溃疡)是淋巴瘤的独立危险因素,而周围神经病变预示淋巴增生性疾病的可能[19-20]。在某些pSS中,肾小球肾炎与淋巴瘤有密切的发病时间关系,提示肾小球肾炎增加了pSS相关非霍奇金淋巴瘤的风险[21]。其次,从病理学看,淋巴细胞过度活跃是另一种有用的、有充分证据的、可预测淋巴瘤的临床生物标志物[22]。小唾液腺内的高度炎症,尤其是病灶评分≥3分被认为是淋巴瘤的独立危险因素[23]。浸润的B细胞超过50%也易发展为淋巴瘤[24]。大约25%的pSS唾液腺活检有异位GC样结构,多数研究认为GC的存在是淋巴瘤的危险因素[25]。最后,从血清学指标看,RF、低补体血症和Ⅱ型冷球蛋白血症是淋巴瘤最强的预测因子[1,18]。研究表明,在pSS患者中,Ⅱ型冷球蛋白可能先于淋巴瘤的发生,而低血清补体C4水平与淋巴瘤和死亡的风险有关。IOANNIDIS等[19]提出了一个简单的预测模型,有明显紫癜和低补体C4水平的pSS,无论是否检测到Ⅱ型冷球蛋白,都可歸为高风险患者。总的来说,临床症状、血清学和组织病理学对淋巴瘤具有重要的预测价值。此外,借助于人工智能可联合多个指标进行综合判断,如BALDINI等[26]采用一种基于人工神经网络与主成分分析的AutoCM数据挖掘工具,应用7种变量建立了pSS淋巴瘤预测模型,其灵敏度为96.2%,特异性为96%。
近年发现了一些新的淋巴瘤预测标记物。如研究发现,pSS淋巴瘤患者血清中CCL11、CXCL13和Flt3L水平升高[27-28];还发现BAFF受体His159Tyr突变和TNFAIP3 rs2230926多态性与pSS相关的淋巴增殖有关,这些被认为是淋巴瘤预测的潜在标志物[29-30]。同样,考虑到Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型干扰素的致病作用,在pSS的唾液腺(MSG)组织中IFN-γ/IFN-α的mRNA高比值被认为是预测淋巴瘤的组织标志物[31]。此外,有研究用PCR技术在有序贯性前淋巴瘤/淋巴瘤和无淋巴瘤的pSS的MSG组织中进行了miR200b-5p测定,结果发现,miR200b-5p能对3类患者进行区分,并被确定为淋巴瘤的独立危险因素[32]。尽管研究者们利用新的生物技术来测量和评估许多生物标志物,但在引入临床之前,还需要对每一标志物进行验证研究。
2.2 肾损伤预测 据报道,pSS肾脏受累率5%~15%[33]。与没有肾脏受累者相比,生存率显著降低。肾脏受累的预后有所不同,间质性肾炎预后良好,而肾小球性肾炎发展为淋巴瘤的风险较高,生存期较差[34]。一项回顾性研究分析了pSS伴或不伴肾脏受累的临床特征,共纳入1002例患者,结果发现,与单纯的pSS相比,肾损伤者的肌酐、胱抑素C和α-1-微球蛋白含量显著增加[35]。肾损害最常见的表现是肾小管酸中毒伴有低钾性麻痹,多数患者较年轻,关节和干燥症状较轻[36]。高水平的血清总γ-球蛋白和血清β2-微球蛋白水平是pSS远端肾小管性酸中毒的预测指标[37]。此外,抗SSA/Ro-52抗体,补体C3水平降低,低白蛋白血症和贫血也与肾损伤显著相关。因此,具有这些临床特征的患者需要提早保持警惕[38]。
2.3 肺动脉高压(PAH)预测 PAH是pSS严重的并发症和死亡的主要原因之一。超声心动图筛查显示,本病发病率并不低。由于pSS异质性而难以诊断,因此,许多pSS相关PAH患者可能被误诊为特发性PAH,从而失去了接受免疫抑制治疗的机会。SATO等[39]回顾分析在最初被诊断为特发性PAH的25例患者中,5例在病程中被诊断为pSS,其中3例具有pSS的特征性体征,2例在初次评估时没有任何pSS症状和体征,但在随访过程中其自身抗体呈阳性转化,提示临床医生应仔细评估PAH,特别注意pSS的可能性。右心导管检查(RHC)是诊断PAH的金标准,有研究采用RHC检测29例pSS-PAH患者,结果发现,PAH是12例pSS的最初表现(41.4%),而呼吸急促是最常见的症状(100%),通过与无PAH的pSS比较,发现雷诺现象、高滴度RF、肝损伤和心包
积液4个独立危险因素[40]。为了调查pSS-PAH的生存率和预后因素,一项长达8年的队列研究招募了29例经RHC确诊pSS-PAH患者,所有患者每3~6个月随访1次,结果发现,1年、3年和5年的总生存率分别为80.2%、74.8%和67.4%。预后的影响因素与pSS和PAH发病的时间相关,也与心脏指数( < 21 min·m-1)相关,而使用免疫抑制剂有更好的生存率[41]。另一项长达10年的队列研究调查了生存率和红细胞分布宽度(RDW)的潜在联系,随访了55例pSS-PAH患者,使用Cox比例风险回归分析发现,RDW > 15%是不良预后的预测因素[42]。
2.4 肺间质病变(ILD)预测 ILD也是pSS较高死亡率的一种并发病。一项系统评价分析了1996年至2018年Pubmed数据库的pSS-ILD病例,结果发现,pSS患者中有20%并发ILD,其5年生存率84%,很大一部分ILD患者无或仅有轻度干燥症状[43]。虽然普通间质性肺炎(UIP)是一个公认的特发性间质性肺炎的预后决定因素,但UIP是否也是PSS-ILD的预后因素呢?一项回顾性研究纳入33例经病理证实的pSS-ILD患者,非特异性间质性肺炎(NSIP)22例,UIP 11例,通过Cox风险回归模型分析发现,pSS-ILD患者五年存活率为87.3%,UIP与NSIP的预后无明显差异[44]。多变量分析确定PaCO2、高分辨CT(HRCT)上的网状异常程度和成纤维细胞灶的严重程度可作为pSS-ILD的预后影响因素。另一项研究发现,pSS-ILD患者5年和10年生存率是89.8%和79.0%,预后与年龄、血清KL-6水平( > 800 U·mL-1)和用力肺活量之间存在显著相关性,而胸部HRCT与预后无关[45]。此外,还有研究探讨了pSS-ILD进展的相关特征,回顾性纳入pSS-ILD和pSS非ILD患者各85例,结果发现,pSS-ILD以发热、眼干和IgG升高为特征,红细胞沉降率和UIP与pSS-ILD进展相关[46]。可见,pSS-ILD临床并不少见,研究已经发现系列的疾病进展和预后预测指标,但还存在一些差异。
3 疗效预测
同一疾病对同一药物的反应存在差异,筛选出对治疗反应好的患者进行针对性的个体化治疗,可实现节约医疗资源和提高临床疗效的目的。一项双盲安慰剂对照试验对20例接受利妥昔单抗(RTX)治疗的pSS进行了连续腮腺活检,比较对RTX治疗临床有反应者和无反应的组织病理数据,结果发现,RTX治疗后的淋巴细胞浸润大大减少,并减少B细胞、GC和淋巴上皮病变;比较分析发现,基线时B细胞的中位数是预测治疗反应的灵敏指标[47]。另一项研究观察了西维美林疗效的影响因素,比较30例pSS患者治疗前后唾液的增加率,发现唾液腺破坏程度和MSG组织病理对唾液分泌功能有影响[48]。也有报道患有高球蛋白血症的pSS对西维美林的治疗反应差[49],这为西维美林的应用提供了有用的预判信息。pSS合并严重血小板减少症属临床难治性疾病,为了观察治疗反应的预测指标,XUE等[50]纳入30例pSS合并严重血小板减少症患者,治疗后完全缓解者14例,部分缓解者7例,未缓解者9例。分析骨髓中的巨核细胞,经ROC曲线分析显示,巨核细胞每玻片6.5个为临床治疗有效与无效的界值。此外,唾液腺的血管生成和回声结构变化也被认为是监测pSS治疗反应的一种手段[51]。
4 小结与展望
与普通人群相比,尽管pSS的总死亡率没有增加;但有部分患者的死亡率会增加,如约5%~10%的pSS可累及肾脏,大约5%的患者会并发淋巴瘤,这些并发症存在危及生命的风险。此外,pSS易继发ILD、PAH等均值得高度关注[52]。尽管目前已经发现了一些疾病亚型和并发病的预测指标,但还存在自相矛盾的结论,比如HRCT对ILD预后的预测作用等。因此,应加强预测指标的评估,并在临床中开展大样本的验证以去伪存真,结合人工智能进行建模,增强对pSS不良结局的预测能力,从而寻求最大的获益。目前从临床、生化和病理开展了少量的疗效预测研究,但深入的分子机制研究明显不足。只有阐明抗原靶点激活的途徑,了解不同患者亚群的病理生理过程,研发针对该途径的药物,才能针对特定亚型或发病机制提供特定疗法[53]。
綜上所述,根据pSS临床特征、自身抗体、血清学和组织病理等指标可以对疾病进展、不良结局和治疗反应进行分层,可以预期在不久的将来,这些可能成为患者临床评估的常规部分,同时可为特定药物或治疗方法筛选最适合的患者亚群,也可根据预估的不良风险选择不同强度的治疗,进而造福广大的pSS患者。
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收稿日期:2021-07-09;修回日期:2021-08-10
基金项目:重庆市科技局项目(cstc2018jxjl130084,cstc2019jscx-dxwtBX0023);重庆市卫健委重点项目(ZY201801009)
作者单位:重庆市中医院,重庆 400021
通信作者:吴斌 重庆市江北区盘溪七支路6号,wuubinn@163.com,(023)67713784