眼动脉段动脉瘤夹闭术后视力下降的危险因素分析
2020-11-16卢冬林熊静刘恒健陈百强周汉丰育功
卢冬林 熊静 刘恒健 陈百强 周汉 丰育功
[摘要] 目的 探讨眼动脉段动脉瘤(OA)夹闭术后视力下降的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析开颅夹闭术治疗OA病人62例的临床资料。单因素方差分析动脉瘤形态、病人的临床特征与视力下降的关系,多因素Logistic回归分析与眼动脉瘤视力下降的危险因素。结果 62例OA病人中4例术后视力下降,其中3例为瘤体直径≥25 mm的OA病人。以术后视力下降作为因变量、将单因素分析后P<0.1的因素作为自变量,通过后退法进行多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示动脉瘤直径≥25 mm为OA病人夹闭术后视力下降的独立危险因素(OR=14.642,95%CI=1.995~53.124,P<0.05)。结论 瘤体直径是OA夹闭术后视力下降的危险因素。
[关键词] 颅内动脉瘤;眼动脉段动脉瘤;开颅夹闭术;视力下降;危险因素
[中图分类号] R651 [文献标志码] A [文章编号] 2096-5532(2020)06-0649-04
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.169 [开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID)]
[网络出版] https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20200728.1426.011.html;
[ABSTRACT] Objective To investigate the risk factors for impaired vision after clipping of ophthalmic artery aneurysm. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 62 patients with ophthalmic artery aneurysm who underwent craniotomy and clipping. A one-way analysis of variance was used to investigate the association of aneurysm morphology and clinical features with impaired vision, and a multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors for impaired vision in patients with ophthalmic artery aneurysm. Results Among the 62 patients with ophthalmic artery aneurysm, 4 expe-rienced impaired vision after surgery, among whom 3 had a diameter of aneurysm of ≥25 mm. The backward multivariate regression analysis was performed with impaired vision after surgery as the dependent variable and the factors with P<0.1 determined by the univariate analysis as the independent variables, and the results showed that diameter of aneurysm ≥25 mm (OR=14.642,95%CI=1.995-53.124,P<0.05) was an independent risk factor for impaired vision after clipping in patients with ophthalmic artery aneurysm. Conclusion Diameter of aneurysm is a risk factor for impaired vision after clipping of ophthalmic artery aneurysm.
[KEY WORDS] intracranial aneurysm; ophthalmic segment aneurysm; neurosurgical clipping; hypopsia; risk factors
頸内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤(OA)是指颈内动脉眼动脉与后交通动脉之间发生的动脉瘤,发病率为0.5%~8.0%[1]。由于其邻近视神经血管、硬脑膜和前床突等复杂的解剖结构,操作空间小,宽颈的动脉瘤多,夹闭难度较大[2-3];同时,由于OA体积较大易导致视功能损伤,33%的病人会出现视力减退、视野缺损和视神经损伤等症状[4-5]。长期以来对于OA的研究多集中于不同手术术式与视野缺损、并发症等,很少有研究关注OA病人视力下降的有关因素。本文探讨夹闭术治疗OA后病人视力下降的危险因素,旨在为防止术后发生视力下降提供精准治疗。现将结果报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象
对我院神经外科1996年6月—2019年6月期间收治的62例OA病人临床资料进行回顾性分析。病人男11例,女51例;年龄29~73岁,平均(54.9±9.3)岁。纳入标准:①经CTA或DSA检查确诊为OA;②术前进行视力或视野检查;③行OA开颅夹闭术治疗。排除标准:①合并有可能对预后造成影响的原发性脏器功能障碍;②多发性动脉瘤、颅内肿瘤、血管狭窄和血管造影畸形等病人。本文研究得到了我院伦理评审委员会的批准。
1.2 围术期处理及手术干预
所有OA病人均由同一经验丰富的神经外科医生施行开颅夹闭术。手术开始时,使用甘露醇降低颅内压;开颅夹闭手术均采用Yasargils翼点入路。所有病人术中视神经管开放充分,并且保证视神经的血供良好,术后CT显示动脉瘤夹未压迫视神经。术后3个月随访行眼科检查(视力检查)。
1.3 资料收集
收集病人的一般资料,包括病人年龄、性别、蛛网膜下隙出血(SAH)次数、SAH与手术之间的时间、Hunt-Hess分级、改良Fisher评分、术前的眼部症状等;影像学资料,包括动脉瘤部位、侧别、大小、指向等。随访时行眼科检查判定是否视力下降。
1.4 统计学分析
应用SPSS 23.0统计软件进行数据处理,计数资料比较采用χ2检验;应用二元Logistic回归法分析OA术后视力下降的危险因素。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结 果
2.1 视力障碍一般情况
本文62例OA病人中58例视力未下降(A组),4例(6.5%)术后经过治疗仍出现视力下降症状(B组),其中1例失明,瞳孔检查发现患眼直接对光反射消失。瘤体直径≥25 mm的OA病人6例,其中3例(50.0%)出现视力下降症状。术前有视力症状者19例(30.6%),其中16例(25.8%)视力下降,10例(16.1%)视野缺损。术后11例(57.9%)视力好转,5例(26.3%)无变化,3例(15.7%)视力继续下降;同时术后新增视力下降1例,视野缺损1例。与视力未下降组(A组)相比较,视力下降组OA病人瘤体直径≥25 mm的比例增高,差异有显著性(P=0.001)。两组间其余指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。
2.2 术后视力下降的影响因素
以病人术后视力下降作为因变量,将单因素分析后P<0.1的因素作为自变量,即动脉瘤直径(≥25 mm)作为自变量,将结局为视力下降者赋值为1、视力未下降者赋值为0,应用后退法进行Logistic回归分析,研究结果显示动脉瘤直径(≥25 mm)为OA病人夹闭术后视力下降的独立危险因素(OR=14.642,95%CI=1.995~53.124,P<0.05),巨大型OA病人视力下降的危险性是非巨大型动脉瘤者的14.6倍。
3 讨 论
有研究显示,颅内动脉瘤的部位、瘤顶的指向、大小与病人眼部症状有关[6-9]。本研究结果显示,仅OA的大小与视力下降之间有关联,巨大型OA术后易发生视力下降。这可能与本文中只讨论视力下降而非眼部症状(同时包括视力下降和视野缺损)有关,还可能与本文病例数较少有关。
OA大型和巨大型多见[10],瘤体较大会压迫视神经影响到视觉传导通路和瞳孔反射环路,引起眼底出血、眼球突出、视网膜混浊等病变,从而造成视力受损甚至视力下降[7,11]。本文研究中62例OA病人发生视力下降者共4例,其中直径≥25 mm的巨大型OA的视力下降比例明显高于其对照组,提示巨大型OA是夹闭术后视力下降的危险因素。其原因可能与OA的占位效应导致的高颅压有关。还有研究表明,高颅压可导致继发性视神经萎缩最终引起视力丧失[12-13]。
在过去的几十年里OA手术治疗一直以手术夹闭为主,同时以DSA检查为诊断的金标准[14]。但近几年随着CTA技术发展,颅底重建能显示出OA与前床突的位置关系,为术中是否显露出瘤颈提供了影像学支持。关于OA开颅夹闭术研究认为,对于部分中小型动脉瘤通过详细的阅片,切开镰状突、游离视神经可显露瘤颈前缘夹闭,不必磨除前床突即可完成夹闭手术[5,15];对于邻近眼动脉或者瘤颈不能充分分离的病人,须硬膜内磨除前床突和视神经管的前壁增加瘤颈前缘的显露,手术过程中一方面为防止视神经热损伤要给高速运转的磨钻滴水冷却降温,另一方面要防止由于过度牵拉使动眼神经血供减少以及视神经的损伤和视力视野障碍,这两者都会影响病人的眼部症状[1,8]。对于大型或巨大型OA,尤其是有眼部症状的病人,要行动脉瘤部分切除以及颈内动脉重建术,通过切除部分瘤体,减轻巨大的瘤体对视神经的压迫,若眼动脉动脉瘤与视神经粘连,则须保留瘤体以减轻视神经的损伤,在整个操作过程中要防止机械损伤谨慎操作,如不慎误夹垂体上动脉也可造成视交叉缺血而影响视力[16]。
随着神经介入技术的发展,近些年血管内栓塞术逐渐成为治疗颅内动脉瘤的主要术式[17]。但是对于一些较为适用夹闭术或者是栓塞未成功的病人依旧选择开颅夹闭术作为治疗方案,目前较多的文献认为夹闭术对眼部症状的缓解优于血管内栓塞术。其可能的原因有两方面,一方面由于夹闭术通过切除部分瘤体从而使动脉瘤体积减小,另一方面夹闭术充分分离了眼动脉瘤周围的组织结构并清除了血肿,这两者均在一定程度上起到对眼动脉、视神经等视觉有关结构的减压作用,从而改善眼部症状[18-19]。但是,血管内栓塞术后短期内动脉瘤体积却更大,所以血管內栓塞术在治疗OA方面较夹闭术效果差[20-21]。虽然夹闭术一定程度上会缓解视力障碍,但是开颅夹闭术也易损伤视神经,导致视力受损,重者视力下降[22-24]。究其原因,视神经管钻孔时造成温度性视神经受损、视神经通路缺血、动脉瘤夹的直接压迫以及眼动脉瘤紧邻前床突等结构使得手术空间狭小所致的操作损伤[24]。目前,血流导向装置(FDS)治疗作为一种新型的治疗眼动脉瘤的手术方式正在进入人们的视野[25-26]。有研究显示,针对部分OA,FDS与传统的开颅夹闭术和近年有着较大发展的血管内栓塞术相比,不仅在栓塞率、致残率、术后并发症和死亡率方面有着更好的结局[27-29],对视力受损、视力下降等眼部症状也有着更加优异的治疗效果,为OA的治疗提供了新的思路[30]。
综上所述,OA的瘤体直径是开颅夹闭术后病人视力下降的危险因素,在巨大型眼动脉瘤病人手术中应更加仔细地操作,防止损伤视神经导致病人视力下降。
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(本文編辑 黄建乡)