类风湿关节炎预后影响因素的研究进展
2019-05-16王志强宫彩霞张晓刚李振彬
王志强 宫彩霞 张晓刚 李振彬
【摘 要】 多种因素影响类风湿关节炎的进展和预后,预后因素是类风湿关节炎治疗策略制定的依据。在检索文献的基础上,对类风湿关节炎的预后影响因素进行综述,以期为临床治疗提供参考。
【關键词】 关节炎,类风湿;预后因素;综述
类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是一种病因不明的、以关节滑膜炎症为特征的、慢性系统性自身免疫性疾病[1],常导致关节破坏和畸形。RA患者疾病进展取决于多种因素,且存在个体差异。预后不良因素预示更快的RA疾病进展,最新指南[2-3]建议对这些患者积极强化治疗。因此,识别预后不良因素,是RA诊断评估的重要部分,也是治疗决策的关键依据,有利于实现个体化精准治疗。本文就近年来对RA预后影响因素的研究进展做一综述。
1 一般因素
1.1 性 别 目前资料表明,在RA的流行病学、疾病进展和治疗结局等方面均存在明显的性别差异[4]。RA女性患病率大约是男性的3倍[5],女性RA患者的疾病活动度和致残率显著高于男性[6],女性RA患者对治疗的反应也较男性差,男性患者更容易达到持续的疾病缓解[7],这可能是由于免疫反应的性别差异所致[8]。此外,有研究显示,绝经后女性RA患者的健康评估问卷(HAQ)评分和骨侵蚀评分均高于绝经前女性RA患者,但骨侵蚀进展无差异,有趣的是,该研究还显示,未生育RA患者的骨侵蚀进展较有生育史RA患者快[9]。
1.2 年 龄 年龄对RA的预后也有重要影响。先前研究认为,早发和晚发RA患者的放射学进展无差异[10]。但最近研究显示,老年(≥60岁)起病的RA患者虽疾病活动度与较年轻( < 60岁)患者相当,但放射学骨侵蚀更高[11];年轻RA患者病情更容易缓解[12]。研究认为,晚发RA是一种异质性疾病,通常有3种临床模式,即经典RA型、风湿性多肌痛型、缓解的血清阴性对称性滑膜炎伴指凹性水肿型,前者预后较差,后两者预后良好[13]。
1.3 吸 烟 吸烟与RA的高疾病活动度、放射学进展和治疗反应降低均有关[14-15],是吸烟持续时间而不是吸烟强度给RA带来的风险[16-17]。SWEFOT研究显示,当前吸烟状态是RA放射学进展的一个强独立预测因素[18]。而ESPOIR队列研究显示,吸烟并不是快速放射学进展的预测因素,甚至与更有利的预后和缓解有关[19]。但无论如何,在RA治疗中,均建议患者戒烟[2-3,20]。
1.4 体质量 研究发现,肥胖不但会增加RA发病风险[21],也与高疾病活动度[22]、放射学进展[23]、低缓解率[22]相关,且肥胖与RA疾病活动度和HAQ评分无相关性,因此肥胖被视为与预后相关的因素[24]。
2 疾病因素
2.1 自身抗体 研究表明,类风湿因子(RF)和(或)抗环瓜氨酸肽(抗CCP)抗体阳性患者的病情更严重,放射学进展更快[25],基线抗CCP抗体与治疗反应也有关[26],因此通常认为,RF和(或)抗CCP抗体阳性是RA预后不良的预测因素[2-3]。也有研究认为,RF > 200 U·mL-1[27]、高滴度抗CCP抗体(≥正常上限3倍)才能预测RA的关节损伤进展[28]。但最近有研究认为,RF或抗CCP抗体状态不能预测低疾病活动度和缓解的达标率,专注于自身抗体可能掩盖阴性患者的高疾病活动度和(或)功能受限,并妨碍必要的强化治疗[24]。
2.2 疾病活动度 在目前的治疗建议中,高疾病活动度是主要的预后因素[3]。研究显示,基线时高疾病活动度(DAS28 > 5.1)独立于其他疾病因素,与较低的6个月低疾病活动度和缓解的达标率相关[24]。
2.3 功能状态 功能受限已被ESPOIR队列研究确认为RA的一个相关预后因素[29]。最近研究显示,基线时功能受限(HAQ≥1.2)与6个月低疾病活动度和缓解的达标率相关[24]。
2.4 骨侵蚀 疾病早期的骨侵蚀常被认为是RA的预后不良因素[30]。研究显示,第1年的放射学进展可预测今后2~3年的快速进展[31]。但有研究认为,临床上没有其他预后因素,仅存在骨侵蚀是不可能的,骨侵蚀与疾病活动度密切相关[24],是其后果之一,低疾病活动度或缓解可阻止放射学进展[32],因此把骨侵蚀作为强化治疗的依据似乎已经过时。
2.5 关节外表现 RA患者出现关节外表现往往提示更高的疾病活动度。既往研究已证实,关节外表现是RA患者早期死亡的预测因素[33],但仅美国风湿病学会(ACR)建议把关节外表现作为不良预后因素[3]。
2.6 共 病 共病问题作为RA的重要预后预测因素越来越受到重视[24]。RA相关共病对RA的预后有重要影响。共病不但影响RA患者的功能状态和生活质量[34],也与高死亡率相关[35],存在较多共病的RA患者获得治疗反应的可能性较小,不太容易获得疾病缓解[24]。当然,RA共病的发生与年龄也有相关性[36]。
3 治疗因素
同所有疾病一样,早期治疗的重要性毋庸置疑。大量研究证实,早期治疗及治疗反应是RA缓解的预测因素[37-39]。甲氨蝶呤(MTX)是RA治疗的核心药物。研究发现,肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)抑制剂联合MTX治疗较单用TNF抑制剂或TNF抑制剂联合其他传统改善病情抗风湿药能更好地维持有效的TNF抑制剂血药浓度,临床疗效更好[40]。生物制剂治疗后产生抗药物抗体(ADA)的RA患者达到低疾病活动度率和缓解率均较低[41]。此外,研究发现,治疗后持续缓解时间越长、放射学损伤越少,对功能的影响越小[42]。
4 生物标志物
4.1 血清学生物标志物 多种血清学标志物可预测RA影像学进展和治疗反应。血清脂联素水平可预测RA影像学进展,且不受代谢因素影响[43]。基线骨保护素(OPG)/TNF相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)比值是早期RA患者1年缓解和2年快速骨侵蚀的独立预测指标[44]。升高的可溶性B细胞刺激因子(sBLyS)/sBLyS-R比值与RA患者6个月和12个月临床疗效不佳相关[45]。多生物标志物疾病活动评分(MBDA)是根据多种血清生物标志物浓度来评估RA的疾病活动性模型,> 44分意味着高疾病活动度[46]。队列研究发现,MBDA可预测RA患者的放射学进展风险。SWEFOT研究显示,持续MBDA高评分( > 44分)的RA患者在2年随访中的放射学进展风险最高[47],LEIDEN队列研究也发现了MBDA评分的增加与放射学进展的关系[48]。
4.2 影像學生物标志物 超声和核磁共振(MRI)通过可视化结构变化来评估疾病活动和结构损伤。研究表明,能量多普勒超声可预测早期RA的疾病活动和结构损伤[49]。随机对照试验(RCT)[50]和队列研究[51]均显示,RA患者的MRI骨水肿信号可预测放射学进展。因此,欧洲抗风湿病联盟(EULAR)建议RA关节成像中MRI和超声检测到的骨水肿和滑膜炎作为放射学进展强有力的独立预测指标,应作为预后因素[52]。
4.3 遗传生物标志物 识别RA预后的遗传标志物远比识别易感标志物复杂得多,这是因为:①对疾病严重程度的定义没有标准化;②疾病严重程度会随时间而变化;③缺乏高质量大规模疾病严重程度纵向变化的前瞻性队列研究;④许多结局参数是非正态分布,且易受时间变量的混杂因素影响,统计建模难度大[53]。研究发现,HLA-DRB1不但是RA疾病易感性遗传标志物,也是RA严重程度的标志物[54]。HLA-DRB1上第11位缬氨酸是影响骨侵蚀、放射学损伤、死亡率和治疗反应最强有力的遗传预测因素,同一位置的丝氨酸具有对放射学损伤和不良结局的保护作用[54-55]。
5 结 语
预后因素在各医学学科的治疗决策中都起着重要作用,不良预后因素被用来识别疾病进展的高风险患者,以便进行强化治疗。RA不同的预后因素对结局的预测价值不尽相同,这些因素与RA预后的相关性仍有待进一步研究。未来有必要进行更大规模的队列研究,调查预后因素的流行病学,在随机试验中评估不同预后因素组合的相关性,并将生物标志物和早期治疗反应作为预后因素开发新的风险预测模型。
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收稿日期:2018-11-29;修回日期:2019-01-11