锁骨下盗血综合征腔内介入治疗临床分析
2018-06-25王幼萌陈巨罗
王幼萌 陈巨罗 陈 建 汝 宁
阜阳市人民医院神经内科,安微 阜阳 236000
锁骨下动脉盗血综合征(subclavian steal syndrome,SSS)是指锁骨下动脉(subclavian artery,SCA)、无名动脉(innominate artery,IA)近端狭窄或闭塞,而位于远侧同侧椎动脉内血液发生逆流的一种异常血液动力学现象[1-2],常表现为患侧上肢无力、发凉、脉弱,严重者可出现眩晕、肢体轻瘫、感觉异常、昏厥、构音障碍等一系列椎基底动脉缺血的症状。文献报道,冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)术后,由于左侧锁骨下动脉近心端狭窄或闭塞致使胸廓内动脉血流逆流至锁骨下动脉远心端,出现稳定性心绞痛的临床症状,且经重建锁骨下动脉血运后,临床症状改善[3-4]。研究显示,约1/3后循环缺血患者存在椎动脉,椎动脉狭窄常累及或并有锁骨下动脉狭窄[5-6]。SSS是神经内科的少见疾病,常被漏诊或误诊,且过去本病的治疗以外科手术为主。近年来,许多国内外同行将腔内介入治疗方法作为首选,具有安全有效、并发症较少、住院时间短等优点[7]。本文以阜阳市人民医院2011-05—2015-04收治的SSS患者为研究对象,探讨腔内介入治疗的临床疗效。
1 资料和方法
1.1一般资料18例SSS患者均为动脉粥样硬化引起的锁骨下动脉或无名动脉狭窄,男11例,女7例;年龄 47~76 (62±7)岁;病变发生于右侧6例,左侧11例,无名动脉狭窄1例;狭窄率55%~90%;12例以头晕症状入院,发作性意识不清2例,出现上肢无力、发凉3例,出现头晕、黑蒙1例。
1.2影像学检查每例患者均行彩色多普勒超声(以下称彩超)、CT血管成像(computed tomographieangiography,CTA)或磁共振血管成像(MRA)检查,狭窄率55%~90%,经DSA明确狭窄诊断。
1.3手术指征无症状者血管管径狭窄程度 ≥75%,有症状者血管管径狭窄程度≥50%且药物治疗无效。狭窄血管测量方法采用1-(远端正常血管直径-狭窄段最窄直径)/近端正常血管直径]×100%;无严重心、肺功能不全等;胃肠道疾病伴活动性出血;穿刺部位或全身有未能控制的感染等;经患者及家属同意[8]。
1.4手术方法术前常规肠溶阿司匹林100 mg加氯吡格雷 75 mg,口服,连用3 d,术中予以抗凝,整个手术过程进行肝素化(肝素70 U/kg),并检查心、肺、肝肾功能、血常规、凝血四项。先行全脑血管造影明确患侧SCA狭窄、闭塞的范围并测量病变段长度、直径,了解流出道及患侧椎动脉情况并明确SCA开口处至椎动脉开口之间的长度。导丝导管配合开通闭塞段,选择合适球囊扩张,选择合适的外周血管支架定位准确后释放,支架释放前后造影,以确保支架的精确定位及确认血管通畅性。术后长期抗血小板(双抗治疗6个月)及抗动脉硬化及戒烟等缺血性脑血管病二级预防处理。
2 结果
2.1临床疗效18例患者共植入18枚锁骨下动脉支架,手术成功率 100%,患者术后患侧上肢变暖,椎基底动脉缺血症状消失或明显缓解;血管狭窄程度从治疗前的(73.5±12.0)%降至(10.2±7.5)%;临床症状明显改善(见图1),术后1周患侧肱动脉测压与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
表1 18例患者手术前后脉压差、血管狭窄程度比较±s)
2.2随访结果18例患者均进行术后临床随访,随访期 12个月,随访率100%,每例患者均行CTA检查以及双侧肱动脉血压测定。其中1例术后5个月出现支架内再狭窄,狭窄约20%,其余支架位置无异常,通畅情况良好。1 a支架植入术后血管通畅率94.4%。
3 讨论
SSS是临床少见病,且易漏诊和误诊,其最常见的病因主要是动脉粥样硬化,其他少见的病因有大动脉炎、外伤、先天性主动脉闭锁、锁骨下动脉瘤和结核等。左侧发病者为右侧的3~4倍,IA病变导致的SSS少见,却能导致更严重的脑供血不足[9-15]。典型的SSS可以表现出后循环缺血的症状如眩晕、肢体轻瘫、感觉异常;也有少数病人出现双侧视觉障碍、猝倒发作、共济失调以及构音围难;其他症状包括患侧颈根部或锁骨上窝区的血管杂音,同侧上肢的缺血症状及桡动脉搏动的减弱,双上肢动脉压力差>2.66 kPa时,锁骨下动脉-冠状动脉窃血的患者可因活动患侧上肢诱发心绞痛,但多数患者可无症状[16-21]。部分病例可在CABG术后出现心绞痛症状,由于胸廓内动脉血流逆流至锁骨下动脉远心端所致,但极少出现ST段抬高性心肌梗死,临床通过对狭窄的锁骨下动脉血运重建后心绞痛症状能够缓解[22-28]。SSS的诊断除以上所介绍的临床症状外,血管检查至关重要,血管彩超可动态下观察脑血流情况和狭窄程度,具有简便、经济、无创及可重复性特点,对SSS诊断的特异性及敏感性达90%以上在筛选过程中普遍得到广泛应用[29-35];ALBEIR等[14]提出SDUS VC模型,利用多普勒彩超监测锁骨下动脉血流速度预测狭窄>70%的患者,当血流速度在240 cm/s以上具有重要意义,敏感度达90.9%,特异度达82.5%。 CTA或MRA检查日益普及,是常用的脑血管检查方法,但扫描时应包括主动脉弓,否则常被漏诊,且CT或MRA检查较彩超显示更精确及直观[36-40]。随着介入的发展导管逆行造影术被视为金标准,术中可观察椎动脉血流方向,明确地了解盗血情况,同时也有助于手术方案的制定实施[41-50]。
图1 术前造影显示锁骨下动脉管腔均重度狭窄≥75%(A、B),腔内介入术后造影显示血管改善明显,残余狭窄≤20%(C、D)
目前,对SSS的治疗方法存在一定争议,早期以手术治疗为主,常使用非经胸术即颈动脉-锁骨下动脉、腋动脉转流术或腋-腋动脉转流术,但手术要求较高、风险较大等特点,临床上不易推广[51-54]。自BACHMAN最早报道经皮腔内血管成形术(percutaneous transluminal angioplasty,PTA)治疗SCA狭窄成功以来,许多医学中心通过研究认为腔内治疗应作为首选的治疗方法[55-59],而锁骨下动脉闭塞病变非常适合血管内介入治疗,原因为锁骨下动脉管腔粗,病变较局限,路径较便捷,逆血管入路和顺血管入路均可采用,同时血管介入治疗疗效也十分确切[60-63]。荟萃分析显示,血管成形术后予以支架置入术可以成功地修复狭窄的锁骨下动脉,长期随访血管具有良好的通畅性,而不会显著增加患者的并发症风险,明显优于单纯血管成形术[24]。血管内支架植入术(CAS)作为一种较新的治疗方法,其安全性和疗效已经得到认可,国内杨森等[25]研究显示,腔内和开放式手术治疗锁骨下动脉在改善患者症状及随访效果无明显差异。但CAS治疗SSS仍需要进一步证实,尤其锁骨下动脉,其管腔较粗,且血流量大,更不易进行操作。本文18例患者均行腔内介入治疗,图1中显示造影显示锁骨下动脉狭窄均>75%,且术后患者血管开通较好,无明显残余狭窄(均<20%),手术成功率100%,术后第2天症状均明显改善,术后脉压差明显恢复(P<0.05),血管狭窄程度从治疗前的平均 (73.5±12.0)%降低到(10.2±7.5)%,且随访1 a显示仅1例患者支架内管腔轻度狭窄20%左右,其余患者复查CTA显示支架形态完整,内膜光滑;充分说明锁骨下动脉狭窄的患者植入支架可解除狭窄,改善症状,维持血管扩张成形,与许多学者研究一致[64-65]。虽介入治疗效果显著,但操作时还需注意锁骨下动脉解剖结构,左侧锁骨下动脉起源于主动脉弓,右侧起源于头臂干与颈总毗邻,球扩或支架释放时避免压迫颈总,或支架脱入弓内造成严重并发症[30-31]。狭窄血管内膜较易损伤,同时由于动脉斑块大,介入治疗术中导丝容易穿入斑块形成夹层动脉瘤;硬斑块且钙化明显的患者球囊扩张时易撕裂血管形成夹层,对于动脉硬化较严重的尤其钙化较明显的病例,可行小球囊(直径2~3 mm)预扩张,有学者主张仅用小球囊扩张1~2次,使装载支架能够通过即可[32-33]。同时,部分病例出现联合病变合并椎动脉狭窄或锁骨下动脉狭窄长度覆盖椎动脉开口,球囊扩张时,避免椎动脉闭塞,部分学者认为可行泥鳅导丝进入椎动脉,待球囊扩张后撤掉泥鳅导丝,避免椎动脉开口覆盖[34-35]。当联合病变处理椎动脉时支架近端应延伸到锁骨下动脉内2 mm,若支架未能覆盖椎动脉易发生再狭窄,若延伸至锁骨下动脉过多易导致机械性破坏红细胞[36-37]。虽腔内介入治疗安全有效,但并不能完全取代传统的手术,在患者腔内治疗失败或不能行腔内治疗,如病变完全闭塞、严重心脑血管疾病及病变处难以分离及暴露的患者可采用非胸式手术治疗[38-39]。术后针对病因及进行规范的抗血小板治疗及抗动脉硬化等,同时进行缺血性脑血管病二级预防综合治疗对防止再狭窄较为重要[40]。
CAS具有微创性、安全有效性、可同时处理多病变等优点,可以将支架成形作为锁骨下动脉狭窄的基本治疗手段,尤其对于不能耐受手术、手术操作不能抵达者可以首先考虑 CAS治疗,可有效对血管扩张成形、纠正管腔狭窄、改善临床症状,具手术成功率高、并发症发生率低,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。
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