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乳酸菌类微生态制剂在抗犊牛腹泻中的研究进展

2018-01-24李吕木卫爱莲代张超闫一博

中国饲料 2018年11期
关键词:酸乳双歧犊牛

鲁 陈,李吕木,李 姗,卫爱莲,代张超,闫一博

(安徽农业大学动物科技学院,安徽合肥 230036)

犊牛腹泻又称犊牛拉稀,一年四季均可发生,是犊牛常发的一种胃肠疾病。根据美国农业部2007年国家动物健康监测系统——美国乳制品的报道,断奶犊牛死亡率57%是由于腹泻造成(Thomsen等,2012)。犊牛常在出生后2~3 d开始发病,这对犊牛的发育、生长、成活等有很大影响。在挪威每年产犊牛280000头,但由于犊牛腹泻死亡导致的经济损失高达1000万美元(o/ster。a s等,2007)。目前在国内外,临床上多采用抗生素治疗,常用的抗生素有β-内酰胺类青霉素类和头孢菌素类、氨基糖甙类、四环素类、氯霉素类和大环内脂类等。在科索沃病牛的治疗主要是应用β-内酰胺类抗生素和磺胺类药物,但抗生素使用规则和应用得不到正确的监测和记录(I-braimi等,2015)。抗生素的针对性不强,易产生耐药性和药物残留等问题。补充益生菌即可以防治抗生素引起的腹泻,也能改善乳糖不耐症降低胆固醇水平,治疗克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎和肠易激综合征(Reiff等,2010;Mcconnell等,2008)。 益生菌以其无毒副作用、无耐药性、无残留、成本低、效果显著等被养殖界所认同,饲喂乳酸菌能够促进母猪健康,并能保护断奶仔猪的胃肠道菌群,减少致病菌的危害,促进健康 (Kenny等,2011)。研究发现,益生菌(主要包括嗜酸乳杆菌、双歧杆菌、干酪乳杆菌和L.乳酸菌)可以减少人腹泻的发生率,乳糖不耐受性,降低血清胆固醇,刺激免疫系统,控制感染(Sharma等,2014)。乳酸菌能有效的对抗大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌,是肠道健康的微生物学指标,健康的犊牛乳酸杆菌/大肠菌群比例比腹泻犊牛高。试验发现,母乳中的一些益生菌具有较好的抑菌能力,对幼儿的健康具有促进作用(Jara等,2011)。因此,研究乳酸菌对养牛业具有重要的意义。

1 微生态制剂抗犊牛腹泻

在正常饲养条件下,犊牛肠道内微生物菌群的平衡容易受到破坏而产生腹泻。刚出生的牛犊,肠道菌群不稳定,容易受病原微生物感染引发肠道疾病,特别是腹泻,会降低犊牛消化率,减少对养分的消化吸收 (Signorini等,2012;Lucas等,2007)。用益生菌饲喂犊牛,特别是乳酸菌 (Corcionivoschi 等 ,2010;Morrison 等 ,2010;Riddell等,2008)能改善肠道健康,提高消化利用率,提高生产性能(Frizzo 等,2012;Frizzo 等,2011)。

2 乳酸菌的生理功能

2.1 乳酸菌对病原菌的抑制作用 益生菌的作用机制目前虽然存有争议,但一般来说,通过竞争排斥肠道中黏附的病原微生物而发挥作用(Corcionivoschi 等 ,2010;Morrison 等 ,2010;Riddell等,2008)。通过调控肠道菌群的平衡,降低pH,然后经乳酸发酵、产生细菌素和刺激免疫系统、提高养分利用率,从而影响宿主健康(Salim等,2013)。

乳酸菌发酵可产生大量的酸性代谢产物,如挥发性脂肪酸和乳酸等,使肠道内pH不断下降,形成酸性环境,抑制大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的增殖,从而达到对有害菌的抑制作用 (Isolauri等,2004)。其中乳酸主要是降低pH来增强其他酸的活性,乙酸有较强的抑菌范围,能够抑制真菌、细菌以及其他一些有害菌,丙酸对真菌有很强的抑制作用,乳酸和乙酸的混合物比其单一酸能更好地降低鼠沙门氏菌的活率(孟祥晨等,2009)。

胞外多糖能够发挥抑菌作用,乳酸菌能产生结构复杂的胞外多糖,构成乳酸菌特有的细胞结构(Buchovec等,2010)。目前发现产胞外多糖的乳酸菌有嗜酸乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种等。双歧杆菌和植物乳杆菌产生的胞外多糖在300 μg/mL时对大肠杆菌、阪崎肠杆菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌具有抗菌活性(Li等,2014)。胞外多糖对于益生菌与致病菌的竞争性黏附也可起到调控作用,同时也能减弱真核细胞细菌毒素 (Luksiene等,2011;Luksiene等,2010)。通过黏附和定植在小肠的结合位点,对病原菌产生竞争性抑制作用(Collado等,2007;Lund 等,2002)。

嗜酸乳杆菌是一个非常重要的益生菌(Sanders等,2001)。其通过黏附和定植肠道黏膜而对健康产生重要作用(Buck等,2005),具有显著的抗肿瘤活性,降低胆固醇,抑制有害菌,调节菌群,维持肠道微生态平衡和调节免疫反应的能力(Medellinpena等,2009)。嗜酸乳杆菌可以产生一些代谢产物,具有非特异性抗菌和止泻作用。此外,嗜酸乳杆菌还能显著增加细胞因子、趋化因子和炎症介质;能作为益生菌广泛应用于食品和饲料加工业、医药等领域;并且作为免疫疫苗的载体而具有潜在的应用价值 (Peterson等,2007;Seegers等,2003)。

2.2 乳酸菌对胃肠道菌群平衡以及粪便菌群的影响 益生菌是活的微生物,试验证明补充天然的胃肠道菌可以促进机体的健康 (Bosch等,2012)。年幼动物肠道微生物的平衡是影响健康状况的重要因素之一,尤其是对于犊牛,在免疫系统未发育成熟之前很容易引发腹泻和呼吸道疾病(Takeshi等,2009)。越来越多的研究报道表明,饲喂动物过程中增加益生菌的数量,能够降低病原微生物的危害,从而保护动物肠道的健康,降低肠道疾病和呼吸道疾病的发生率 (Gaggia等,2010;Corcinivoschi等,2010;Lallès等,2007)。 在集约化的养牛场,刚出生的犊牛可能由于胃肠道中原有的微生物量较少和生长较弱,肠道微生物的菌群平衡很容易遭到破坏(Frizzo等,2010)。腹泻会导致肠道内大肠菌群数的增加,降低乳酸菌和双歧杆菌数(Krehbiel等,2003)。在肠道中大肠菌群的增加可能会产生腐败物质来伤害机体(Fujisawa等,2010)。因此,肠道菌群对宿主的健康和发育具有非常重要的作用(Ng等,2009)。而哺乳期犊牛饲喂益生菌可以改善肠道健康和促进消化,降低腹泻和呼吸问题对犊牛造成的影响(Timmerman等,2005)。

抗生素已被证明能够干扰肠道菌群平衡,通过杀死敏感的肠道菌群来治疗疾病,在抗生素治疗后,补充益生菌能够有效恢复胃肠道菌群的平衡。多年来,益生菌已被作为一种有效的抗生素替代品来饲喂动物,通过影响肠道菌群来对宿主动物产生有利影响 (Kenny等,2011;Gaggia等,2010)。许多研究表明,益生菌对犊牛生长性能、营养物质代谢、腹泻和肠道菌群都有有利影响(Kawakami等,2012;Aldana 等,2009)。 常用的益生菌有嗜酸乳杆菌和双歧杆菌,试验证明这些益生菌能增加抗生素治疗后肠道有益菌群的菌落(Madden等,2005)。乳酸杆菌对肠道中的厌氧菌群有扶植作用,对需氧菌群的生长则起限制作用,有助于调整肠道正常菌群之间的相互关系,维持胃肠道微生态环境平衡。对断奶前犊牛饲喂含益生元(含有乳酸菌的发酵产物)日粮发现粪便中乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量增加,犊牛腹泻降低(Quezada-Mendoza等,2011)。在犊牛腹泻期进行试验发现,周期性饲喂乳酸菌和乳糖,可以建立一个更加稳定和平衡的胃肠道菌群,降低腹泻发病率(Frizzo 等,2011)。

研究用复合益生菌(乳酸杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和酿酒酵母菌等)发酵无抗饲料,菌液、水和无抗全价饲料按质量的5%、33%和60%进行混合发酵,试验结果发现在生长育肥猪日粮中添加20%的无抗饲料,能显著提高末重、平均日增重和平均日采食量(P<0.05),显著增加肠道中乳酸菌的数量,降低大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量(P<0.05),提高生长育肥猪的生长性能,改善肠道微生物平衡,增强消化能力(周映华等,2015)。断奶后仔猪直接饲喂0.1%罗伊氏乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌复合体能提高氮和总能消化率,增加粪便中乳酸菌的浓度,降低腹泻评分、粪便中的有害气体排放与仔猪大肠杆菌浓度(Zhao等,2015)。封装的益生菌(乳酸菌)和龙眼汁一起口服,能够增加人肠道中的双歧杆菌数和减少粪大肠菌和梭状芽孢杆菌数(Chaikham等,2012)。对大鼠饲喂乳酸菌和双歧杆菌,可促进甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)和总胆汁酸(TBA)的代谢,降低粪肠杆菌科、肠球菌和大肠杆菌数(Zhi等,2015)。

3 在生产中的应用

3.1 乳酸菌在防治犊牛腹泻中的应用 在犊牛腹泻导致的高死亡率的农场饲喂109cfu/kg的益生菌35 d,能显著体现出益生菌的优势,提高小牛的生长、改善小牛的健康和提高存活率(Frizzo等,2008)。犊牛出生后马上投喂粪链球菌和嗜酸乳杆菌,可使其腹泻发病率由82%降至35%,病死率由10.2% 降至2.8%(Kim等,2007)。给新生犊牛口服假长形双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌,均可提高增重和饲料转化率,如果将两者同时饲喂,可以减少腹泻的发生。对比抗生素治疗,饲喂益生菌具有明显的优势,益生菌具有不损坏有益菌,增强肠道内菌群平衡能力,无耐药菌的产生等优势。研究表明直接饲喂益生菌 (包括乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌酵母、酿酒酵母菌和非致病性大肠杆菌)(Nissle 1917)混合产品代替抗生素预防犊牛腹泻,能更好的降低腹泻发病率,对群体间的生长性能不产生明显的差异,显示出益生菌能很好的代替抗生素进行使用(Kim 等,2011)。

对168头新生健康犊牛每天饲喂30 g乳酸菌制剂 (干酪乳杆菌HM-09、植物乳杆菌HM-10)15 d发现,试验组发生腹泻的犊牛,用乳酸菌制剂进行治疗,100 g/(次·头),2 次/d,腹泻犊牛无死亡现象,但对照组死亡率为3.57%;其中27头腹泻犊牛饲喂乳酸菌制剂治疗5 d后腹泻率由100%下降为3.70%,腹泻治愈率达到85.19%,表明双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌等益生菌能刺激反刍动物瘤胃发育并促进瘤胃微生物的生长和活性,维持瘤胃液pH正常化(姚国强等,2014)。对432头初生犊牛灌服复合活菌制剂,试验3个月发现试验组犊牛饲喂微生态制剂腹泻率为4.8%,成活率为96.4%,试验组腹泻率比对照组低6%,成活率提高8.1%。试验发现在初生犊牛肠道菌群未形成之前饲喂益生菌能够调节肠道菌群平衡,可以促进犊牛肠道正常菌群形成,发挥生物屏障的作用,有效预防腹泻的发生(李春生等,2010)。联合饲喂植物乳杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌能够降低犊牛的腹泻持续时间,增加粪便中乳酸菌和肠杆菌数量,试验结果表明枯草芽孢杆菌可用于调节肠道菌群的平衡和预防小牛腹泻(Lee等,2012)。

对12头犊牛进行5个月的饲喂试验,试验发现乳酸菌(包括嗜酸乳杆菌CBT,乳酸菌素和假链状双歧杆菌204)能显著增加犊牛体重,调节胃肠道菌群的平衡,对粪便样品进行检测发现粪便中的致病菌数降低,体外共培养也发现能够抑制病原菌的生长,试验结果表明乳酸菌能改善犊牛健康降低腹泻(An等,2011)。试验发现饲喂含乳酸菌和酵母菌的代乳粉能显著增加日增重、饲料转化和减少粪便评分,促进生长和抑制黑白花奶牛的腹泻(Kawakami等,2012)。

3.2 乳酸菌在抗牛病毒性腹泻/黏膜病中的应用 牛病毒性腹泻/黏膜病(BVD/MD)是一种世界性分布的牛传染病,对牛肉和奶制品行业造成巨大的经济影响(Cowley等,2012)。其是由牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)引起的(Wei等,2014)。EO基因是一个重要的保护性抗原基因型,其产生的包膜糖蛋白能诱发抗体发生中和反应。BVDV主要抗原决定簇是包膜蛋白EO,可诱导发生保护性免疫应答。其基因序列高度稳定,这使得其可以成为BVDV的合适抗原来产生基因工程疫苗和进行免疫诊断(Zimmerman等2006;Seegers等,2003)。嗜酸乳杆菌作为一种佐剂具有双重作用,能显著增强外源性抗原的免疫原性和作为重组疫苗的细菌载体 (Peterson等,2007;Zimmerman等,2006)。试验发现,通过把E0基因连接到pMG36e载体中构建重组质粒pmg36e-e0,然后通过电转化改变嗜酸乳杆菌LA-5,SDS-PAGE(十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳)结果表明目的基因通过pMG36e载体在嗜酸乳杆菌LA-5中能够高效表达。蛋白质印迹分析发现,利用多克隆抗体对 BVDV和HRP标记的抗小鼠IgG试验发现表达产物可对BVDV产生抗体反应,表明E0基因可作为候选基因在活载体产生疫苗来发挥免疫作用(Zhao等,2015)。

重组嗜酸乳杆菌能促进肠黏膜下细胞增殖,巨噬细胞和浆细胞浸润,增强巨噬细胞的吞噬能力(Zhang等,2008)。其可以激活单核细胞并促进单核细胞增殖,刺激T细胞和NK细胞增殖、活性和细胞毒性,产生大量的IL-12和IFN-γ(抗菌免疫的重要细胞因子)(Shida 等,2011)。肠上皮是肠黏膜屏障的重要组成部分,可参与黏膜免疫。正常菌群定植在肠道黏膜表面,并调节肠上皮细胞的生理功能。研究表明,补充益生菌可以恢复和维持肠道正常菌群的生理功能,促进菌群吸附和调节肠上皮细胞,抑制肠内异常的免疫反应,促进肠上皮细胞分泌促炎性细胞因子调节炎症反应(Dimitonova等,2007)。重组嗜酸乳杆菌可诱导肠黏膜免疫反应,促进肠黏膜分泌SIgA,增强肠黏膜免疫功能(Perdigón等,2001)。

血清IgG是体液免疫的初级抗体,在动物抗感染免疫中起重要作用。E0蛋白是牛病毒性腹泻病毒的主要结构蛋白,可诱导免疫球蛋白发生抗体反应,在诱导抗牛病毒性腹泻病毒产生免疫反应的过程中发挥关键作用(Seegers等,2003)。含 BVDV的小鼠接种pmg36e-e0-la-5疫苗,试验发现接种疫苗的小鼠,成活率达90%。说明pmg36e-e0-la-5疫苗能有效提高小鼠的免疫反应,降低BVDV对小鼠的致病性,为后续重组乳酸菌在牛体内试验奠定基础(Zhao等,2008)。

4 小结

目前乳酸菌应用研究最广泛,但其他益生菌在犊牛腹泻的应用中也越来越受到重视。因此,在未来养牛业生产上研究开发新品种益生菌制剂是很有必要的,同时开发益生菌混合菌剂也具有很好的发展前途,另外,需要对益生菌抗犊牛腹泻的机理和代谢途径进一步进行研究,同时对益生菌的饲喂方式和方法也要进行研究开发,以保证能最大程度的发挥益生菌的优势作用。

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