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类风湿关节炎外周血单核细胞亚群CD64表达及意义①

2018-01-24黄自坤

中国免疫学杂志 2018年1期
关键词:单核细胞亚群外周血

黄自坤 李 雪 邓 桢 罗 清

(南昌大学第一附属医院检验科,南昌 330006)

类风湿关节炎(Rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是一种病因尚未阐明的慢性全身性炎症性的自身免疫性疾病,其主要特点是不可逆的关节炎症和损伤。RA病因复杂,可能与遗传、环境、感染和体内激素水平等因素有关[1]。虽然RA致病机制还不明确,但已有大量的研究表明单核细胞/巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞等参与RA的发生和发展[2]。单核细胞/巨噬细胞可通过分泌大量的炎性细胞因子来维持RA患者的炎性环境以及招募大量的免疫细胞迁移至关节炎,导致关节不可逆的损伤。近年来,人类单核细胞分为三个亚群:经典型(CD14highCD16-)、中间型(CD14highCD16+)和非经典型(CD14lowCD16++),不同的亚群具有不同的表型和功能[3]。簇分化抗原64(Cluster of differentiation antigen,CD64)是IgG Fc 段受体Ⅰ(FcγRⅠ),为高亲和性受体。CD64 是连接机体体液免疫和细胞免疫的桥梁,在细胞吞噬、清除免疫复合物、抗原递呈和刺激炎性介质释放中发挥至关重要的作用[4]。该研究通过检测RA患者和正常对照者外周血单核细胞亚群的比例及其表面CD64的表达(包括平均荧光强度和百分率),并分析其与疾病活动度、炎症程度和自身抗体的关系,探讨不同单核细胞亚群中CD64在RA发病中的作用。

1 材料与方法

1.1材料

1.1.1临床资料 选取2016年6月至2017年6月于南昌大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科就诊的44例RA患者,其中男8例,女36例,平均年龄(57.5±11.9)岁,临床诊断符合美国风湿病学会(ACR)1987年的RA诊断标准[5],并排除严重糖尿病、高血压、高血脂、心脑血管疾病、肝肾疾病、血栓性疾病、血小板疾病等其他疾病。正常对照组22例,均为健康志愿者,排除炎症或其他自身免疫性疾病,男4例,女18例,平均年龄(51.2±11.6)岁。两组性别、年龄无显著性差异。详细收集RA患者临床资料及相关实验室检查数据,并计算其RA疾病活动性评分(Disease activity score 28,DAS28)[6]。根据病程的长短将46例RA患者分为新发病例组(病程小于6个月)5例和复发病例组(病程大于6个月)39例[7]。所有的RA患者在采集标本前都使用了抗风湿病药物的治疗。本实验经过医院伦理委员会批准,患者和健康人均签署知情同意书。

1.1.2试剂和仪器 流式细胞抗体藻红蛋白标记的CD64抗体(Phycoerythrin- CD64,PE- CD64)、异硫氰酸荧光素标记的CD40抗体(Fluorescein isothiocyanate- CD40,FITC- CD40)购自美国eBioscience公司,藻红蛋白- 得克萨斯红标记的CD14抗体(Phycoerythrin- texas red,ECD- CD14)、藻红蛋白- Cy5标记的CD16抗体(PhycoerythrinCy5- CD16,PE- Cy5- CD16)及相应的同型对照PE- IgGl和FITC- IgG1均购自美国Beckman Coulter公司。Cytomics FC 500流式细胞仪购自美国Beckman Coulter公司,分析软件为仪器自带的CXP分析系统。

1.2方法

1.2.1外周血单个核细胞(Peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC)提取 采集受试者清晨空腹EDTA抗凝外周血5 ml,6 h内送检。采用 Ficoll- Paque 分离液 (Sigma,USA)提取RA患者和对照者的PBMC。

1.2.2流式细胞检测 各取受试者100 μl 生理盐水重悬的PBMC加入试管中,按以下组合加入单克隆抗体各10 μl:ECD- CD14、PC5- CD16、PE- IgG1、FITC- IgG1;ECD- CD14、PC5- CD16、FITC- CD40、PE- CD64,4℃避光孵育30 min,室温1 500 r/min离心5 min,弃上清液,用生理盐水洗涤2次,用500 μl生理盐水重悬上机检测。Cytomics FC 500流式细胞仪进行分析,使用CXP分析软件分析经典型、中间型、非经典型单核细胞的比例及各单核细胞亚群CD40和CD64的表达水平。

1.2.3细胞因子检测 血清细胞因子IL- 6、IL- 8和IL- 10采用酶联免疫吸附法(美国 Signalway Antibody公司)。

1.2.4RA的其他指标检测方法 CRP和RF采用速率散色比浊法(美国Beckman Coulter公司),ACPA抗体采用酶联免疫吸附法(上海科新生物技术股份有限公司),ESR采用动态血沉仪法(北京普利生公司)。

1.3统计学处理 运用统计软件SPSS17.0软件对数据进行描述和分析。首先进行正态性检验,符合正态性分布数据,两组间比较采用t检验,否则采用非参数检验。两变量为正态分布数据,相关性采用Pearson相关分析,否则采用Spearman 相关分析。以双侧P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1RA患者和对照组外周血单核细胞亚群比例的比较 外周血单个核细胞经流式抗体标记后,流式细胞仪采用前向散射光(FS)、侧向散射光(SS)和CD14区别单核细胞(图1A),根据CD14和CD16的表达情况测定单核细胞亚群比例(图 1A:P1、P2、P3分别为经典型、中间型和非经典型单核细胞)。结果如图1所示,RA组经典型单核细胞亚群比例低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.024);中间型单核细胞亚群比例高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);非经典型单核细胞亚群比例低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.004)。

2.2RA患者和对照组外周血单核细胞各亚群CD64和CD40表达水平的比较 结果如表1所示,RA组经典型、中间型、非经典型单核细胞CD64表达水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.036,P= 0.004,P<0.001);RA组经典型、中间型、非经典型单核细胞CD64表达百分率与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);RA组非经典型单核细胞CD40表达水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);而其他各组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

2.3RA患者外周血单核细胞亚群CD64表达水

平与DAS28评分相关性分析 结果如图2所示,RA患者外周血经典型单核细胞CD64表达水平、中间型单核细胞CD64表达水平与DAS28呈正相关(rs=0.308,P=0.044;rs=0.302,P=0.049);而RA患者外周血非经典型单核细胞CD64表达水平与DAS28无明显相关性(rs=0.262,P=0.090)。

图1 RA患者和对照组血单核细胞亚群比例的比较Fig.1 Proportions of each monocytes subsets between RA patients and CONNote: A.Analysis of monocytes subsets by flow cytometry;B.The proportions of classical monocytes was significantly increased in RA patients compared to healthy controls;C.The proportions of classical monocytes was significantly increased in healthy controls compared to RA patients;D.The proportions of classical monocytes was significantly increased in RA patients compared to healthy controls.

表1RA患者和对照组单核细胞各亚群CD64和CD40表达的比较

Tab.1ExpressionofCD64andCD40onmonocytessubsetsinRApatientsandhealthycontrols

GroupsHealthycontrolsRAt/zvaluePvalueClassicalmonocytesCD64(%)99.83±0.4699.80±0.650.180.860CD64(MFI)29.68±8.2139.32±17.74329.000.036CD40(%)24.93±14.6339.88±28.95226.000.142CD40(MFI)2.78±2.203.07±1.700.530.598IntermediatemonocytesCD64(%)99.34±1.3699.16±2.07422.500.397CD64(MFI)29.82±8.3543.19±19.14269.000.004CD40(%)43.34±17.7443.15±27.870.030.980CD40(MFI)5.14±2.975.45±4.270.270.792NonclassicalmonocytesCD64(%)59.02±19.3666.69±22.731.230.222CD64(MFI)11.61±4.8525.87±12.33136.00<0.001CD40(%)48.14±19.5342.87±28.270.680.500CD40(MFI)4.40±1.096.66±2.4695.00<0.001

2.4RA患者外周血单核细胞亚群CD64表达水平与炎症指标相关性分析 结果如图3所示,RA患者外周血各单核细胞亚群CD64表达水平与ESR,CRP呈正相关(rs=0.410,P=0.008;rs=0.475,P=0.003;rs=0.448,P=0.003;rs=0.473,P=0.004;rs=0.348,P=0.026;rs=0.340,P=0.042)。

2.5RA患者外周血单核细胞亚群CD64表达水平与自身抗体的关系 结果如图4所示,RA患者RF阳性组、ACPA阳性组外周血经典型单核细胞上CD64表达水平明显高于对应的阴性组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.004;P=0.046);RA患者RF阳性组、ACPA阳性组外周血中间型单核细胞上CD64表达水平明显高于对应的阴性组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.004;P=0.042);RA患者RF阳性组、ACPA阳性组外周血非经典型单核细胞上CD64表达水平与对应的阴性组差异无统计学意义(P=0.813;P=0.672)。

图2 RA患者单核细胞亚群CD64表达水平与DAS28相关性分析Fig.2 Correlation of expression of CD64 on monocy- tes subsets in RA patients with DAS28Note: A.The expression of CD64 on classical monocytes in RA patients correlated significantly with DAS28;B.The expression of CD64 on intermediate monocytes in RA patients correlated significantly with DAS28;C.The expression of CD64 on nonclassical monocytes in RA patients did not correlate with DAS28.

2.6新发和复发RA患者外周血单核细胞亚群的CD64表达水平的比较 结果如图5所示,外周血单核细胞亚群上CD64表达水平在新发RA患者与复发RA患者之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

2.7RA患者外周血单核细胞亚群CD64表达水平与细胞因子的关系 结果如表2所示,RA患者血清细胞因子IL- 6和IL- 8水平明显高于对照组,差异

表2RA患者和对照组血清细胞因子水平的比较

Tab.2Serumlevelsofinflammatorycytokinesatbaselineinpatientswithrheumatoidarthritis(RA)andhealthycontrols

GroupsRA(n=31)Healthycontrols(n=22)t/zvaluePvalueIL-640.94±8.9519.77±6.24159.000.001IL-8103.30±23.7645.70±9.41226.000.039IL-1022.71±2.3521.24±1.77333.500.899

图3 RA患者单核细胞亚群CD64表达水平与炎性指标相关性分析Fig.3 Correlation of expression of CD64 on monocytes subsets in RA patients with inflammatory markersNote: A.The expression of CD64 on classical monocytes in RA patients correlated significantly with ESR;B.The expression of CD64 on intermediate monocytes in RA patients correlated significantly with ESR;C.The expression of CD64 on nonclassical monocytes in RA patients correlated significantly with ESR;D.The expression of CD64 on classical monocytes in RA patients correlated significantly with CRP;E.The expression of CD64 on intermediate monocytes in RA patients correlated significantly with CRP;F.The expression of CD64 on nonclassical monocytes in RA patients correlated significantly with CRP.

图4 RA患者单核细胞亚群CD64表达水平与自身抗体的关系Fig.4 Correlation of expression of CD64 on monocytes subsets in RA patients with autoantibodyNote: A.The expression of CD64 on classical monocytes was significantly increased in RA patients with positive RF compared to RA patients with negative RF;B.The expression of CD64 on intermediate monocytes was significantly increased in RA patients with positive RF compared to RA patients with negative RF;C.No significant difference was observed in the expression of CD64 on nonclassical monocytes between RA patients with positive RF and RA patients with negative RF;D.The expression of CD64 on classical monocytes was significantly increased in RA patients with positive ACPA compared to RA patients with negative ACPA;E.The expression of CD64 on intermediate monocytes was significantly increased in RA patients with positive ACPA compared to RA patients with negative ACPA;F.No significant difference was observed in the expression of CD64 on nonclassical monocytes between RA patients with positive ACPA and RA patients with negative ACPA.

表3RA患者外周血单核细胞亚群CD64表达水平与细胞因子的关系

Tab.3AssociationbetweenexpressionofCD64onmonocytesubsetsandserumcytokineconcentration

GroupsRAhighRAlowt/zvaluePvalueClassicalmonocytesIL-660.58±17.9624.77±4.6776.000.092IL-862.54±20.06136.8±38.7978.000.108IntermediatemonocytesIL-663.72±17.5022.19±4.5256.000.013IL-863.13±19.97136.30±38.8889.000.242NonclassicalmonocytesIL-627.31±4.9755.49±17.2495.000.333IL-8118.30±41.5687.25±22.13114.500.843

图5 新发RA患者和复发RA患者单核细胞亚群CD64表达水平Fig.5 Expression of CD64 on monocytes subsets in new- onset and revisiting RA patientsNote: A.No significant difference was observed in the expression of CD64 on classical monocytes between new- onset and re- visiting RA patients;B.No significant difference was observed in the expression of CD64 on intermediate monocytes between new- onset and re- visiting RA patients;C.No significant difference was observed in the expression of CD64 on nonclassical monocytes between new- onset and re- visiting RA patients

有统计学意义(P<0.05);RA患者血清细胞因子IL- 10水平与对照组比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。以表1中各单核细胞亚群上CD64表达水平的均数作为界限分别将RA分成两组RAhigh(经典型CD64>39.32;中间型CD64>43.19;非经典型CD64>25.87)和RAlow(经典型CD64<39.32;中间型CD64<43.19;非经典型CD64<25.87),比较各单核细胞亚群中这两组血清细胞因子IL- 6和IL- 8的差异,结果如表3所示,中间型单核细胞RAhigh组血清细胞因子IL- 6水平明显高于RAlow组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.013),其他组间无差异。

3 讨论

单核细胞是一群异质性的细胞,根据CD14和CD16表达情况其可分为三种类型:经典型(CD14++CD16-)、中间型(CD14++CD16+)和非经典型(CD14+CD16++)。三个亚群在表型、功能及炎症活化潜能方面存在着明显的差异。经典型单核细胞具有很强的吞噬功能和炎症调节能力[8,9];中间型单核细胞具有很强的促炎作用,在急性炎症中可明显上调其比例[10,11];非经典型单核细胞能识别炎症信号并迅速迁移到炎症部位[12]。之前的研究已证实单核细胞在RA发生和发展中发挥着重要的作用[2],而RA的发病和严重程度可能与单核细胞亚群的异常有关。虽然有研究证实RA患者经典型单核细胞比例降低、中间型单核细胞比例升高,但对于非经典型单核细胞的比例升高还存在争议[13- 15]。与此研究一致的是,Lacerte等[14]发现RA患者经典型单核细胞比例降低、中间型单核细胞比例和非经典型单核细胞比例升高。不同研究结果不一致的原因可能是纳入研究对象的病程以及用药情况不一致。

簇分化抗原64(cluster of differentiation antigen,CD64)是IgG Fc 段受体Ⅰ(FcγRⅠ),为高亲和性受体,是连接机体体液免疫和细胞免疫的桥梁,在细胞吞噬、清除免疫复合物、抗原递呈和刺激炎性介质释放中发挥至关重要的作用[4]。RA患者外周血中单核细胞CD64的表达升高,并与疾病严重程度相关[16,17]。RA滑膜组织CD64表达升高,并可作为RA诊断标志物[18]。本次实验证实,RA患者外周血单核细胞亚群高表达CD64,与此研究一致的是,Rossol等[19]研究表明RA患者外周血单核细胞亚群CD64表达明显上升。此外,通过分析RA患者外周血单核细胞亚群CD64表达的临床意义发现,RA患者经典型单核细胞和中间型单核细胞上CD64的表达情况与DAS28呈正相关,说明经典型单核细胞和中间型单核细胞上CD64分子的表达水平与疾病严重程度呈正比,患者疾病越严重,CD64分子的表达水平越高;且RA患者经典型单核细胞和中间型单核细胞上表达的 CD64 与 ESR、CRP呈正相关;另外,RA 患者经典型单核细胞和中间型单核细胞上CD64的表达水平与自身抗体 RF 及 CCP 含量相关。而并没有发现非经典型单核细胞上CD64的表达水平与DAS28、自身抗体 RF 及 CCP 含量相关。这可能的原因是:一方面各单核细胞亚群所执行的功能不同;另一方面CD64作为一种高亲和力的活性受体,能结合免疫球蛋白和CRP等分子参与炎症的调节[16,20,21]。

本研究通过检测RA患者和对照者血清细胞因子IL- 6、IL- 8和IL- 10水平发现,RA患者血清IL- 6和IL- 8水平升高,与此研究一致的是,Tsukamoto等[13]研究表明RA患者血清IL- 6和IL- 8水平明显上升。通过分析RA患者外周血单核细胞亚群上CD64的表达与血清中IL- 6和IL- 8的水平关系发现,高表达CD64的中间型单核细胞组的IL- 6水平明显升高,说明中间型单核细胞表达的CD64与其分泌的细胞因子IL- 6有关。IL- 6在可溶性IL- 6受体(sIL- 6R)存在下能促进血管内皮生长因子的产生,而血管内皮生长因子可促进内皮细胞的增殖与迁移,从而改变血管通透性,以此介导炎症反应,这与 RA 血管翳的形成密切相关[22]。RA患者血清中IL- 6在疾病活动期升高显著,且与RA临床表现相关[23],针对 IL- 6的生物制剂对部分患者有肯定的疗效[24]。

此外,需要指出的是,本文尚存在一些不足:(1)新发RA患者的研究样本不够多;(2)没有检测未用药的新发 RA 患者,因此我们无法了解在没有药物干扰情况下,外周血单核细胞亚群上CD64在RA中的作用;(3)由于单核细胞经过LPS等刺激剂作用后CD16会消失[25],因此未直接检测单核细胞亚群分泌细胞因子的能力。本研究在后续的研究中将进一步扩大样本量检测未用药新发RA 患者CD64的表达情况,使研究结果更具有可靠性。

综上所述,RA 患者外周血经典型单核细胞和中间型单核细胞表达CD64升高,且其表达与疾病活动度及自身抗体产生有关,高表达CD64的中间型单核细胞分泌较多的促炎细胞因子IL- 6,参与RA的疾病过程,为临床观察疾病活动度、疗效及预后提供新的实验室依据,为RA的治疗提供新的方向。

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