乳腺癌新辅助化疗加改良根治术后辅助放疗的研究进展
2018-01-16郭欢孔玲玲邢力刚
郭欢 孔玲玲 邢力刚
乳腺癌改良根治术后辅助放疗(PMRT)的目的是杀灭术后残存于胸壁和淋巴引流区的亚临床病灶,降低局部区域复发率(LRR)和远处转移率[1-2]。乳腺癌PMRT指南建议:原发肿瘤≥5cm或术后病理学检查证实淋巴结转移数目≥4个均推荐PMRT;淋巴结≤3个时,是否需要PMRT应根据患者复发转移的高危因素而定[3-4]。新辅助化疗(NAC)最初应用于局部晚期乳腺癌患者,以使不可手术切除患者转变为可手术切除患者。近年来,NAC不仅被广泛用于局部晚期乳腺癌患者,还被应用于早期可手术乳腺患者。由于NAC的降期作用,传统乳腺癌患者PMRT指南并不能完全适用于NAC后的患者。NAC后有10%~20%原发灶和腋窝淋巴结可达术后病理完全缓解(pCR)[5],腋窝淋巴结 pCR 率可达到 20%~40%[6],在Her-2过表达的患者中,联合注射用曲妥珠单抗(商品名:赫赛汀)的NAC方案更可使淋巴结转阴率达74%[7]。由于NAC降低了术后病理学诊断对放疗的指导价值,乳腺癌NAC加PMRT的应用存在争议。本文就国内外乳腺癌NAC加PMRT的研究进展综述如下。
1 临床Ⅱ期原发灶和腋窝淋巴结皆达pCR者
临床Ⅱ期术后病理学检查证实原发灶和腋窝淋巴结皆达pCR的患者,不推荐PMRT[8]。Cortazar等[9]研究认为,可通过NAC后术后病理学检查证实达pCR来筛选出预后较好的患者免行术后辅助治疗;该研究分析了12 000例接受NAC的患者,结果表明达pCR者其无病生存(DFS)和总生存(OS)情况明显好于未达pCR的患者。安德森肿瘤中心发现,30例临床Ⅱ期乳腺癌NAC后术后病理学检查证实达pCR者无一局部复发[10]。有学者认为cT1-2N0-1M0的患者,年龄>40岁、激素受体阳性且 NAC后达到 pCR或 pN0者其 LRR≤10%[11]。Mamounas等[12]发现,临床Ⅱ期达pCR患者不行PMRT,10年LRR<7%。因此对于初始临床Ⅱ期NAC后改良根治术后病理学检查证实达pCR患者,不推荐PMRT。
2 临床Ⅱ期NAC后原发灶有残留但达pN0者
临床Ⅱ期NAC后原发灶有残留但达pN0可不行PMRT。研究表明178例cT2N0M0的患者NAC后术后病理学检查证实pN0,不放疗10年LRR约为6.3%,因此不推荐PMRT;37例cT1-2N1M0达pN0患者不放疗10年LRR约为10.8%;95例cT3N0M0原发灶有残留但达pN0者不放疗10年LRR为11.8%[12]。Nagar等[13]研究表明,cT3N0M0术后病理证实达pN0者其5年LRR未能从PMRT中显著获益(2%vs 14%,P=0.06);然而,cT1-2N1M0和cT3N0M0两组患者10年LRR>10%。Garg等[14]发现,对于年龄<35岁接受NAC的患者,PMRT能够明显改善患者的局部控制和生存情况。因此若合并有以下因素可考虑行PMRT:年龄≤35岁,有瘤周脉管侵犯,HER-2基因过表达。
Le Scodan等[15]回顾性分析了134例临床Ⅱ~Ⅲ期患者NAC后行改良根治术,78例接受PMRT,56例未行PMRT;结果发现两组患者10年LRR(3.8%vs 13.2%,P=0.18)、DFS(70.9%vs 79.8%,P=0.25) 及 OS(77.2%vs 87.7%,P=0.15)均无统计学差异。Shim 等[16]进行了相似的研究,151例NAC后改良根治术后达pN0的临床Ⅱ~Ⅲ期患者,其中105例接受PMRT,46例不行 PMRT,两组患者 5 年 LRR(1.9%vs 7.7%,P=0.148)、5 年 DFS(91.2%vs 83.0%,P=0.441)及 5 年 OS(93.3%vs 89.9%,P=0.443)也均无统计学差异,患者的局部控制和生存情况也均未从PMRT中获益。两组研究纳入的Ⅲ期患者比例不到40%余皆为Ⅱ期患者,因此对Ⅲ期患者PMRT的决策参考价值有限,但为Ⅱ期患者PMRT的决策提供了重要的参考[17]。
3 临床Ⅱ期NAC后术后病理学检查证实pN+者
美国国家癌症研究所建议NAC后pN+的患者需行PMRT[18]。多数专家认为PMRT能改善NAC后pN+的患者局部控制和生存情况[19-21]。研究发现,184例cT1-2N0M0术后病理学检查证实pN+的患者不行放疗10年LRR为12%;143临床Ⅱ期中cT1-2N0M0术后病理证实pN+的患者不行放疗患者10年LRR约为17%[12]。铁剑等[23]发现,136例cT1-2N0M0期、NAC后pN+乳腺癌患者行PMRT获益显著(16.5%vs 2.3%,P<0.01)。根据上述资料认为,有必要对cT1-2N0M0术后病理证实达pN+患者行PMRT。
Nagar等[13]研究发现cT3N0M0患者NAC后术后病理学检查证实达pN+者大约45%,说明临床N分期很容易误判。很多临床ⅢA期患者被判断为cT3N0M0。分析表明,NAC后pN+、pN0两组患者不行放疗5年LRR分别为53%、14%(P=0.02)。然而,术后淋巴结阳性患者放疗后5年LRR仅为5%。资料表明,cT3N0M0且pN+的179例患者不行放疗10年的LRR>14%;cT3N1M0且pN+的128例患者不行放疗10年的LRR>22%[12]。因此,建议NAC后改良根治术后证实pN+的cT3N0M0患者行PMRT。
4 临床Ⅲ期患者
初始临床ⅢA期除NAC后达pCR者PMRT仍存有争议,未达pCR的患者较为肯定的能从PMRT中获益[24-25]。临床分期≥ⅢB期的患者不论是否达到pCR,PMRT均能改善患者的局部控制和生存情况。
Huang等[26]报道了一项回顾性研究,发现临床Ⅲ期患者即使NAC后达pCR后仍有行PMRT的必要;676例局部晚期患者接受NAC后行改良根治术,其中542例患者接受PMRT,134例患者未行PMRT,结果表明PMRT能改善患者10年的LRR(11%vs 22%,P<0.01),并且放疗组患者的生存情况也得到了改善。该研究还对46例初始临床Ⅲ期,术后证实原发灶和腋窝淋巴结达pCR的患者进行了亚组分析,35例行PMRT,11例未行PMRT,结果表明PMRT能改善患者10年的LRR(3%vs 33%,P<0.01)。McGuire等[27]认为临床Ⅲ期不论 NAC后是否达pCR,PMRT能够为患者带来局部和生存获益。他们回顾性分析了106例术后病理学检查证实原发灶和淋巴结达pCR的患者,其中72例行PMRT,34例未行PMRT,结果发现,32例临床Ⅰ~Ⅱ期患者10年的LRR为0,74例临床Ⅲ期患者放疗组LRR明显低于未放疗组(7.3%vs 33.3%,P=0.04),且放疗组的OS也得到了改善(P<0.01)。
研究表明,cT3N1M0亚群11例NAC后达pCR患者不放疗,10年LRR为0,84例达pN0的患者不放疗10年LRR为9.2%。然而,Fowble等[28]认为,不论临床Ⅲ期患者NAC后是否达pCR,LRR>25%,PMRT是综合治疗必不可少的一部分。初始cT4期放疗组5年LRR为15%,而不放疗5年LRR高达46%(P=0.002)。NAC后术后病理学检查证实原发灶>5 cm,放疗组5年LRR仅为2%,而不放疗5年LRR为13%(P=0.01)。
5 小结
总之,初始临床Ⅱ期NAC后乳腺癌改良根治术后病理学检查证实达pCR或pN0的患者,不常规推荐PMRT;初始临床Ⅱ期NAC后乳腺癌改良根治术后pN+的患者,多数专家认为PMRT能改善患者局部控制和生存情况。临床ⅢA期除NAC后达pCR者PMRT仍存有争议,其他患者较为肯定的能从PMRT中获益。临床≥ⅢB期的患者不论术后原发灶和腋窝淋巴结是否达到pCR,PMRT能改善患者的局部控制和生存情况。虽然本文所及研究为NAC后PMRT的决策提供了重要的参考,但关于NAC后PMRT的决策基本都是回顾性的,结果受制于回顾性研究的缺陷,包括入组标准各期混合,化疗药物使用类别和强度不一,大部分数据源于单个中心且未全面考虑患者分子病理亚型,如ER、PR、Her-2等。因此关于乳腺癌患者NAC后PMRT的选择仍需要大样本的前瞻性临床病例进一步研究。
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