转化医学在新型降糖药物钠葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2抑制剂中的应用
2018-01-16刘瑶霞四川省医学科学院四川省人民医院四川成都610072
刘瑶霞,张 敏,陈 平 (四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院,四川成都610072)
0 引言
1996年,《The Lancet》杂志上首次出现“转化医学(translational medicine)”一词[1],其包括“从病床旁到实验台”和“从实验台到病床旁”两个方面,是连接基础研究和临床应用的桥梁。药品研发中,转化医学的运用包括:①临床需求推动基础研究,从基础研究中筛选符合临床需求的药物分子;②在临床应用中进一步评估药品疗效及风险。本文从转化医学的角度,解读钠葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2抑制剂(sodium glucose co⁃transporter 2 inhibitors,SGLT2i)从临床需求出发到药品研发,再由基础研究回到临床运用的转化过程。
1 临床需求是寻找新型降糖药物的驱动力
糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)以高血糖为主要临床特征,可引发大血管、神经系统、肾脏等多种并发症,严重危害人体健康。目前血糖控制仍然是治疗糖尿病,控制并发症的基础。尽管降糖药物的种类不断增多,双胍类、磺脲类及非磺脲类胰岛素促泌剂、噻唑烷二酮类、α葡糖苷酶抑制剂、二肽基肽酶4(DPP4)抑制剂、肠促胰岛素类似物与肠促胰岛素受体激动剂(GLP⁃1)、胰岛素及胰岛素类似物等陆续进入临床治疗,但在很大比例的患者中血糖仍然控制欠佳。为了控制血糖,延缓并发症,通常需要增加降糖药物剂量、种类以及最终使用胰岛素[2]。因此,需要新型、有效降糖药物来治疗糖尿病。
降糖药物已经针对多种组织器官,包括胰腺、肝脏、肌肉细胞、脂肪组织、肠道和摄食中枢。虽然肾脏在葡萄糖稳态中发挥了重要作用,但既往尚无作用于肾脏的降糖药物。肾脏调节血糖的机制为肾小管通过重吸收经肾小球滤过的葡萄糖,保持血糖稳态。通过对糖尿病患者尿糖排泄观察发现,其肾小管葡萄糖重吸收能力较正常人增加,尿糖排泄减少,血糖升高[3]。因此,抑制肾小管葡萄糖的再吸收,使葡萄糖从尿液中排出成为潜在的治疗糖尿病的新方法。
2 基础研究的灵感与药物遴选
2.1 肾小管重吸收尿糖的基础研究 正常生理条件下,人体每天有160~180 g葡萄糖流经肾脏,几乎全部被近端小管重吸收。随着血浆葡萄糖浓度增加,其滤过量以及重吸收量也随之增加。当健康成年人血糖浓度超过11 mmol/L,葡糖糖肾脏滤过量超过重吸收最大阈值时,就会出现糖尿现象[4-5]。 研究[5]发现,钠葡萄糖协同转运蛋白(sodium⁃glucose co⁃trans⁃porter,SGLT)在葡萄糖的主动重吸收中起主要作用,其包含SGLT1和SGLT2两种。SGLT2在肾脏近端小管大量表达,负责约90%葡萄糖的再吸收;抑制SGLT2可以阻止葡萄糖在肾脏的重吸收,对降糖有显著作用。SGLT1在肾小管仅有少量表达,负责吸收10%未被SGLT2重吸收的葡萄糖;其还在肠道中大量表达,在葡萄糖、半乳糖吸收中具有关键作用。因此,会同时阻止葡萄糖、半乳糖在肠道的吸收,这可能会导致腹泻[6]。
抑制SGLT2受体,降低肾脏葡萄糖再吸收,增加尿液葡萄糖排出量,从而降低血糖浓度,这成为治疗T2DM的一种新型疗法。科学家们曾经担心,这种增加尿糖排泄的方法可能会因尿糖渗透性利尿作用,出现容量丢失,甚至脱水。但是,观察家族性糖尿综合征患者(编码SGLT2的基因突变)发现,这类患者即使每天尿糖达50 g,也无低血容量症状[7],长期寿命不受影响。这使得 SGLT2抑制剂(SGLT2i)作为T2DM治疗靶点的研究更加深入。
2.2 抑制尿糖重吸收药物的研发与筛选 早在19世纪初,研究者就发现使用根皮苷(一种从苹果树皮中分离出来的天然存在的葡萄糖苷)可以使狗出现尿糖、体质量减轻和多尿的现象[8]。 之后研究[9]发现,根皮苷通过非选择性抑制肾脏钠葡萄糖协同转运蛋白SGLT2,从而发挥尿糖和降低高血糖的作用。这种降糖作用不依赖胰岛素,不引起低血糖[10]。但由于根皮苷非选择性抑制SGLT2,其对SGLT1也有很强的抑制作用,肠吸收能力很弱,在体内非常容易被β⁃糖苷酶水解,口服生物利用度差,所以并不适合作为降血糖剂[11]。因此科学家的注意力主要集中在合成选择性更高、生物利用度更高的葡糖苷类似物(SGLT2抑制剂)上。新研发的葡糖苷类似物包括早期的O⁃葡萄糖苷和现在的C⁃葡萄糖苷。
在早期药物的遴选中,葡糖苷类似物O⁃葡萄糖苷类,如 T⁃1095和舍格列净(sergliflozin)、瑞莫列净(remoliflozin),由于其非选择性抑制SGLT2以及生物利用度的原因,研究被终止。新研发的C⁃葡萄糖苷类,选择性及生物利用度高。世界各大药品研发公司均有药品上市或者进入临床,主要代表药物有达格列净(dapagliflozin)、坎格列净(canagliflozin)、恩格列净(empagliflozin),伊格列净脯氨酸片(ipragliflozinl⁃pro⁃line)、埃格列净(ertugliflozin)、鲁格列净(luseoglifloz⁃in)等。
经过Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期临床试验,验证有效性、安全性等指标后,陆续有多种SGLT2i获批上市。目前经FDA批准上市的药物有坎格列净、达格列净、恩格列净、埃格列净,以及埃格列净/二甲双胍、埃格列净/西格列汀的复方制剂。 luseogliflozin(TS⁃071),伊格列净脯氨酸片已在日本上市。目前批准在我国上市的SGLT2i有坎格列净、达格列净、恩格列净。由于SGLT2i的药理作用依赖一定水平的 eGFR[4],因此使用达格列净、恩格列净治疗时,需要患者eGFR≥60 mL/(min·1.73 m2),坎格列净需要患者eGFR≥45 mL/(min·1.73m2)。 SGLT2i可单独使用及与其他降糖药物联合使用。
3 临床应用SGLT2i评估降糖疗效及降糖外获益
3.1 SGLT2i的降糖疗效 一系列临床试验[4,12-13]表明,SGLT2i具有良好的降糖作用,可有效降低HbA1c 平均 0.5% ~1.0%。 多药物等效性研究[14-16]显示,SGLT2降糖效果不劣于磺脲类。不仅如此,SGLT2i与其他降糖药物联用,包括二甲双胍[17-19]、二甲双胍+磺脲类[20]、吡格列酮[21-22]、DPP4[23-25],以及与胰岛素联用[26-28]的药物研究发现,降糖有效且耐受良好。 还有研究[29-30]显示 SGLT2i与二甲双胍联用,降糖效果明显优于安慰剂,且不劣于格列美脲。
3.2 SGLT2i对体质量的影响 临床试验研究[31]显示,SGLT2i通常可使体质量减轻2~5 kg。轻度的体质量减轻可能是由于尿糖的渗透性利尿作用。但体脂成分分析显示,使用SGLT2抑制剂的患者体质量减轻由身体脂肪组织减少所致[32]。
3.3 SGLT2i对血压的影响 SGLT2i临床实验研究一致发现其具有降低血压的作用[33-36]。 研究[33]发现,单药治疗时,达格列净、坎格列净、恩格列净可使血压降低3~5 mmHg;与其他降糖药物联用时,其也可发挥类似的降压作用。一项纳入20例肥胖2型糖尿病患者的研究[37]显示使用 SGLT2i后,在用药早期,血压降低与渗透性利尿血容量减少有关,6个月后,降压作用与尿钠排泄增加有关。
3.4 SGLT2i对心血管事件的影响 EMPA⁃REG OUTCOME研究[38]显示,在伴有心血管疾病的T2DM患者中,恩格列净组心血管死亡、非致死性心梗和非致死性脑卒中的风险较对照组降低14%,全因死亡风险下降了32%,心衰引起的住院发生率下降了35%,心血管死亡风险下降38%。2018年发表的CANVAS研究[39]显示,坎格列净也存在心血管获益,与安慰剂相比,可使心血管疾病死亡及心衰住院风险降低(16.3 vs 20.8/1000 人⁃年)。 CVD⁃REAL 2 研究[40]对六个国家的数据进行了汇总分析,结果显示,与其他降糖药相比,SGLT2抑制剂可降低全因死亡或心衰住院复合结局风险,约40%,全因死亡风险降低49%,心衰住院风险降低36%,心肌梗死风险降低19%;卒中风险降低32%。
3.5 SGLT2i对血尿酸的影响 大型荟萃分析[41](>12 000例患者)显示,恩格列净可使血尿酸水平降低。恩格列净10 mg组血尿酸平均降低32.7 μmol/L(-10.4%);25 mg 组平均降低 36.3 μmol/L(-11.2%),而安慰剂对照组血尿酸水平升高3.0 μmol/L(+0.9%)。
3.6 临床应用中观察SGLT2i对肾功能的影响 一项纳入22 843名2型糖尿病患者的meta分析[42]显示,SGLT2i对总体人群以及慢性肾脏疾病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)人群的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)没有影响。短期使用SGLT2i,eGFR有所下降;长期使用SGLT2i,eGFR保持稳定。尿蛋白肌酐比(尿ACR)在总体2型糖尿病人群中,没有明显变化,但在合并CKD患者中明显下降。但也有Mate分析[43]显示,SGLT2i与安慰剂比较,血肌酐升高,与其他降糖药物(二甲双胍、DPP4抑制剂)比较,血肌酐变化没有明显差异。还有荟萃分析[44]发现,合并心血管高风险的T2DM患者使用SGLT2i具有肾脏保护作用,其保护机制可能为减少肾小球滤过、炎症和氧化应激反应等。
4 临床应用SGLT2i,评估不良反应及风险
4.1 SGLT2i与泌尿道感染、生殖道感染风险 由于尿糖浓度增加,泌尿生殖系感染率的增加是SGLT2i最常见的不良反应[45-51]。 系统评价显示,与安慰剂相比,SGLT2i尿路及生殖道感染更常见,OR值分别为 1.34 和 3.50[45]。 荟萃分析[46-47]显示,女性患者生殖道感染(外阴阴道炎)的发生率高于男性(龟头炎)。 同时,大量的临床研究[41,48-49]也发现,使用SGLT2i出现的生殖道及泌尿道的感染,程度均较轻,标准抗感染治疗有效,极少需要停用SGLT2i。
4.2 SGLT2i与血容量减少风险 SGLT2i导致的尿糖渗透性利尿作用,对于易感人群存在容量丢失、低血压的潜在风险。实验[52]发现达格列净组低血压发生率为0.8%,安慰剂组为 0.4%,两组均未出现脱水及低血容量。8个临床研究荟萃[53]发现,容量丢失整体发生率为坎格列净 100 mg组 2.3%,300 mg组3.4%,对照组为 1.5%。 亚组分析发现,使用坎格列净治疗组中,75岁及以上老年患者、eGFR <60 mL/(min·1.73 m2)的患者,以及使用袢利尿剂的患者容量丢失的风险增加[46]。因此对血压下降存在风险的患者(例如心血管疾病、低血压病史、高龄的患者)需要进行容量状态的监测[54-55]。
4.3 SGLT2i与低血糖风险 系统评价显示,SGLT2i不增 加 低 血 糖 风 险[56]。 但 较 多 研 究[57-59]显 示SGLT2与磺脲类降糖药或胰岛素一起使用时低血糖风险增加。因此,当SGLT2i与胰岛素或胰岛素促泌剂联用时,需考虑减少胰岛素或胰岛素促泌剂的剂量,以降低低血糖的发生率。
4.4 SGLT2i与骨折风险 有研究[60]发现在中度肾损害[eGFR 为 30~60 mL/(min·1.73 m2)]的患者中使用达格列净,对照组骨折发生率增加,但对于骨的形成和吸收、以及骨密度并无影响。一项使用坎格列净的研究[61]中,治疗超过26周后,治疗组骨折事件发生率增加,但未见有临床意义的骨密度改变。荟萃分析[62]显示,在2型糖尿病患者中使用恩格列净10 mg qd及5 mg qd治疗,与安慰剂组比较,骨折发生率没有增加。
4.5 SGLT2i与肿瘤风险 临床数据[63]显示,达格列净组与对照组所导致的膀胱癌及乳腺癌发生率相似(1.4%vs 1.3%)。 但也有学者[33]报道,达格列净与吡格列酮联用时,膀胱癌的发生率要略高于对照组。对于坎格列净的研究[64]显示,乳腺癌及膀胱癌的发生率与对照组相似。对于恩格列净,欧洲药品局评估报告[65]指出,恶性黑色素瘤和泌尿道恶性肿瘤的风险尚不能排除,但还需更长时间的研究来评估这种风险程度。
4.6 SGLT2i与血栓、酮症酸中毒、截肢风险 由于渗透性利尿作用,血容量的减少,血液浓缩,理论上会增加静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VET)的风险。但临床研究[61]发现,达格列净与对照组相比,VET事件的发生率相近;坎格列净的Ⅲ期临床研究[64]中,10 mg剂量组、25 mg剂量组、对照组 VET事件的发生率相似,分别为0.2%、0.3%和 0.2%。 使用SGLT2抑制剂出现的酮症酸中毒非常罕见[66-67]。偶发的酮症酸中毒事件,可能由使用SGLT2抑制剂治疗的同时,患者合并重大疾病、食物及液体摄入减少,以及胰岛素使用剂量减少等所致[68]。2017年发布的CANVAS研究[39]结果显示,坎格列净组脚趾、足及腿部截肢风险增加(3.4例/1000人⁃年 vs 6.3例/1000 人⁃年)。
目前已对SGLT2i进行了众多的临床试验研究,获取了大量相关疗效及风险的数据,这些研究结果也增进药物使用说明书及临床指南的修订。由于SGLT2i对血容量及血压的影响,在处方信息中,达格列净、坎格列净以及恩格列净未被推荐用于低血压风险(例如存在容量丢失或使用袢利尿剂)的患者。对于这些患者,需先纠正容量,方可起始使用SGLT2i。达格列净的产品特性概要(summary of product char⁃acteristics,SPC)建议:正在服用利尿剂,存在血容量不足或中、重度肾脏损害的患者禁用此药,并对正在服药的患者加强监测。对于卡格列净,根据CANVAS研究结果,2017年7月FDA说明书已经增加下肢截肢风险的警告。由于SGLT2i的心血管获益,在2型糖尿病的药物治疗中,2018年ADA[70]标准纳入了最新心血管终点试验(cardiovascular outcomes trials,CVOT)结果证据,指出糖尿病合并动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,ASCVD)患者首先采取生活方式干预和二甲双胍治疗,在考虑药物特异性和患者因素后,可联合一种被确认可降低主要心血管不良事件和(或)心血管死亡率的降糖药物,包括恩格列净、坎格列净。由此,降糖治疗路径作了相应的改动。
综上所述,SGLT2抑制剂是一种作用于肾脏,通过抑制肾小管SGLT2受体,从而抑制肾小管重吸收葡萄糖,促进尿糖排泄的新型降糖药物。其源于临床需求而进行药品研发,通过层层筛选,后广泛应用于临床。大量临床试验研究结果显示,其降糖疗效确切,同时具有减轻体质量,降低血压、心血管获益等,并且低血糖风险低。SGLT2抑制剂的研发及临床应用是转化医学在糖尿病药物治疗领域的典型体现。
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