瞬时弹性成像技术诊断非酒精性脂肪性肝病的性能评估
2017-12-16庄小芳王晓波吴琦琦王晓忠
庄小芳, 孙 洁, 王晓波, 王 燕, 吴琦琦, 王晓忠
(1 新疆维吾尔自治区中医医院 肝病科, 乌鲁木齐 830000;2 新疆乌鲁木齐市中医医院 老年病科, 乌鲁木齐 830000)
瞬时弹性成像技术诊断非酒精性脂肪性肝病的性能评估
庄小芳1, 孙 洁2, 王晓波1, 王 燕1, 吴琦琦1, 王晓忠1
(1 新疆维吾尔自治区中医医院 肝病科, 乌鲁木齐 830000;2 新疆乌鲁木齐市中医医院 老年病科, 乌鲁木齐 830000)
目的探讨瞬时弹性成像技术在非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)患者诊断中的应用价值。方法纳入2016年6月-2016年12月新疆维吾尔自治区中医医院无脂肪肝患者29例,NALFD患者92例,采集患者的一般资料,计算BMI,进行血常规、肝功能、血脂、血清胰岛素、AFP检测,并行肝脏CT、FibroTouch检测;以肝/脾CT比值为诊断标准绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线),应用ROC曲线判断受控衰减参数(CAP)诊断NAFLD的能力,计算ROC曲线下面积(AUC),其诊断有效性检测采用Z检验,并利用约登指数确定最佳截断值。符合正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验;非正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用Mann-WhitneyU检验,多组间比较采用Kruskal-WallisH检验。计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验。结果无脂肪肝组以及不同程度NAFLD组患者的年龄、ALT、AST、血清胰岛素、脂肪衰减、肝脏硬度比较,差异均有统计学(P值均<0.05)。重度NAFLD组年龄明显低于无脂肪肝组(P<0.001)。CAP在无脂肪肝组与不同程度NAFLD组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.001),但中度及重度NAFLD组之间CAP比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.127)。无脂肪肝组分别与中度、重度NAFLD组的肝脏硬度值比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值分别为0.034、<0.001),但中度与重度脂肪肝组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.327)。无脂肪肝组分别与各程度NAFLD组比较ALT和AST水平差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.001),且重度NAFLD组的ALT、AST水平均高于轻度NAFLD组(P值均=0.001)。无脂肪肝组分别与各程度NAFLD组比较,胰岛素水平差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),但不同程度NAFLD组之间胰岛素水平差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。CAP诊断轻度、中度、重度NALFD的最佳cut-off值分别是244 dB/m、272 dB/m、272 dB/m,AUC及其95%可信区间分别为0.778(0.663~0.894)、0.893(0.809~0.976)、0.942(0.886~0.998),P值均<0.001。结论瞬时弹性成像技术可作为无创性诊断NAFLD的可靠手段,CAP可定量准确评估NALFD程度,对NALFD的分级诊断有较好的应用价值,能有效地区分轻度和中度以上NALFD;但难以区分中度和重度NALFD。
非酒精性脂肪性肝病; 弹性成像技术; 诊断
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是指除外酒精和其他明确的肝损伤因素所致的,以弥漫性肝细胞大泡性脂肪变为临床病理综合征的获得性代谢应激性肝损伤[1]。主要表现为肝脏脂肪过量堆积,并伴胰岛素抵抗,组织学存在5%以上的肝脂肪变性[2]。现NAFLD已成为世界公共卫生问题,平均患病率达24.4%,我国患病率达15%~20%[3-4]。NAFLD的演变包括单纯性非酒精性脂肪肝,以及由其进展而来的非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、肝硬化,甚至肝癌。因此,对NAFLD的早期诊断和治疗,对判断预后有一定指导意义。目前,除肝活组织检查外,对NAFLD的诊断及程度评估主要依靠影像学检查。临床常用的影像学检查方法有B超、CT、具有化学位移成像的MRI、氢质子磁共振波谱分析(1H-MRS)及瞬时弹性成像技术。本文主要以CT为诊断标准评估瞬时弹性成像技术对NAFLD的诊断价值。
1 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象 纳入2016年6月-2016年12月于新疆维吾尔自治区中医医院体检人员,包括NAFLD患者和健康对照者。NAFLD诊断符合《非酒精性脂肪性肝病诊疗指南(2010年修订版)》[5]。排除标准:(1)年龄<18岁;(2)饮酒量男性超过30 g/d,女性超过20 g/d;(3)孕妇;(4)病毒性肝炎、药物性肝炎、自身免疫性肝炎、代谢性肝病、肝癌、失代偿性肝病、艾滋病。
1.2 研究方法
所有入选对象均行肝脏CT检查及瞬时弹性成像检测(采用FibroTouch检测),并计算BMI,进行血常规、肝功能、血脂、血清胰岛素、AFP检查。
1.2.1 脂肪肝CT诊断标准 取门静脉主干入肝的层面,测肝、脾CT值。按肝、脾CT值的比值,分为无脂肪肝(比值≥1.0),轻度脂肪肝(0.7<比值<1.0),中度脂肪肝(0.5<比值≤0.7)和重度脂肪肝(比值≤0.5)[5]。
1.2.2 血样采集方法 采集患者的空腹静脉血,检测肝功能及其他相关生化指标。肝功能采用全自动生化分析仪及其配套试剂检测。整个操作过程均严格按照试剂盒说明书与仪器的操作手册进行。
1.2.3 肝脏瞬时弹性扫描 采用FibroTouch-B型(无锡海斯凯尔医学技术有限公司)测量患者肝脏硬度值及受控衰减参数(controlled attenuation parameter, CAP),具体方法参照FibroTouch用户操作手册。
2 结果
2.1 NALFD组与对照组基线情况 共入组121例研究对象,年龄18~25岁。其中无脂肪肝组29例(24.0%),NALFD组92例(76.0%)[轻度NALFD组33例(27.3%),中度NALFD组31例(25.6%),重度NALFD组28例(23.1%)]。2组间肝脏硬度、ALT、AST、胰岛素水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),2组间性别、年龄及BMI比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(表1)。
2.2 不同程度NAFLD之间检测指标比较 比较无脂肪肝组以及不同程度NAFLD相关检测指标,提示NAFLD程度与年龄、CAP、肝脏硬度值、ALT、AST、血清胰岛素水平有关。重度NAFLD组年龄均值明显低于无脂肪肝组(P<0.001)。CAP在无脂肪肝组与不同程度NAFLD组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.001),可鉴别无脂肪肝、轻度及中度以上NAFLD;但中度及重度NAFLD组之间CAP比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.127)。无脂肪肝组分别与中度、重度NAFLD组肝脏硬度值比较,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.034,P<0.001),但中度与重度脂肪肝组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.327)。无脂肪肝组与各程度NAFLD组间ALT和AST的水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.001),且重度NAFLD组的ALT、AST水平均高于轻度NAFLD组(P值均=0.001)。无脂肪肝组与各程度NAFLD组胰岛素水平比较,差异均有统计学意义,但不同程度NAFLD组之间胰岛素水平差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(表2)。
2.3 CAP值对各级NAFLD的诊断性能比较 以肝、脾CT比值为诊断标准,以无脂肪肝组作为对照,通过ROC曲线评估CAP对不同程度NAFLD的诊断性能。结果显示,当截断值为244 dB/m时,诊断轻度NAFLD的AUC为0.778,灵敏度为0.879,特异度为0.621;当截断值为272 dB/m时,可诊断为中度以上NAFLD,但相对于中度NAFLD(AUC 0.893,灵敏度0.867,特异度 0.828),CAP对重度NAFLD诊断的准确性更高(AUC 0.942,灵敏度 0.964,特异度 0.828)(表3,图1~3)。
表1 无脂肪肝组与NAFLD组基线情况比较
注:HGB,糖化血红蛋白;CHOL,总胆固醇;FBG,空腹血糖
表2 无脂肪肝组和不同NAFLD组之间相关检测指标比较
注:1)与无脂肪肝组比较,P<0.05; 2)与轻度NAFLD组比较,P<0.05; 3)与中度NAFLD组比较,P<0.05
表3 CAP对不同程度NAFLD的诊断价值比较
注:95%CI,95%可信区间;Z=AUC面积差/标准误
图1 CAP诊断轻度NAFLD的ROC曲线
图2 CAP诊断中度NAFLD的ROC曲线
图3 CAP诊断重度NAFLD的ROC曲线
3 讨论
据统计,25%的脂肪肝患者肝纤维化程度逐渐进展,6%的患者最终进展至肝硬化[6],对于NAFLD的早期筛查诊断至关重要。肝活组织检查虽为诊断NAFLD的金标准,由于其有创性、存在抽样误差,同时难以重复评价,临床应用存在局限性,故临床多以影像学检查评估脂肪肝病变程度。
B超具有安全、无创的特点,其诊断脂肪肝的灵敏度可达60%~94%,特异度66%~97%[7],但当肝脂肪变程度<30%时超声难以检出,且操作者主观性判断,存在一定诊断误差,同时难以区分非酒精性脂肪性肝炎和单纯性非酒精性脂肪肝,不能有效判断肝组织学病变程度。MRI可较好地评估肝脂肪变性程度,并和病理检查有很好的相关性,能检测出低至3%的肝脂肪变性,灵敏度和特异度分别为76.7%~90.0%和87.1%~91.0%[8]。1H-MRS与CT对肝脏脂肪含量的检测具有高度的相关性,并且两者均与组织学评分关联良好[9]。Baneriee等[10]报道,肝组织学和1H-MRS比较,NAFLD患者脂肪变性Brunt≥1,1H-MRS诊断灵敏度为80%,特异度为100%,对于重度脂肪变性Brunt>2的患者,其灵敏度为100%,特异度为97%。由于上述检查价格昂贵,临床尚不能广泛用于评估肝脏脂肪变性。CT对脂肪肝诊断,灵敏度可达82%,特异度100%[11],比B超更具优势。然而CT具有辐射性,短期重复检查难度大,且不适用于孕妇及儿童患者,临床用于脂肪肝筛查及治疗评估存在困难。瞬时弹性成像具有快速、精确性高、重复性好等优点,对肝纤维化程度可瞬时、客观、有效、定量评估,大大减少了肝穿刺的必要性,已广泛应用于多种慢性肝病肝纤维化程度的评估[12]。以瞬时弹性成像为基础的CAP是一种特定用于评估脂肪肝的新型工具,在初期临床试验中提示有良好诊断价值[13]。国内已有研究[14]结果证明CAP能够识别超过5%的肝脏脂肪变性,并认为CAP能够替代普通超声检查用于脂肪肝的流行病学调查。目前临床多用FibroScan或FibrTouch进行检测。
本研究数据结果显示,重度NAFLD组患者平均年龄偏低,呈年轻化趋势。基线数据显示,无脂肪肝组及各级NAFLD组BMI均值均>25 kg/m2,但BMI与NAFLD程度无统计学差异。结合新疆地域特点及高脂高盐饮食习惯,冬季时间长,户外活动时间短,导致脂肪的过度堆积,全身体脂分布异常,而非单纯肝脏脂肪过度沉积所致。随着NAFLD程度加重,ALT、AST、胰岛素水平呈上升趋势,提示NAFLD的发生与发展与上述因素密切相关,胰岛素抵抗存在于NAFLD发生发展的整个过程,在轻度与重度NAFLD之间,ALT、AST水平的升高,间接反映肝脂肪变性的炎症状态,并存在代谢应激性肝损伤,提示可能进展为非酒精性脂肪性肝炎。另外,识别和定量肝纤维化分期具有重要临床意义,肝纤维化程度可作为疾病诊断及随访过程病情评估的重要指标之一。而NAFLD预后取决于肝组织学特征,是否存在非酒精性脂肪性肝炎,伴或不伴肝纤维化[15-16]。本研究应用FibroTouch进行纤维化及CAP检测,结果提示FibroTouch对中到重度肝脂肪变诊断性能较高,对轻度肝脂肪变的诊断性能较低,且误诊率较高。CAP作为诊断脂肪肝的新技术,可鉴别中度以上肝脂肪变,但对于中度及重度肝脂肪变的区分,仍存在一定的局限性,与相关学者[14,17-19]研究结果一致,考虑与BMI和皮肤至肝包膜距离等因素相关。相对于中度NAFLD,CAP对重度NAFLD诊断的准确性更高。
瞬时弹性成像可作为无创性诊断NAFLD的可靠手段,CAP可定量准确评估脂肪肝程度,对NAFLD的分级诊断有较好的应用价值。然而,由于样本量少及性别偏倚,且相关技术尚无标准化规范,无统一界值提供临床参考,数据结果仍有待大样本高质量临床研究进行分析,并可针对特殊脂肪肝人群(合并慢性乙型肝炎、慢性丙型肝炎、酒精性脂肪肝、代谢综合征、儿童、青少年等)进行深入分析,以探讨不同人群肝脂肪病变特点。本研究提示,CAP区分中度及重度NAFLD存在局限性,在临床研究中,可考虑增大样本量,调整数据均衡性,进一步联合瞬时弹性成像及多个相关生物学标志物建立诊断模型,以提高诊断肝脂肪变的准确性,预测疾病危险因素,评估疾病发展及预后。
[1] LEWIS JR, COHANTY SR. Nonalcoholic fatty liver diease: a review and update[J]. Dig Dis Sci, 2010, 55(3): 560-578.
[2] CHANG BX, LI BS, ZOU ZS.An except of EASL-EASD-EASO clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(2016)[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2016, 32(8): 1450-1454. (in Chinese)
常彬霞, 李保森, 邹正升. 《2016年欧洲肝病学会、欧洲糖尿病学会和欧洲肥胖学会临床实践指南:非酒精性脂肪性肝病》摘译[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志,2016, 32(8): 1450-1454.
[3] ZHU JZ,DAI YN,WANG YM,et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and economy[J]. Dig Dis Sci, 2015, 60(11): 3194-3202.
[4] FAN JG, FARRBLL GC. Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in China[J]. J Hepatol, 2009, 50(1): 204-210.
[5] Group of Fatty Liver and Alcoholic Liver Diseases, Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2010, 26(2): 120-124. (in Chinese)
中华医学会肝脏病学分会脂肪肝和酒精性肝病学组. 非酒精性脂肪性肝病诊疗指南[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2010, 26(2): 120-124.
[6] WU XM. Detection of fatty liver disease in people undergoing physical examination and related factors: an analysis of 867 cases[J]. Jilin Med J, 2012, 33(6): 1154-1155. (in Chinese)
吴晓铭. 867例健康体检中脂肪肝检验结果与相关因素分析[J]. 吉林医学, 2012, 33(6): 1154-1155.
[7] SCHWENZER NF, SPRINGER F, SCHRAML C, et al. Non-invasive assessment and quantification of liver steatosis by ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance[J]. J Hepatol, 2009, 51(3): 433-445.
[8] LEE SS, PARK SH, KIM HJ, et al. Non-invasive assessment of hepatic steatosis: prospective comparion of the accuracy of imaging examinations[J]. J Hepatol, 2010, 52: 579-585.
[9] LONGO R, RICCI C, MASUTTI F, et al. Fatty infiltration of the liver. Quantification by IH localized magnetic resonance spectroscopy and comparison with computed tomography[J]. Invest Radiol, 1993, 28: 297-302.
[10] BANERJEE R, PAVLIDES M, TUNLIFFE EM, et al. Multiparametric magnetic resonance for the non-invasive diagnosis of liver disease[J]. J Hepatol, 2014, 60: 69-77.
[11] SCHWENZER NE, SPRINGER F, SCHRAML C, et al. Non-invasive assessment and quantificaton of liver steatosis by ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance[J]. J Hepatol, 2009, 51(3): 433-445.
[12] HOU FF, QI XS. Elastography assessment of liver fibrosis: society of radiologisis in ultrasound conference statement[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2015, 31(9): 1384-1388. (in Chinese)
侯飞飞, 祁兴顺. 《2015年美国超声放射医师学会共识声明:弹性成像评估肝纤维化》摘译[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2015, 31(9): 1384-1388.
[13] SASSO M, BEAUGAND M, DE LEDINGHEN V, et al. Controlled attenuation parameter(CAP): a novel VCTETM guided ultrasonic attenuation measurement for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis: preliminary study and validation in a cohort of patients with chronic liver disease from various causes[J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2010, 36(11): 1825-1835.
[14] SHEN F, ZHENG RD, MI YQ, et al. Controlled attenuation parameter for non-invasive assessment of hepatic steatosis in Chinese patients[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(16): 4702-4711.
[15] BYENE CD, TARGHER G. NAFLD: a multisystem disease[J]. J Hepatol, 2015, 62(1 Suppl): s47-s64.
[16] RINELLA ME. Nonalcohholic fatty liver disease: a systmatic review[J]. JAMA, 2015, 313(22): 2263-2273.
[17] MI YQ, SHI QY, XU L, et al. CAP for noninvasive assessment of hepatic steatosis using Fibroscan: validation in chronic hepatiis B[J]. Dig Dis Sci, 2015, 60(1): 243-251.
[18] SHEN F, ZHWENG RD, SHI JP, et al. Impact of skin capsular distance on the performance of controlled attenuation parameter in patients with chronic liver disease[J]. Liver Int, 2015, 35(11): 2392-2400
[19] LI JB, LIU S, WEN B, et al. Clinical significance of FibroTouch,ultrasound, and computed tomography in diagnosis of fatty liver disease: a comparative analysis[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2016, 32(3): 459-462. (in Chinese)
李静波, 刘姝, 温博,等. FibroTouch 与B超、CT对脂肪肝的诊断价值比较[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2016, 32(3): 459-462.
Performanceoftransientelastographyindiagnosisofnonalcoholicfattyliverdisease
ZHUANGXiaofang,SUNJie,WANGXiaobo,etal.
(DepartmentofHepatology,TraditionalChineseMedicineHospitalofXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion,Urumqi830000,China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the value of transient elastography (TE) in the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).MethodsA total of 21 patients without fatty liver disease and 92 patients with NAFLD, who visited Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from June to December, 2016, were enrolled. Their general information was collected and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Routine blood test, liver function evaluation, and measurement of blood lipid, serum insulin, and alpha-fetoprotein were performed, and liver CT and FibroTouch were performed. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted with liver/spleen CT ratio as diagnostic criteria, and the ROC curve was used to evaluate the ability of controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) to diagnose NAFLD. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated, theZtest was used to evaluate diagnostic effectiveness, and Youden index was used to determine the optimal cut-off value. Thet-test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups; a one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups, and the least significant differencet-test was used for further comparison between any two groups. The Mann-WhitneyUtest was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the Kruskal-WallisHtest was used for comparison between multiple groups. The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups.ResultsThere were significant differences in age, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum insulin, fat attenuation, and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) between the patients without fatty liver disease and those with varying degrees of NAFLD (allP<0.05). The severe NAFLD group had a significantly lower mean age than the non-fatty liver disease group (P<0.001). There was a significant difference in CAP between the non-fatty liver disease group and the groups with varying degrees of NAFLD (allP<0.001), while there was no significant difference in CAP between the moderate and severe NAFLD groups (P=0.127). There was a significant difference in LSM between the non-fatty liver disease group and the moderate NAFLD group (P=0.034), as well as between the non-fatty liver disease group and the severe NAFLD group (P<0.001), while there was no significant difference between the moderate and severe NAFLD groups (P=0.327). There were significant differences in the levels of ALT and AST between the non-fatty liver disease group and the groups with varying degrees of NAFLD (allP<0.001), and the severe NAFLD group had significantly higher levels of ALT and AST than the mild NAFLD group (bothP=0.001). There was a significant difference in the level of insulin between the non-fatty liver disease group and the groups with varying degrees of NAFLD, while there was no significant difference between the groups with varying degrees of NAFLD (allP>0.05). The optimal cut-off values of CAP for the diagnosis of mild, moderate, and severe NAFLD were 244 dB/m, 272 dB/m, and 272 dB/m, respectively, with AUC of 0.778 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.663-0.894), 0.893 (95%CI: 0.809-0.976), and 0.942 (95%CI: 0.886-0.998) (allP<0.001).ConclusionTE is a reliable noninvasiveness method for the diagnosis of NAFLD. CAP can accurately and quantitatively evaluate the degree of NAFLD and effectively differentiate mild NAFLD from moderate or severe NAFLD and thus has a good value in the grading of NAFLD. But it is difficult to differentiate moderate NAFLD from severe NAFLD.
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; elasticity imaging techniques;diagnosis
R575.5
A
1001-5256(2017)12-2366-06
10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.12.022
2017-08-14;修回日期:2017-08-29。 基金项目:新疆维吾尔自治区科技援疆计划(2016E02067) 作者简介:庄小芳(1981-),女,主治医师,主要从事中西医结合肝病研究。 通信作者:王燕,电子信箱:112200141@qq.com。
引证本文:ZHUANG XF, SUN J, WANG XB, et al. Performance of transient elastography in diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2017, 33(12): 2366-2371. (in Chinese)
庄小芳, 孙洁, 王晓波, 等. 瞬时弹性成像技术诊断非酒精性脂肪性肝病的性能评估[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2017, 33(12): 2366-2371.
(本文编辑:朱 晶)