Periostin在慢性肾脏病中作用的研究进展
2017-08-08何海琼孙广萍
何海琼 孙广萍
·综述·
Periostin在慢性肾脏病中作用的研究进展
何海琼 孙广萍
细胞外基质不断蓄积最终导致肾小球硬化、间质纤维化、肾小管萎缩及血管硬化,这些过程均参与慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)进展[12]。如果能够早期发现并及时给予有效的干预,可能会延缓肾脏病变进展,因此探寻新的能够早期发现CKD的生物学标志物及治疗靶点是目前急待解决的问题。近年来,Satirapoj等[3]研究发现尿液Periostin可能作为早期肾小管损伤的标志物,并且Guerrot等[4]研究发现,在高血压肾病动物模型实验中,Periostin参与肾脏损伤进展过程并且可以反映其转归,因此本文就Periostin在CKD中的作用研究进展作一综述。
一、Periostin的生物学特点
Periostin最初是在小鼠的成骨细胞系中被分离出的,被命名为成骨细胞特异性因子2。它是由二硫键连接的大小约为90 kD的分泌蛋白,其N末端区域包含有分泌的信号肽和能形成不同剪切体的甘氨酸富集区,与之相邻的是四个同源重复区[56],此外还包含一个羧基末端区域,C端通过结合细胞外基质蛋白[如胶原蛋白Ⅰ/Ⅴ(CollagenⅠ/Ⅴ),纤连蛋白(Fibronectin),键生蛋白(tenascin C)]或酸性黏多糖(如肝素和Periostin本身)来调控细胞基质间的组织和相互作用[7]。Periostin主要表达于骨膜、牙周韧带及新生组织早期发育阶段[6,89],在大部分正常成人组织中,Periostin表达水平很低,但在纤维化性疾病及肿瘤中,Periostin表达明显升高。Periostin在机体一方面具有生理性的保护作用,如在机械应力及损伤情况下,Periostin的表达有助于细胞外基质的重塑及伤口修复;但另一方面,Periostin也参与疾病活动,与多种细胞因子及炎性介质相互作用,最终导致炎症以及组织器官纤维化。
二、Periostin导致纤维化的机制
(一)Periostin在肾脏疾病中的作用机制研究进展
1.血管紧张素Ⅱ(angiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ)介导的纤维化途径 目前已有研究表明,AngⅡ可分别通过Ras,P38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38MAPK),cAMP反应性结合蛋白(cAMP response element-binding protein,CREB),细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2,ERK1/2),转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor,TGF-β1)途径,并且通过磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase,PI3K)信号通路诱导成纤维细胞及血管平滑肌细胞中Periostin的表达[1011]。而Guerrot等[4]在小鼠高血压肾病模型中发现,Periostin在肾脏中的分布与组织纤维化部位一致,且经过AngⅡ受体拮抗剂氯沙坦(losartan)处理,可阻断AngⅡ作用,改善肾脏血流动力学、减少蛋白尿及肾组织中Periostin的表达,提示Periostin可能参与AngⅡ致肾纤维化过程,具体是否通过上述机制发挥作用尚需进一步研究。
2.转化生长因子β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)介导的纤维化途径 上皮向间叶转化促进肾小管间质纤维化及糖尿病肾脏疾病进展[1213]。近年来有研究报道TGF-β促进糖尿病肾脏疾病患者肾脏上皮组织向间叶转化[1415],推测Periostin在肾损伤、肾组织重塑中的作用与其他组织损伤中所发挥的作用类似[1617],Periostin可促进细胞去分化、细胞外基质沉积及TGF-β的表达,此外,TGF-β也可促进Periostin表达,进一步促使肾小管上皮表型的丧失最终致纤维化[18],其具体机制可能为TGF-β通过细胞内信号传导蛋白Smad3介导,调节一系列miRNA(miR)表达水平,通过下调miR-29及miR-200,上调miR-21及miR-192,最终导致肾纤维化[19],且有研究表明TGF-β与不同肾病综合征患者肾脏Periostin mRNA之间呈正相关[20]。在实验肾动物模型中,TGF-β1中和抗体可减弱肾间质纤维化[19],提示Periostin可能作为CKD生物学标志物及潜在的治疗靶点。
3.Periostin与整合素(integrin)受体结合参与肾纤维化过程 Sorocos等[21]研究发现Periostin与整合素有共同αβ亚组的空间表达,并且在肾动脉,肾内动脉及绝大部分的肾盂、输尿管的平滑肌细胞、肾小球系膜细胞中可以检测出Periostinαβ整合素的表达。Periostin能通过与整合素α/β亚基结合,不仅激活RTK信号途径,影响细胞的存活、增殖、分化及凋亡,还促进胶原蛋白Ⅰ及胶原蛋白Ⅴ合成增多,参与伴随蛋白尿的肾小球疾病的进展[2225],且Wallace等[26]研究发现,在多囊肾病中,Periostin通过与αβ整合素受体结合,激活整合素链激酶,通过自分泌方式诱导囊壁上皮细胞增殖,并通过促进细胞外基质大量沉积最终致肾脏间质纤维化。
(二)Periostin在其他疾病中的作用机制研究进展
除上述信号通路外,Periostin在其他疾病中的作用机制研究证明,骨形成蛋白2(bone morphogenetic protein,BMP-2)、BMP-4[2728],血小板源性生长因子(platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF-BB),成纤维细胞生长因子(fibroblast growth factors,FGFs)[11],Twist转录因子[29],缺氧应答生长因子[30],Wnt-3[31],白细胞介素4(interleukin,IL-4)、IL-13[17],血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF),肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α),结缔组织生长因子(connective tissue growth factor,CTGF),维生素K,IL-1β,IL-3,IL-6[28],c-fos,视黄酸,甲状旁腺素[32]等均在特定细胞中被报道过诱导Periostin表达,最终导致炎症以及组织器官纤维化。其在肾脏疾病中是否受上述介质调控,阻断上述信号转导通路是否能延缓甚至逆转肾脏疾病进展有待进一步研究,为CKD等疾病的治疗奠定理论基础。
三、Periostin可作为CKD潜在的生物学标志物
(一)Periostin可作为CKD诊断性及反映病情严重程度的标志物
在肾发生发育过程中,Periostin在肾周间质及输尿管周围间质高度表达,在完成发育后其表达明显下降[21]。在正常成人肾脏组织中几乎无Periostin表达。在CKD病理组织中,大多研究表明Periostin表达明显升高,且与肾功能下降明显相关。Satirapoj等[33]发现Periostin mRNA及Periostin蛋白在多种动物模型[如5/6肾大部分切除(nephrectomy,Nx)模型、链脲霉素诱导的糖尿病肾脏疾病模型(streptozotocin induced diabetic nephropathy,SZ-DN)及梗阻性肾病(unilateral ureteral obstruction,UUO)中均升高,且主要表达于末端肾小管上皮细胞细胞质中。在5/6Nx小鼠及CKD患者尿液中,Periostin水平明显升高;在糖尿病肾脏疾病患者肾组织中,Periostin主要表达在萎缩和尚未萎缩的小管上皮细胞内以及硬化肾小球球旁系膜区,糖尿病肾脏疾病早期尿蛋白尚未升高时,尿Periostin含量即已明显升高,且与蛋白尿、估算肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)等相关,提示其可能是早期且敏感的肾损伤标志物[3];Periostin在移植肾相关性肾病患者尿液中显著升高,其与尿蛋白肌酐比值、血肌酐呈正相关,与eGFR呈负相关,提示Periostin可作为潜在的反映CKD病情严重程度的生物学标志物[34](表1)。以上说明尿液Periostin的检测可作为辅助早期诊断及评估CKD病情进展的重要标志物,其具有非侵入性、快速、敏感、可重复性的特点。CKD患者中尿液Periostin具体升高机制目前尚不明确,根据目前已有研究[33],尿液Periostin大多来源于肾小管,推测可能为肾小管上皮细胞残留分泌能力或直接由脱落细胞释放所致,但并未排除其是否部分来源于肾小球滤过。正常肾小球滤过膜允许相对分子质量40 000以下的蛋白质顺利通过[35],但当肾小球滤过膜分子屏障受损时,血清Periostin可能会通过肾小球滤过膜进入尿液,我们可以进一步对血清Periostin作以标记计算其滤过情况。
Periostin在CKD患者尿液及病理组织中高表达,其血清Periostin是否具有上述生物学效应,目前尚无相关研究。Izuhara等[36]研究显示,与其他血清蛋白相比,在健康成人血清中Periostin含量较低,一般小于50μg/L,其产生增多会较容易检测出。血清Periostin在多种炎症、动脉硬化、纤维化及肿瘤性疾病中均有明显升高,Kanemitsu等[37]发现过敏性哮喘患者血清Periostin明显升高;Ling等[38]发现急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)患者血清高水平Periostin提示预后不良;杨汆等[39]发现冠心病患者血清Periostin较健康成人明显升高;Jia等[40]研究发现在哮喘患者血清Periostin可以作为一种新的生物标志物并可能作为治疗哮喘的新靶点;Yamaguchi等[41]发现血清Periostin与系统性硬化患者皮肤纤维化严重程度相关;Lv等[42]发现肝癌患者术前血清Periostin可作为反映预后的独立的生物标志物。而炎症、动脉硬化、纤维化过程在CKD的进展中同样起到重要的作用,因此我们可以进一步研究CKD患者血清Periostin的表达情况。
(二)Periostin对CKD预后的评估
近年来多个临床研究表明,Periostin能反映多种疾病预后。Ling等[38]研究发现血清高水平Periostin的AMI患者短期预后较差,且血清Periostin水平与心肌梗死killip分级呈正相关,与左室射血分数及左房直径呈负相关,提示血清Periostin水平可作为AMI患者短期不良预后的预测指标;研究还发现Periostin与多种肿瘤(如乳癌[43]、肝癌[42]、结肠癌[44]、非小细胞肺癌[45],前列腺癌[46]等)患者的预后密切相关。在反映肾脏疾病预后方面,Guerrot等[4]仅在小鼠高血压肾病模型中发现,经有效治疗后达到临床缓解的肾组织中Periostin mRNA水平明显下降,并且与血肌酐、尿蛋白水平呈正相关,与肾血流量呈负相关,这提示Periostin可能具有潜在的反映肾脏疾病转归、预后及疗效预判作用。但这方面尚无相关临床研究,需进一步研究血清及尿液Periostin的表达情况以预判其能否反映疾病的进展及肾病患者治疗应该控制的水平。
表1 Periostin作为生物学标志物在CKD中的研究情况
四、Periostin作为CKD潜在的治疗靶点
Periostin是否能作为肾脏疾病的治疗靶点,目前尚无相关临床研究及靶向药物。但Mouna等[18]通过UUO模型敲除Periostin基因从而减轻损伤导致的间质纤维化、炎症及防止组织重塑。具体的机制为敲除Periostin基因后TGF-β及肾小管上皮细胞p-Smad3表达下降,且波形蛋白(vimentin)下降,E-钙黏素(E-cadherin)表达升高。同时在其他动物模型[如N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(NG-nitro-L-argininemethylester,L-NAME)]诱导的肾损伤中,应用反义寡核苷酸(antisense oligonucleotide,ASODN)直接抗Periostin mRNA,能减弱肾组织Periostin的表达,从而减轻L-NAME诱导的肾损伤。Wallace等[47]用pcy/pcy小鼠模型敲除Periostin的表达从而减少囊上皮细胞增生的数量、囊的大小、肾间质纤维化,与Periostin(+/+)鼠相比,Periostin敲除鼠肾功能明显改善,并且生存期明显延长。以上结果表明,Periostin及其相关的信号通路可能是CKD可行的治疗靶点,有待进一步动物实验及临床研究加以证实。
五、总结
Periostin在多个疾病中尤其是肾脏疾病方面具体的致病机制目前尚未明确,有待研究者进一步探索其具体的信号通路,以助于寻求新的治疗靶点。根据目前已有研究表明,Periostin可以作为早期发现疾病及用于临床诊断的生物学标志物,还可能是潜在的多种疾病的治疗靶点及预后指标。近年来有关于其在肾病方面的研究,同样有上述效应,但大多为动物实验,尤其在反映CKD预后方面,目前国内外尚无相关临床研究,需要更多的临床研究观察其在患者的血清及尿液中的变化,明确其在CKD转归及预后中的作用。
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2016-11-25
2017-06-05)
10.3969/j.issn.1671-2390.2017.06.014
辽宁省科技厅博士启动课题(No.20101143)
110004 沈阳,中国医科大学附属盛京医院肾脏内科
孙广萍,E-mail:13898878638@163.com