骨髓间充质干细胞在重度烧伤大鼠心肌损伤中的保护作用
2017-06-03牟欢刘洋李俊杰刘剑周
牟欢+++刘洋++李俊杰+++刘剑++周新立++强廷会++杜兴国++马平
[摘要] 目的 探討骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)对严重烫伤大鼠心肌的保护作用及作用机制。 方法 ①取10只健康雄性SD大鼠,采用全骨髓贴壁法体外分离大鼠BMSCs,流式细胞仪检测细胞表面分子标志物。②24只健康雄性SD大鼠,随机分为:对照组、模型组、治疗组。模型组及治疗组大鼠背部暴露于95℃热水浴18 s造成30% TBSA Ⅲ度烫伤,对照组暴露于37℃水浴18 s。水浴后即刻模型组及治疗组大鼠分别腹腔注射生理盐水10 mL(50 mL/kg),水浴后3 h模型组经尾静脉注射100 μL生理盐水,治疗组经尾静脉注射100 μL(2.5×107/mL)BMSCs。处理后48 h收集3组大鼠心脏组织标本及腹主动脉血,ELISA法检测血清肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量,实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法检测心脏组织中炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10及凋亡相关分子caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax的mRNA表达水平。 结果 流式细胞术检测提示,所培养的BMSCs表达CD44、CD90、CDl05的阳性率分别为96.8%、99.72%、95.93%,而CD34、CD45阳性率分别为1.42%、2.17%;模型组大鼠血清CK、LDH含量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。治疗组CK、LDH含量显著低于模型组(P < 0.05)。模型组大鼠心脏组织中caspase-3、Bax的mRNA表达量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。治疗组大鼠心脏组织中caspase-3、Bax的mRNA表达量显著低于模型组(P < 0.05)。模型组大鼠心脏组织中Bcl-2的mRNA表达量为显著低于对照组(P < 0.05);治疗组大鼠心脏组织中Bcl-2的mRNA表达量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。模型组大鼠心脏组织中TNF-α、IL-1β的mRNA表达量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。治疗组大鼠心脏组织中IL-1β、TNF-α的mRNA表达量显著低于模型组(P < 0.05)。模型组大鼠心脏组织中IL-10的mRNA表达量显著低于对照组(P <0.05);治疗组大鼠心脏组织中IL-10的mRNA表达量显著高于模型组(P < 0.05)。结论BMSCs可显著降低烧伤后大鼠CK、LDH水平,减轻心肌组织损伤,减少心肌细胞凋亡,降低炎性因子IL-1β和TNF-α表达、促进抑炎因子IL-10的表达,对严重烧伤大鼠心肌具有保护作用。
[关键词] 烧伤;心肌损伤;细胞凋亡;骨髓间充质干细胞
[中图分类号] R644 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)04(c)-0012-05
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effects and related mechanism of bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) on protecting rats myocardial injury induced by severe burns. Methods ①Ten healthy male SD (Sprague–Dawley)rats were used to separate BMSCs through whole bone marrow adherent. The biological markers were assayed with flowcytometry. ②Twenty-four healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, model group and treatment group. Except for control group, abdominal skin of rats were exposed to 95℃ water for 18 seconds which led to the third degree, 30% TBSA burns while the rats in control group were exposed to 37℃ water for 18 seconds. Rats in burn model group and treatment group were given 10 mL(50 mL/kg) saline intraperitoneally immediately after burns. Three hours later,Saline (100 μL)or BMSCs(100 μL,2.5×107/mL) were given through caudal vein. Forty-eight later, rats were sacrificed and the myocardium and blood from aorta abdominalis were collected. The expression levelsof creatine kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were detected by ELISA. The mRNA level of caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 were detected by RT-PCR. Results The positive rates of CD44,CD90,CD105 were 96.8%, 99.72% and 95.93% separately in BMSCs. However, the positive rates of CD34 and CD45 were 1.42% and 2.17% separately. The expression level of CK and LDH in rats in model group were significantly higher than that in control group(P < 0.05). The expression level of CK and LDH in treatment group were higher than those in control group (P < 0.05). The mRNA level of caspase-3 and Bax in the myocardium in treatment group were significantly decreased compared with control group (P < 0.05). The mRNA level of Bcl-2 in myocardium of treatment group was higher than that in control group (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in model group were higher than that in control group (P < 0.05). However, in treatment group, these two were lower than in the model group (P < 0.05). The mRNA level of IL-10 was significantly lower than that in control group (P < 0.05). While in treatment group, the mRNA level of IL-10 was significantly higher than that in model group (P < 0.05). Conclusion BMSCs could protect against myocardial injury induced by severe burns. The expression of CK and LDH decreased, indicating that the injury of myocardial decreased. During which, the inflammatory factors, IL-1β and TNF-α decreased and anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 increased.
[Key words] Burns; Myocardial injury; Cell apoptosis; Bone marrow stromal stem cells
严重烧伤患者早期即存在缺血缺氧性心肌损害,导致心功能减退[1-2],炎性反应、细胞凋亡等因素与严重烧伤早期心肌细胞损害密切相关。研究显示:在抑制炎性反应、保护多脏器功能方面间充质干细胞具有明显的治疗效果[3-5]。但严重烧伤后,骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)对心肌损伤是否具有保护作用,目前尚不明确。本研究通过体内旨在探究严重烧伤后,给予BMSCs治疗,观察对大鼠心肌损伤的影响,并探讨BMSCs可能的作用机制,进而为干细胞治疗严重烧伤脏器损害提供依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 主要试剂、实验动物及仪器来源
SD大鼠34只,质量(200±5)g,鼠龄6~8周、健康SPF级雄性,由第四军医大学实验动物中心提供,合格证号:SYXK(军)2012-0022。IQ5TM实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)仪购自美国Bio-Rad公司;胎牛血清(批号:42F5150K),胰蛋白酶(美国GIBCO公司,批号:1394362),肌酸激酶(CK,批号:F16113)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH,批号:F15212)ELISA检测试剂盒购自美国R&D公司,CD34(批号:SC3742)、CD44(批号:SC7297)、CD45(批号:SC1178)、CD90(批号:SC53456)、CD105(批号:18838)购自美国Santa Cruz 公司。反转录试剂盒(批号:BK1001)、SYBR Green荧光定量试剂盒(批号:A8605)购自日本TaKaRa公司。
1.2 大鼠BMSCs分离培养及鉴定
10只健康SPF级雄性SD大鼠,腹腔注射1%戊巴比妥钠溶液(40 mg/kg)麻醉后颈椎脱臼法处死,迅速剃除毛发,碘伏全身浸泡消毒5 min。超净工作台取股骨及胫骨,PBS清洗3次。剪掉骨骺端,用L-DMEM冲出骨髓,分离培养纯化BMSCs,选用第三代进行实验,采用流式细胞仪检测CD44、CD90、CDl05、CD34、CD45等细胞表面分子标志物。
1.3 模型制备及分组处理
实验方案经第四军医大学西京医院医学伦理委员会批准(编号:XJYYLL-2015393)。24只健康清洁级雄性SD大鼠,饲养环境温度(23±2)℃,湿度50%,12 h照明、12 h黑暗适应性饲养1周。实验分组采用随机数字表法,随机分为对照组(假伤)、模型组(单纯烫伤)、治疗组(烫伤后BMSCs处理),每组8只。参照文献[6-7]构建动物模型,95℃热水浴18 s,制成30% TBSA Ⅲ度烫伤(经病理切片证实),实验过程:采用腹腔注射1%戊巴比妥钠溶液(40 mg/kg)麻醉大鼠后背部烫伤区域脱毛,并给予仰卧位固定,95℃热水浴18 s,制成30% TBSA Ⅲ度烫伤,伤后即刻模型组和治疗组大鼠分别腹腔注射生理盐水10 mL(50 mL/kg),伤后3 h模型组经尾静脉注射100 μL生理盐水,治疗组经尾静脉注射100 μL BMSCs(2.5×107/ml);对于对照组大鼠则采用37℃水浴18 s模拟烫伤过程。
1.4 标本采集
实验过程中各组大鼠单笼饲养,自由饮食,各组大鼠48 h后麻醉,腹主动脉取血室温静置30 min后,1000 r/min(半径15 cm)离心15 min,收集血清-80℃冻存。随后开胸收集心肌组织-80℃冻存。
1.5 观察指标
1.5.1 血清CK、LDH含量 取各组冻存血清标本,采用ELISA法按试剂盒说明书测定血清中LDH、CK的含量。
1.5.2 心脏组织炎性细胞因子mRNA表达 检测心脏组织中含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-3(caspase-3)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2蛋白(Bcl-2)、BCL-2同源的水溶性相关蛋白(Bax)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的mRNA表达。取各组50 mg冻存组织标本,使用Trizol法提取总RNA,测定RNA浓度,反转录合成互补DNA。按照SYBR Green荧光定量试剂盒说明书进行PCR,引物由TaKaRa公司设计、合成,序列见表1。以GAPDH为内参照,将对照组的表达量设为1,计算各组目的基因的相对表达量。分析采用2-?驻?驻Ct法进行相对基因表达分析,以PCR仪随机软件计算循环(Ct)阈值。
1.6 统计学方法
采用SPSS 15.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料数据用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 大鼠BMSCs的培养与鉴定。
所培养的BMSCs表达CD44、CD90、CDl05的阳性率分别为96.8%(29040)、99.72%(29916)、95.93%(28779),而CD34、CD45 阳性率分别为1.42%(426)、2.17%(651)。
2.2 血清中CK、LDH含量测定
组间血清LDH、CK含量总体比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。模型组大鼠2种心肌酶含量均显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),治疗组大鼠2种心肌酶含量均显著低于模型组(P < 0.05)。见表2。
2.3 心脏组织凋亡相关分子caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax的mRNA表达
模型组大鼠心脏组织中caspase-3、Bax的mRNA表达量均显著高于对照组(P < 0.05);抑炎因子Bcl-2的mRNA表达量显著低于模型组。治疗组大鼠心脏组织中抑炎因子Bcl-2的mRNA表达量显著高于模型组(P < 0.05),caspase-3、Bax的mRNA表達量显著低于模型组(P < 0.05)。见表3。
2.4 心臟组织炎症相关因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10的mRNA表达
模型组大鼠心脏组织中TNF-α、IL-1β的mRNA表达量均显著高于对照组(P < 0.05);抑炎因子IL-10的mRNA表达量显著低于模型组。治疗组大鼠心脏组织中抑炎因子IL-10的mRNA表达量显著高于模型组(P < 0.05),IL-1β、TNF-α的mRNA表达量显著低于模型组(P < 0.05)。见表4。
3 讨论
严重烧伤后,心肌细胞损伤是患者心功能不全的重要原因,心肌细胞损伤后能否及时恢复,直接影响到患者休克期的平稳度过[8]。成年人心肌细无法再生,损伤后依赖纤维化修复,可严重影响到正常心脏功能[9]。在严重烧伤患者早期救治中,如何及时有效的抑制炎性反应、逆转心肌细胞损伤、改善心肌功能,异常关键。间充质干细胞不仅具有强大的免疫调节作用[10-11],且能够抑制炎性反应及减少细胞凋亡、在多脏器功能保护等方面发挥着重要作用[12]。同时,近期研究表明,干细胞分泌的细胞外基质,对损伤细胞的更新修复至关重要[13-14]。
骨髓间充质干细胞来源广泛,具有较强的分化潜能和可以自体移植等优点,为各种心肌细胞损伤疾病的治疗保护,提供了一条有效途径,被认为是可引入临床运用的最优干细胞[15]。笔者研究发现,经尾静脉输注BMSCs,可明显降低严重烫伤大鼠血清中CK、LDH的表达水平,进而改善心肌细胞功能。严重烧伤后缺血缺氧引起的心肌细胞损害主要表现为心肌细胞坏死和凋亡两种形式,其中细胞凋亡发生较早。抑制心肌细胞凋亡有助于改善缺血缺氧性心肌损害,恢复心肌细胞功能[16]。本实验中检测到模型组中,大鼠心脏组织中细胞凋亡相关蛋白caspase-3 mRNA表达均显著增加,促凋亡蛋白Bax的表达显著增高,而抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达明显受到抑制。治疗组大鼠 caspase-3、Bax的mRNA表达较模型组明显降低,而抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达显著增高。提示在严重烫伤后,BMSCs可能通过减少细胞凋亡发挥心肌保护作用。
有研究报道严重烧伤后,检测到心肌缺血缺氧的同时,发现有大量炎症细胞的浸润[17],同时有研究指出,心肌细胞本身具有合成、释放炎性细胞因子的能力[18]。在本实验中,笔者发现模型组大鼠心脏组织中促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β的mRNA表达量明显高于对照组,治疗组的检测结果显示,大鼠心脏组织中TNF-α、IL-1β的mRNA表达量和模型组比较均显著降低,抑炎因子IL-10的mRNA表达量则显著增高。提示在BMSCs处理后,促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β的表达被抑制,抑炎因子IL-10 的表达上调,炎性反应得到明显抑制。此外,研究显示,间充质干细胞能够通过分泌TNF-α激活基因/蛋白6抑制巨噬细胞核因子κB的激活,抑制炎性反应的进程[19-20]。本实验中笔者观察到,严重烧伤早期通过BMSCs处理,可促进严重烧伤大鼠心肌组织内抑炎细胞因子的表达,减少TNF-α等促进炎性细胞因子的释放,抑制细胞凋亡减轻组织损伤,维护心肌功能,从而保护心肌细胞的持续损伤。但严重烧伤后机体本身处于一种多因素、交互调控的复杂局面,BMSCs在严重烧伤后保护脏器功能的具体分子机制,仍需进一步探讨。
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(收稿日期:2017-01-13 本文编辑:李岳泽)