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动脉瘤伴非瓣膜性心房颤动致急性脑梗死溶栓1例报道

2017-04-14苏文婷,牛争平

中西医结合心脑血管病杂志 2017年6期
关键词:脑栓塞抗凝溶栓

动脉瘤伴非瓣膜性心房颤动致急性脑梗死溶栓1例报道

苏文婷1,牛争平2

急性缺血性脑卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)具有高死亡率,高致残率,高复发率,严重危害人类的生命与健康。心源性卒中占缺血性卒中比例高达15%~26%[1],其中71.5%的心源性脑卒中是心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)所致。AF病人发生AIS的风险比一般人高5倍[ 2 ],其中绝大多数为非瓣膜性心房纤颤。有研究认为心房颤动致缺血性卒中病人本身出血转化风险高,30%~50%的脑栓塞病人会转化为出血性脑梗死,因此临床上对于心源性脑栓塞(cardiac cerebral embolism,CCE)病人进行静脉溶栓(intravenous thrombolysis ,IVT)治疗的疗效和安全性仍存在疑惑。急性缺血性脑卒中伴颅内动脉瘤(rate of intracranial aneurysms ,IAs)的发生率为6.6%[ 3 ],正常人群为3.6% ~ 6%[4]。动脉瘤破裂可能导致脑出血,而溶栓药物如重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(RT - PA)可能导致继发性颅内出血(ICH)[ 5 ],由于潜在的出血并发症风险较高,故伴有动脉瘤的缺血性卒中病人需谨慎溶栓。长期以来,未破裂脑动脉瘤被认为是RT-PA的禁忌证[ 6-7 ],但最近有文献报道质疑这一说法[8-9 ]。心房颤动合并非破裂动脉瘤致急性脑梗死早期溶栓在临床上少见,现将我院最近收治的1例报道如下。

1 资 料

病人,男性,72岁,主因头晕7 h余入院,病人于2015年7月3日03:00时,无明显诱因于起身小便后出现有头晕不适,头晕发作与转颈及体位改变相关,行头颅核磁示双侧侧脑室后角旁、半卵圆中心多发陈旧性腔隙性脑梗死,为求诊治而入院,当日23:55病人于活动中突然出现意识丧失,小便失禁,右侧偏瘫,心电监护示血氧饱和度为99%,血压150/90 mmHg,心率150次/min。既往有高血压病史10余年,发现有阵发性心房颤动3余年,目前未规律服用药物治疗,2011年1月16日行头颅CTA发现动脉瘤。查体:神志浅昏迷,双眼向左侧凝视,右侧肢体肌力0级,肌张力减低,右侧巴氏征阳性,NIHSS评分19分。急查凝血系列示:血浆凝血酶原标准化比值(INR)1.29,心电图示:心房颤动,余化验未见异常,考虑心房颤动栓子脱落导致脑栓塞,立即给予肝素钠注射液5 000 IU静脉注射抗凝治疗,同时给予甘露醇250 mL静脉输注脱水。向病人家属说明病情、最佳的治疗方案以及可能出现的风险,家属要求快速溶栓治疗。于发病90 min后给予rt-PA7.2 mg静脉快速推注(1 min内),64.8 mg/1 h静脉输注,用药48 min后病人神志转为清楚,混合性失语,观察黏膜有出血,右上肢肌力Ⅲ级,右下肢肌力Ⅳ级,NIHSS评分11分,溶栓后24 h内复查头颅MRI提示左侧额叶、额顶叶脑梗死(急性期),左侧枕叶微出血灶,头颅MRA未见血管闭塞,缺血灶如图1所示。7月5日开始给予华法林1.5 mg,并根据INR调整华法林用量,至7月10日调整剂量为3 mg;同时给予奥拉西坦,依达拉奉等脑保护治疗,阿托伐他汀钙片调脂稳斑,美托洛尔控制心率,左旋氨氯地平片控制血压,甘油果糖和甘露醇交替脱水治疗,并动态监测心电图,凝血时间,7月7日因出现室性心律失常给予胺碘酮转复心率,至7月9日转为窦性心率。于7月19日复查凝血系列,示血浆凝血酶原标准化比率为1.83。病人症状逐渐改善,除言语欠流利,右手握力略差外,余神经系统功能正常。嘱病人出院后继续坚持口服华法林并注意复查凝血系列。

注:左侧头颅MRA示后交通动脉起始部的小动脉瘤,右侧头颅DWI示给予rt-PA静脉溶栓后与左侧大脑中动脉分布一致的左半球缺血灶。

2 讨 论

2.1 心房颤动致脑栓塞 脑栓塞是指血液中各种栓子随血流进入颅内动脉系统使血管腔急性阻塞引起相应供血区脑组织缺血坏死及脑功能障碍,由于其起病急骤,没有足够的时间建立侧支循环,所以通常栓塞性脑卒中病变范围大,颅内压增高症状突出,NIHSS评分高,而CCE是此类型卒中最常见的亚型。本病例即为心房颤动所致的CCE,该病人起病急骤,侧支循环未及时建立起来,所以临床症状重,NIHSS评分为19分,表现为偏瘫,急性意识丧失。病人既往有阵发性房颤和卒中病史,结合发病时心电图表现,诊断明确。对于神经功能缺损严重的病人,溶栓治疗是超早期急性脑梗死的关键。IST-3[10]研究结果表明,合并心房颤动病人接受rt-PA静脉溶栓后的获益不亚于未合并心房颤动者。尤寿江等[11]评估伴有心房颤动的急性缺血性卒中病人重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉溶栓的疗效及预后,得出结论:心房颤动病人行静脉溶栓的颅内出血及死亡风险高于非心房颤动病人,但心房颤动不是溶栓后死亡的独立危险因素,不增加症状性颅内出血风险,入院时NIHSS评分高、收缩压低可能是心房颤动病人静脉溶栓治疗预后不良及死亡的危险因素。故临床上对于符合时间窗的CCE病人,同样应积极给予静脉溶栓治疗。本病例病人虽然发病时NIHSS评分高达19分(意识水平3分,意识水平提问2分,意识水平指令2分,凝视2分,右侧肢体运动8分,语言2分),溶栓后出血转化的风险高,但是考虑到溶栓获益大,仍积极溶栓治疗,溶栓后病人神志好转,肢体肌力逐渐恢复,仅表现为鼻黏膜出血,头颅核磁示左侧枕叶微出血灶,其他部位未见出血灶。CCE复发率高,据统计10%~20%在10 d内复发,但很少超过3 d内复发。

EAFT等[12-14]一系列研究结果证实抗凝治疗可以有效预防卒中复发,基于此研究,2012 ESC 房颤管理指南[15],2014年AHA/ACC/HRS房颤管理指南[16],2014年ASA卒中/TIA二级预防指南[17]及2014年中国缺血性卒中和TIA二级预防指南[18]一致推荐卒中合并房颤病人二级预防中应遵循抗凝治疗为首选。何时启动抗凝治疗?理论上讲,尽早启动抗凝治疗预防卒中再发更有效,然而,这种可能的获益一定要与潜在的ICH风险相平衡,达到既能抗凝又可以降低出血风险,这一问题值得临床医师深思。2014年AHA/ASA卒中和TIA二级预防指南推荐[19],多数卒中/TIA合并房颤病人,口服抗凝剂启用时间为有明显神经症状后14 d内(Ⅱa,B)。本病例病人成功溶栓24 h后即开始给予华法林抗凝治疗,14 d后达到有效治疗剂量,并给予美托洛尔控制心率。

2.2 伴非破裂动脉瘤的急性缺血性脑卒中 静脉溶栓治疗AIS的有效性已得到公认[20],但RT - PA溶栓治疗增加颅内出血(ICH)的风险亦是不争的事实。接受静脉溶栓的AIS病人ICH 发生率为5.8% ~6.4%[21],未破裂的颅内动脉瘤可能会增加出血并发症[22]。早在1995年初,欧洲急性卒中研究(European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study,ECASS)[ 23 ]和美国国立神经疾病与卒中研究所(National Institude of Neurological Disorders and Strokes,NINDS)试验[ 24 ]没有把动脉瘤作为溶栓禁忌证;1999年,欧洲急性卒中研究Ⅱ(ECASS Ⅱ)提出存在动脉瘤破裂病史是静脉溶栓治疗的一个危险因素,但指南没有提及未破裂动脉瘤[ 25 ];2000年,STARS 研究[ 26 ]和NINDS使用同样的标准;1999年,PROACT Ⅱ[ 27 ]研究排除所有的瘤;1999年阿替普酶急性非介入溶栓治疗缺血性卒中研究(The Alteplase ThromboLysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke study,ATLANTIS)[28]和从2002到2006的脑卒中溶栓治疗中的安全实施研究(Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study,SITS-MOST)[ 29 ]明确列出“动脉瘤,动静脉畸形和肿瘤的历史”排除标准;2008年ECASS Ⅲ[30 ]列出其他增加出血风险的相关主要疾病,但“不纳入”动脉瘤和血管瘤,强调动脉瘤为溶栓治疗的一个危险因素;2013年[31]、2015年AHA/ASA急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓纳入和排除标准中列出颅内动脉瘤为禁忌[19 ]。然而,五项回顾性研究表明,脑卒中后静脉溶栓治疗伴或不伴颅内动脉瘤的病人症状性颅内出血无显著差异[ 32-36 ]。

颅内动脉瘤静脉溶栓导致ICH是一个很难估计的风险,但至少有一部分病人可能从RT - PA静脉溶栓获益。有研究表明动脉瘤在5 mm~9.9 mm不增加动脉瘤破裂的风险[37 ],且有资料显示接受RT - PA静脉溶栓的病人最大的动脉瘤直径约8 mm[ 32,35]或者9 mm[32]。2016年AHA/ASA指出[ 19 ]对伴有一个小或中等大小的(<10 mm)和可能有出血风险的颅内未破裂动脉瘤的AIS病人,RT - PA静脉溶栓是合理的和可能的推荐(Ⅱa;证据等级C)。本例病人未破裂颅内动脉瘤大小为3.3 mm,而且缺血灶位于左侧大脑半球,动脉瘤在后交通动脉起始部,缺血灶和动脉瘤不在同一供血动脉。病人给予静脉溶栓治疗后动脉瘤未出现破裂,表明综合考虑病灶大小、位置,结合病人基础条件,伴有动脉瘤的CCE行静脉溶栓治疗是可行的。

目前,对于CCE及伴有颅内动脉瘤的CCE早期溶栓治疗虽无指南明确推荐,但可视病人的基础条件及起病严重程度,动脉瘤的大小、位置以及出血转化风险的评估,RT - PA静脉溶栓治疗应作为部分病人的最佳治疗选择,从而使部分出血低风险的病人能从本治疗中获益。

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(本文编辑王雅洁)

1.山西医科大学(太原 030001);2.山西医科大学第一医院

牛争平,E-mail:nzp@105sina.com

R743 R255

C

10.3969/j.issn.1672-1349.2017.06.041

1672-1349(2017)06-0762-05

2016-12-06)

引用信息:苏文婷,牛争平.动脉瘤伴非瓣膜性心房颤动致急性脑梗死溶栓1例报道[J].中西医结合心脑血管病杂志,2017,15(6):762-766.

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