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人乳头状瘤病毒非性行为传播途径的研究现状

2017-03-01赖嘉希柯吴坚

护理研究 2017年19期
关键词:生殖器围产期性行为

赖嘉希,柯吴坚,刘 晗



人乳头状瘤病毒非性行为传播途径的研究现状

赖嘉希,柯吴坚,刘 晗

人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染是导致宫颈癌和尖锐湿疣的致病病原体。主要对HPV除性接触外的其他可能的传播途径如经手传播、围产期传播、血液传播、空气传播的研究现状进行综述,指出由于研究的样本量相对不大,仍需要进一步研究明确这些传播途径在HPV感染和发病中是否具有直接的相关性。

人乳头状瘤病毒;传播途径;非性行为传播;经手传播;围产期;血液传播;空气传播

人乳头状瘤病毒(human papillomaviruses,HPV)是一种小的DNA病毒,其基因组仅有大约8 000个碱基对[1-2]。HPV感染宿主,主要通过上皮组织微擦伤[3-4]使病毒体与HPV受体(如α整合素和层黏连蛋白)结合,从而使病毒颗粒通过网格蛋白介导和/或小窝蛋白(根据不同类型的HPV)介导的胞吞作用进入上皮细胞的基底层[5]。此时,病毒基因组被输送到细胞核并在细胞中进行复制,从而随着宿主角质形成细胞的分化形成一个复杂的转录级联,并严格遵循宿主角质形成细胞的分化程序的生命周期[6-8]。已知有120多种HPV类型,其中51个类型和3个亚型感染生殖器黏膜[9],有15种被列为高风险型(HPV16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59,68,73,82),3种被列为可能的高风险型(HPV26,53,66),12种被列为低风险型(HPV6,11,40,42,43,44,54,61,70,72,81和CP6108)[10]。HPV主要通过性接触传播[11-12],本研究主要对除常见HPV感染途径外其他可能的传播方式进行综述,现报道如下。

1 经手传播

多项研究显示HPV可通过感染者及其性伴的手传播[13-14]。Hernandez等[15]对25对异性恋且一夫一妻制夫妇的生殖器和优势手进行随访,每隔1个月检测HPV 1次,平均随访7.5个月。研究发现有2对夫妇中出现男性生殖器高危型HPV传染到女性的优势手,2个妻子优势手的HPV传染到丈夫的生殖器,1个妻子生殖器HPV传染到丈夫的优势手,各有2个丈夫和妻子自己生殖器的HPV传染到自己的手。因此,该研究认为HPV的自身或性伴接种可能在HPV感染过程中扮演着重要角色。Winslow等[16]研究同样认为男性如果其生殖器感染高危型HPV,则超过一半的人指尖可检测出HPV。Winer等[17]研究显示性活跃的女性指尖HPV阳性率为14%,而无性接触的手似乎在HPV传播中很少发挥作用[18]。Winer等[17]研究对14位无性行为女性的指尖进行HPV检测,均未检测出HPV。另一份报告同样显示,无任何性行为的女性仅1%(1/76)手指可检测出HPV,如果有手与生殖器接触史但无阴道插入性行为的女性约10%(7/72)的HPV呈阳性[19]。

2 围产期传播

虽然母亲在分娩中可通过产道将HPV传染给新生儿,但是新生儿却罕见出现HPV相关临床症状或体征[20]。目前已经证实HPV具有能够隐藏宿主几十年而不发病的特点,因此缺乏显性的临床表现并不能排除无症状HPV潜伏感染。HPV6和HVP11型的围产期传播可导致幼年发病性复发性呼吸道乳头瘤病(juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis,JORRP)的发生[21]。JORRP非常罕见,在美国每10万名儿童约出现2例JORRP[22]。虽然JORRP发生率在分娩时患有尖锐湿疣的女人中相对较高,但总感染JORRP的风险仍然小于1%[23]。

3 血液传播

尽管传统观念一直认为HPV不经由血液传播,因为它只感染皮肤和黏膜组织,但最近的研究却对这个观念提出质疑[24]。由于在宫颈癌病人的血液中可以检测到HPV DNA[25];因此,Bodaghi等[26]为证实HPV可通过血液传播,对57例经母婴或输血感染HIV的无性行为儿童的冷冻血液样本进行HPV研究,发现14.0%(8/57)的血液中可检测出高危型HPV16,由此研究者认为HPV有可能经输血传播。同样,Chen等[27]对保存在澳大利亚红十字会的180名健康男性血液样品进行HPV检测,发现8.3%(15/180)的血液可检测出一种或多种HPV型。然而,值得注意的是从血液中检测到HPV DNA的存在与检测到病毒本身不同。此外,存留在病人血液中的病毒是否仍然具有传染性也是未知的。因此,血液中的HPV是否具有传染性仍有待进一步确定。

4 空气传播

研究已经证实通过电灼或激光烧蚀尖锐湿疣产生的含HPV病毒颗粒气雾具有传染性[28]。HPV病毒颗粒可导致医务人员感染,挪威的一位44岁的外科医生因采用激光消融治疗巨大生殖器尖锐湿疣后,由于吸入含HPV气雾而出现喉乳头状瘤[29-30];因此,外科医生(包括手术室内其他工作人员)在进行尖锐湿疣电灼或激光治疗过程中需要做好防护措施(如配备吸烟机),避免感染HPV。

5 小结

HPV感染的主要传播途径为性接触,而非性接触的HPV传播途径(如手、围产期、血液、空气等)由于研究的样本量相对不大,因此仍需要进一步研究明确这些传播途径在HPV的感染和发病中是否具有直接的相关性,从而有利于指导临床防控HPV感染。

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(本文编辑李亚琴)

Research status quo of non-sexual transmission of human papillomaviruses

Lai Jiaxi,Ke Wujian,Liu Han

(Guangdong Provincial Dermatology Hospital,Guangdong 510009 China)

赖嘉希,护师,本科,单位:510009,广东省皮肤病医院;柯吴坚、刘晗(通讯作者)单位:510009,广东省皮肤病医院。

信息 赖嘉希,柯吴坚,刘晗.人乳头状瘤病毒非性行为传播途径的研究现状[J].护理研究,2017,31(19):2319-2320.

R473.51

A

10.3969/j.issn.1009-6493.2017.19.006

1009-6493(2017)19-2319-02

2016-05-18;

2017-06-15)

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