Meta分析保乳术后三维适形与调强技术剂量学比较
2016-09-07崔芹玲郭根燕陈延治赵玉霞
崔芹玲 孙 岩 钟 文 郭根燕 陈延治 赵玉霞
(中国医科大学附属第四医院放疗科 沈阳 110032)
Meta分析保乳术后三维适形与调强技术剂量学比较
崔芹玲 孙 岩 钟 文 郭根燕 陈延治 赵玉霞
(中国医科大学附属第四医院放疗科 沈阳 110032)
探讨调强放疗 (Intensity-modulated radiotherapy, IMRT) 在早期乳腺癌放疗中的剂量学优势,以期得到有价值的循证医学证据以指导临床应用。使用计算机检索 PubMed、EMbase、Sciencedirect、中国知网、维普、万方数据库,同时辅助其它检索,收集关于早期乳腺癌保乳术后三维适形技术(Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, 3D-CRT)与IMRT剂量学比较的文献,应用RevM an 5.2.0软件对满足条件的15项(263例患者)数据进行 Meta分析。结果表明,与 3D-CRT相比,IMRT显著降低了患侧肺 V20(p=0.004)、V30(p=0.008)、V40(p=0.000 8)、Dmax(p=0.001)和心脏 V30(p=0.002)、V40(p=0.000 01);降低了计划靶区 Dmax(p<0.000 01);对V95(p=0.05)、V105(p<0.000 1)、V110(p<0.000 01)覆盖更好;均匀指数HI及适形指数CI也较好,p=0.02;但却增加了患侧肺V5(p=0.000 5)、V10(p=0.05),心脏V5(p<0.000 1)、V10(p=0.000 7),健侧肺V5(p=0.002)、Dmen(p=0.000 4)和健侧乳腺V3(p=0.000 6)。计划靶区V100、Dmean、Dmin、患侧肺Dmean、心脏V20、Dmax、Dmean、健侧乳腺Dmean,IMRT与3D-CRT相似,差异不显著。结果提示,在早期乳腺癌保乳术后放疗中,IMRT对靶区覆盖好且剂量分布均匀,并可以减少高剂量照射区正常组织的剂量,保护正常组织,但却增加了低剂量照射区组织的剂量。
早期乳腺癌,放射治疗,三维适形放射治疗,调强放射治疗,M eta分析
CLC R730.55, TL99
乳腺癌保乳术后放疗不仅能达到与根治术一样的效果,而且因为保留了乳房,外观及美容均效果优于根治术[1],已成为早期乳腺癌标准治疗模式,并在临床上得到广泛的应用[2]。保乳术后三维适形放疗(Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, 3DCRT)与调强放疗(Intensity-modulated radiotherapy,IMRT) 已成为常用技术,并取得了可观的疗效[3-4]。有许多学者进行了早期乳腺癌保乳术后不同放疗技术靶区覆盖及危及器官剂量学比较的研究,然而结果不一。本研究针对早期乳腺癌保乳术后三维适形与调强放疗技术在靶区覆盖及危及器官的剂量学比较进行 Meta分析,以期得到有价值的循证医学证据指导临床应用。
1 材料与方法
1.1文献检索
运用计算机检索,中文以“乳腺癌”、“乳腺肿瘤”、“乳房癌”、“乳癌”、“放疗”、“放射治疗”、“三维适形放疗”、“调强放疗”为关键词,检索中国知网(CNKI)、维普、万方数据库;英文以“Breast Cancer”、“Mammary cancer”、“Mastocarcinoma”、“Radiotherapy”、“3D-CRT”、“IMRT”为关键词,检索 PubMed、EMbase、Sciencedirect数据库。同时对检索到的文献的参考文献辅以人工追踪检索。末次检索时间2015年7月9日。
1.2文献纳入标准
选用早期乳腺癌保乳术后3D-CRT与IMRT剂量学比较的研究文献,语种不限。患者均为单侧患病;靶区不包括腋窝或锁骨上淋巴结区;为每位患者均分别设计3D-CRT与IMRT两种计划;全乳放疗;患者均采取仰卧的治疗体位。文献中有明确且完整的剂量学数据;针对同一单位并且时间相近的研究,选取最近且数据完整的文献。纳入的文献全部为公开发表的全文文献,所有数据均从原文中获得。而对于患者术式为根治术;靶区包括腋窝或锁骨上淋巴结区;部分乳腺放疗;相关剂量学数据不详细的文献;系统分析及综述则排除不取。
1.3观察比较指标
比较的指标包括计划靶区(Planning target volume, PTV)接受处方剂量的95%、100%、105%、110%剂量线所包括的体积百分比V95、V100、V105、V110,PTV适形指数CI和均匀指数HI,PTV最大剂量Dmax、最小剂量Dmin及平均剂量Dmean;患侧肺受照剂量体积百分比V5、V10、V20、V30、V40、最大剂量 Dmax和平均剂量Dmean;心脏受照射剂量体积百分比 V5、V10、V20、V30、V40、最大剂量 Dmax和平均剂量Dmean;健侧肺V5和平均剂量Dmean;健侧乳腺V3和平均剂量Dmean。
1.4资料提取和质量评估
由两位经验丰富的研究者独立对检索到的文献按照纳入以及排除标准进行资料选择、数据提取以及质量评估,并交叉核对。分歧通过讨论解决,必要时由第三位研究人员参与解决。文献质量评估依据Cochrane手册5.2.0随机对照试验的6条标准进行[5-6]:(1)随机分配方法;(2)分配方案是否隐藏;(3)是否采用盲法;(4)结果数据的完整性;(5)是否选择性报告研究结果;(6)其他偏倚来源。
其次,有利于企业开展战略成本控制。成本控制的前提是对建设工程开始前进行成本管理的战略制定。先从整体上规划和布局建设工程各方面的项目内容、竣工时间、合同造价、项目成本、等方面进行科学合理的管理[2]。有利于提高企业成本核算的精度,提高成本控制的技术水平。成本控制是成本管理的核心计划,也是建设工程管理的核心。有利于施工企业提升收益,扩大建设市场的竞争力和市场份额的增加。使企业一步步向最终的战略目标前进。
1.5统计学处理
各纳入研究的测量指标均为计量资料,采用均差(MD)和95%可信区间(95% CI)为效应量,采用Cochrane协作网提供的 RevMan 5.2.0软件进行统计学处理。各纳入研究数据间的异质性采用χ2检验。若各研究间无统计学异质性(p>0.1, I2<50%),则采用固定效应模型对各研究进行 Meta分析;若各研究间存在统计学异质性(p<0.1, I2>50%),则采用随机效应模型。使用RevMan 5.2.0绘制倒漏斗图,检测发表偏倚。所有数据均为双侧检验,p<0.05认为有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1文献纳入结果及各纳入文献的特征
初次检索得到1 827篇相关文献,阅读文献标题和摘要后初步纳入220篇文献,进一步阅读全文后纳入15篇符合要求的文献(图1),总样本病例为263例,其中左侧乳腺癌病例为204例。纳入研究的基本特征详见表1。
表1 各纳入研究的基本特征Table 1 Basic characteristics of included studies
纳入的文献中有8篇随机选取样本,1篇意向性选取样本,6篇未提及选取方法,研究中每位患者均设计了两种治疗方法。未对3D-CRT照射野进行限制,IMRT主要选取逆向调强放疗。15篇文献的倒漏斗图显示两侧分布基本对称,无明显发表偏倚(图2)。
2.2M eta分析结果
2.2.1PTV剂量学比较
IMRT的PTV剂量分布HI、CI、V95、V105、V110、Dmax明显优于3D-CRT (p<0.05),表明IMRT在确保处方剂量的前提下保证了靶区内剂量分布的均匀性及适形性,且可以降低“热点(Dmax)”。而对于V100、Dmin、Dmean,二者差异不显著。详见表2。
2.2.2危及器官的剂量分布比较
与3D-CRT相比,IMRT降低了心脏V30、V40、患侧肺V20、V30、V40、Dmax,p <0.05,但却增加了心脏和患侧肺的V5、V10、健侧肺V5、Dmean及健侧乳腺V3,p<0.05,表明IMRT降低了高剂量照射区域的剂量,但同时增加了低剂量照射区域的剂量。而对于心脏V20、Dmax、Dmean、患侧肺Dmean及健侧乳腺Dmean,二者差异不显著。详见表2。
表2 IMRT与3D-CRT的meta分析结果汇总Tab le 2 Resu lt of meta-analysis for IMRT and 3D-CRT p lans
3 讨论
全世界每年约有150万妇女罹患乳腺癌,50万人死于乳腺癌[22],且发病年龄日趋年轻化,患者对治疗效果、生活质量、长期预后及外观美容效果的要求越来越高。因此,早期手术联合放疗的综合治疗方式成为乳腺癌的标准治疗模式[2]。
本研究对这两种乳腺癌保乳术后放疗技术靶区剂量分布参数的差异进行 Meta分析,结果显示,IMRT在 PTV剂量分布 HI、CI、V95、V105、V110和“热点(Dmax)”的控制上均优于 3D-CRT,说明IMRT在确保处方剂量的前提下也保证了靶区剂量的均匀性和适形性,且可以降低高剂量照射区域的剂量,这与孙彦泽等[23]的研究结果一致。
对于患侧肺V20、V30、V40和心脏V30、V40,IMRT均低于 3D-CRT,差异有统计学意义,而对患侧肺V5、V10和心脏V5、V10,IMRT高于3D-CRT,差异具有统计学意义。在临床应用中,肺V20[24]、V10[25]及V5[26]是放射性肺炎的预测因子,若放射治疗计划中降低了肺V20、V10及V5,对于预防和减少放射性肺炎的发生有重要的临床意义,本研究中IMRT可以降低患侧肺V20,却增加了肺V10及V5,说明调强放疗在减少高剂量照射区域剂量的同时,是否能预防和减少放射性肺炎的发生还需更多的研究来证实。Hurkmans等[27]对左侧乳腺癌患者的研究显示:与3D-CRT相比,IMRT可以使左侧乳腺癌患者晚期心脏毒性的并发症概率降低50%,表明调强技术对正常组织的保护比三维适形技术要好,本研究也证实了这个结果。对于IMRT可以减少高剂量照射区剂量却可以增加低剂量照射区剂量,如对侧肺V5、Dmean和对侧乳腺V3,究其原因,可能是因为调强放射治疗技术利用多叶光栅将每一个照射野分割成多个细小的野,多次多个子野照射,造成散射线和漏射线增多的关系。
IMRT是目前放疗的高级发展阶段,其按照靶区的三维形状及与相关危及器官之间的解剖关系,对这些线束分配以不同的权重,使同一个照射野内产生优化的、不均匀的强度分布,以便使通过危及器官的束流通量减少,而靶区其他部分的束流通量增大,在治疗肿瘤的同时保护周围正常组织,且靶区内剂量分布均匀、强度可调,可很好的克服3D-CRT剂量分布不均匀、设计照射野困难等问题,特别是对于位置较深、形状不规则或与周围重要正常组织器官联系紧密的肿瘤更有利。有报道称当低剂量(<6 Gy)[28-29]射线照射到正常组织时致癌风险最高,然而放射治疗致癌性好像有剂量界值,放射性肉瘤常发生在高剂量 (30~60 Gy),而放射性癌症常发生在低剂量[30-31]。说明放疗在治愈目标肿瘤的同时,可能增加二次肿瘤的发生率。Grantzau等[32]收集了762 468例乳腺癌患者放疗后至少5 a随访的数据进行 Meta分析,结果显示,乳腺癌放疗与除乳腺外的二次肿瘤有关。而调强技术是否会增加低剂量照射区域的二次肿瘤发生率则鲜有文献报道。
本研究纳入研究的数量以及来源有限,可能会对结果产生一定的影响;另外,本文未对纳入研究中三维适形技术的照射野数量加以限制,可能造成一些纰漏。综上所述:对于早期乳腺癌保乳术后放疗,与三维适形技术相比,调强技术在确保处方剂量的前提下保证了靶区内剂量分布的均匀性及适形性,且可以降低高剂量照射区剂量,减少辐射损伤,保护邻近的正常器官。但对于低剂量照射区域的二次肿瘤发生率及患者生存质量与预后的改善,还需更多临床研究来验证。
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Meta-analysis of dosimetric com parision between three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for breast cancer with conserving surgery
CUI Qinling SUN Yan ZHONG Wen GUO Genyan CHEN Yanzhi ZHAO Yuxia
(Department of Radiation Oncology of Cancer Center, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China)
The aim was to evaluate the dosimetry superiority of IMRT (Intensity-modulated radiotherapy) in early-stage breast cancer with conserving surgery and provide more valuable evidences to the clinical researches. Clinical trials of dosimetric com parision between 3D-CRT and IMRT for early-stage breast cancer with conserving surgery were obtained from PubMed, EMbase, Sciencedirect, Wei pu, CNKI (China national know ledgeInfrastructure), and Wanfang databases, which were evaluated and analyzed with the Cochrane Collaboration's RevMan 5.2.0 software. Fifteen samples were included. Compared with 3D-CRT plans, IMRT plans had a lower ipsilateral lung V20(p=0.004), V30(p=0.008), V40(p=0.000 8), Dmax(p=0.001) and heart V30(p=0.002), V40(p<0.000 01),while had a higher ipsilateral lung V5(p=0.000 5), V10(p=0.05) and heart V5(p<0.000 1), V10(p=0.000 7). IMRT plans provided a significantly better coverage of the PTV V95(p=0.05), V105(p<0.000 1), V110(p<0.000 01) and maximal dose (p<0.000 01). IMRT plans had a better dose homogeneity index and conformity index than 3D-CRT plans, both with p=0.02, but had a higher contralateral lung V5(p=0.002), Dmax(p=0.000 4) and contralateral breast V3(p=0.000 6). There was no significant difference between IMRT and 3D-CRT plans for V100, mean and minimal doses of PTV,ipsilateral lung mean dose, heart V20, maximum, mean dose, and contralateral mean dose, all p>0.05. Compared with 3D-CRT plans, IMRT plans had the dosimetry superiority for early-stage breast cancer with significantly better coverage and dose homogeneity of planning target volume while maintaining lower doses to high risk organs.
CUI Qinling (female) was born in February 1987 and graduated from Hebei University in 2014. Now she is a master candidate in Department of Radiation Oncology of Cancer Center, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. E-mail: cuiql0313@163.com
14 January 2016; accepted 6 March 2016
Breast cancer, Radiotherapy, Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), Meta-analysis
Ph.D. ZHAO Yuxia, professor, E-mail: zyx_yd@163.com
R730.55, TL99
10.11889/j.1000-3436.2016.rrj.34.030201
辽宁省医院改革重点临床科室诊疗能力建设项目(NCCC-B08-2014)资助
崔芹玲,女,1987年2月出生,2014年毕业于河北大学,现为中国医科大学肿瘤放射治疗学专业在读硕士研究生,E-mail: cuiql0313@163.com
赵玉霞,博士,教授,E-mail: zyx_yd@163.com
初稿2016-01-14;修回2016-03-06
Supported by the Key Program of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Hospital Reform in Liaoning Province (NCCC-B08-2014)