金黄色葡萄球菌耐消毒剂基因的检测
2016-08-08吴建国黄余清刘成伟黄文祥
吴建国, 黄余清, 严 明, 刘成伟, 黄文祥, 贾 蓓
金黄色葡萄球菌耐消毒剂基因的检测
吴建国1, 黄余清1, 严明2, 刘成伟2, 黄文祥2, 贾 蓓2
摘要:目的 对金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡萄)的耐消毒剂基因qacA/B进行检测分析。方法 收集重庆市奉节县人民医院2014年1—12月住院患者中分离的金葡菌51株,采用药敏试验、PCR技术进行mecA和qacA/B检测,筛选出的携带有qacA/B基因的金葡菌进行spa分型,并分析相应的临床情况和对16种抗菌药物的耐药模式。结果 金葡菌中mecA和qacA/ B检测率分别为21.6%(11/51)和13.7%(7/51);耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA)菌株中qacA/B阳性率为54.5%(6/11),甲氧西林敏感金葡菌(MSSA)菌株中qacA/B阳性率为2.5%(1/40),阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。7株qacA/B经spa分型发现4个型,分别为t037、t091、t932、t895,其中t037有4株来源于儿科病房,其余菌株各1株,以t037型别为主。结论 该院分离出携带耐消毒剂qacA/B基因的金葡菌,MRSA携带率明显高于MSSA,并且可能至少存在1个来自院内的克隆株在儿科病房流行。
关键词:金黄色葡萄球菌; 耐消毒剂基因; qacA/B; mecA; spa分型
金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)是医院感染的重要病原菌之一,尤其是耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA),因其严重的多重耐药,而引起当今世界范围内的广泛关注。由于消毒剂大量使用,导致细菌对消毒剂的敏感性下降[1-2]。与抗菌药物耐药菌株一样,抗消毒剂菌株的出现可能导致医院消毒的失败,可能引起医院内耐药菌如MRSA感染的流行和传播。金葡菌耐消毒剂基因的种类至少有12种如(qacA~qacJ, smr, 及norA)[3-8],对消毒剂的耐药与细菌携带qacA/B密切相关,尤其在MRSA菌株中广泛流行[9-12]。奉节县人民医院为地处重庆市偏远山区的县级二甲医院,本研究通过对我院2014 年1—12月分离的51株金葡菌进行mecA和耐消毒剂qacA/B基因的检测,并进行spa分型和耐药模式分析,以了解该基因在我院MRSA和金葡菌甲氧西林敏感株(MSSA)中的流行情况,有利于对金葡菌所致医院感染的控制。
1 材料与方法
1.1材料
收集奉节县人民医院2014年1—12月临床各科室分离的金葡菌51株,标本分别来自于痰液、伤口分泌物、脓液、血液等。使用法国生物梅里埃公司生产的葡萄球菌和微球菌鉴定系统API STAPH,以及乳胶凝集法快速检测金葡菌试剂Slidex Staph Plus对所收集的菌株进行鉴定。质控菌株为金葡菌ATCC25923、ATCC29213、ATCC43300,qacA/B阳性菌株TS77。
1.2方法
1.2.1 药敏试验 药敏试验采用纸片法或稀释法测定MIC,以2014年CLSI[13]评判标准,检测51株细菌对16种抗菌药物以及4种消毒剂的药敏。
1.2.2 细菌DNA提取及模板制备 取MH平皿上新鲜过夜单个菌落2~3个,混悬于浓度为10 g/ mL溶菌酶的50 μL灭菌TE液中 (pH=8.0),37℃水浴1 h,100℃煮沸10 min,14 000 r/min离心10 min后取上清液即含细菌DNA。
1.2.3 mecA基因扩增 mecA引物参照JONAS等[14]设计,上游引物 P1:5'-AAAAT-CGATGGTAAAGGTTGGG-3'(22 bp);下游引物P2:5'-AGTTCTGCAGTACCG GATTTGC-3'(22 bp)。PCR反应体系(50 μL):10×PCR反应缓冲液5 μL,MgCl23 μL,dNTP4 μL,DNA模板2 μL,Taq酶0.5 μL,灭菌蒸馏水加至50 μL。PCR反应条件:94 ℃预变性2 min,94 ℃变性30 s,50 ℃退火45 s,72 ℃延伸60 s,进行30次循环,最后延伸10 min,反应结束后,将PCR产物于4 ℃保存。取5 μL PCR反应产物样品在1.5%琼脂糖凝胶中电泳,紫外凝胶电泳成像并保存。PCR扩增产物由上海生工生物工程有限公司测序,将结果与GenBank中提供的序列进行比对。
1.2.4 qacA/B基因扩增 qacA引物根据Pubmed基因库中公布的基因序列用primer 5.0设计:上游引物 P1:5'-GCTGCATTTATGACAATGTT-TG-3' (22 bp);下游引物P2:5'-AATCCCACCTACTAAAGCAG-3'(20 bp)。
1.2.5 spa分型 对16株qacA阳性的金葡菌进行spa分型,spa分型引物参照参考文献[15-16]:上游引物 P1:5'-GACGATCCTTCAGTGAGCAAAG-3’(22 bp);下游引物P2:5'-GCAGCAATTTTGTCGGCAGTAG -3'(20 bp)。10×PCR反应缓冲液5 μL,MgCl23 μL,dNTP 4 μL,DNA模板2 μL,Taq酶0.5 μL,灭菌蒸馏水加至50 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性4 min,95 ℃变性30 s,60 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸45 s,共30次循环,然后72 ℃延伸10 min, 4 ℃保存。取5 μLPCR反应产物样品加入1.5%琼脂糖凝胶加样孔中,在1×TBE中,电压110 V,时间25 min,紫外凝胶电泳成像并保存。PCR扩增产物由上海生工生物工程有限公司测序。测序结果的重复编码判读参照文献[17],并通过spa分型的数据库(http:// www.ridom.de/spaserver)进行分型。
2 结果
2.1基因的检测
表明mecA的携带率为21.6%(11/51),部分检测结果见图1。
2.2 MIC测定
图1 mecA基因电泳图Figure 1 Electrophoretogram of the PCR products for mecA gene
7株携带有qacA/B基因的金葡菌和参考菌株对4种常用消毒剂和头孢西丁的药敏试验见表1。
2.3基因在金葡菌中的检出率
金葡菌中qacA/B检测阳性率为13.7%(7/51);MRSA菌株中qacA/B阳性率为54.5%(6/11),MSSA菌株中qacA/B阳性率为2.5%(1/40),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在7株qacA/B阳性菌株中6株为MRSA,1株为MSSA,阳性率差异有统计学意义(Fisher精确概率法,P<0.05),见图2。
2.4spa 分型
7株携带有qacA/B的金葡菌的spa分型电泳图见图3。如表2所示,可见spa基因重复序列数为6~10个。将测序结果提交spa重复序列的数据库进行比对,分别定为t037、t091、t932、t895,其中t037有4株,其余菌株各1株,以t037型别为主,占的4/7。
2.5细菌分布
分析了7株携带qacA/B基因金葡菌患者的临床资料显示,感染均来自于医院内,科室分布以儿科为主,标本来源为痰,呼吸道感染传播为主,见表3。
2.6耐药模式
7株qacA/B阳性菌株对16种常用抗金葡菌药物的耐药表型进行分型,其中507、509、511和520均为A型,534、551和557分别为B、C、D 型。A型的菌株表现为对氨苄西林-舒巴坦、氯霉素、环丙沙星、红霉素、磷霉素、夫西地酸、庆大霉素、亚胺培南、莫西沙星、四环素耐药,对利奈唑胺、利福平、替考拉宁和奎奴普丁-达福普汀敏感,B型则除了对氯霉素、红霉素和四环素耐药外对其他检测抗菌药物均敏感,而C型和D型除了对磷霉素和莫西沙星敏感性不一致外其余都耐药[10],见表4。
表1 7株qacA/B阳性株和参考菌株mecA检出率及对4种消毒剂及头孢西丁的MICTable 1 The susceptibility of 7 qacA-positive S. aureus strains and 2 reference strains to 4 disinfectants and cefoxitin in terms of minimum inhibitory concentrations and mecA status
图2 qacA/B基因检测电泳图Figure 2 Electrophoretogram of the PCR products for qacA/B gene M, marker; Lane 1-4, Lane5-7: 507, 509, 511, 520, 534, 541, 557 test strains. Lane 8: TS77, qacA/B-positive strain; Lane 9: negative stain.
图3 spa分型电泳图Figure 3 Electrophoresis for spa typing of S. aureus strains M, marker; Lane 1-7: 507, 509, 511, 520, 534, 541, 557 test strains.
表2 7株qacA/B阳性细菌SPA重复序列的特征及分型Table 2 Spa typing of the 7 strains of qacA/B-positive S. aureus based on the features of spa repetitive sequences
表3 qacA/B阳性的金葡菌临床资料Table 3 Clinical details of the qacA/B-positive S. aureus strains
表4 qacA/B阳性金葡菌对常用抗菌药物耐药模式Table 4 Resistant pattern of qacA/B-positive S. aureus strains to commonly used antimicrobial agents
3 讨论
mecA基因的检出是确证MRSA的金标准,研究结果显示mecA基因的检出率与金葡菌对头孢西丁的耐药率是一致的,药敏结果提示7株携带有qacA/B基因的金葡菌6株为mecA基因阳性菌株,消毒防腐剂类对带有qacA/B基因菌株的MIC均高于未携带该基因菌株,菌号557未检测出mecA基因,尽管消毒剂对该菌的MIC低于mecA阳性菌株,但也明显高于阴性对照菌株,表明MSSA也可携带耐消毒剂基因,提示可能增加社区金葡菌感染的传播。
我院的qacA/B检出率明显高于WEI等[18]报道的qacA/B的检测率9.1%,MRSA中qacA/B的检出率为17.1%,2006年黄支密等[19]首次报道国内MRSA菌株检出qacA/B基因,其后国内其他地区报道的检出率为38%~92%[20],本研究与日本及2001年欧洲报道的qacA/B在MRSA的检出率44%~63%大致相当[12,21], MIYAZAKI等[22]2007报道MRSA中qacA/B的检出率达到80%,巴西3所医院收集的74株MRSA中qacA/ B检出率为80%[22],这些检出率的差异可能与地域不同,用药的频次、习惯及收集标本的多少有关;MRSA 中qacA/B基因的阳性检出率高,目前已经从MRSA菌株中检出多种消毒剂耐药基因(qacA/B及qacC/D家族),这可能是qacA/B等消毒剂耐药基因多位于多重耐药基因位点上,故导致MRSA对某些消毒剂的耐药性与对抗菌药物的耐药性的关联性,我们的药敏实验中也可看到MRSA菌株的耐消毒剂水平也更高于MSSA菌株,更有利于耐药菌的生存与传播,因此应当高度重视并调查耐消毒剂基因在MRSA中的传播,以降低医院感染的发生。
spa分型显示,国外MRSA主要以t001、t002为主,国内其他地区发现有t030及t037流行[23],此次我们的研究中并未发现新的spa分型菌株,本研究对象是携带耐消毒剂基因的MRSA,但也与国内流行趋势一致,另外也说明spa分型存在很强的地域性,有助于不同地区实验室的比较。临床资料结合spa分型可以看到我院儿科可能存在医院携带有qacA/B MRSA克隆株的流行。
本研究的不足之处主要为我院存在临床标本送检率及检出率不高,因此1年时间仅收集51株,样本量小,统计结果可能出现偏倚。
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2.重庆医科大学附属第一医院感染科,重庆市传染病寄生虫病学重点实验室。
中图分类号:R378.11
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1009-7708(2016)03-0340-06
DOI:10.16718/j.1009-7708.2016.03.016
收稿日期:2015-06-15 修回日期:2015-08-15
基金项目:重庆市卫生计生委医学科研面上项目(2013-2-286)。
作者简介:1.重庆市奉节县人民医院感染科,重庆 404600; 吴建国(1973—),男,副主任医师,主要从事细菌耐药性分析及致病机制研究。
通信作者:贾蓓,E-mail:beijia2008@yeah.net。
Detection of disinfectant-resistant gene in Staphylococcus aureus
WU Jianguo, HUANG Yuqing, YAN Ming, LIU Chengwei, HUANG Wenxiang, JIA Bei. (Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Fengjie County People's Hospital, Chongqing 404600, China)
Abstract:Objective To detect the disinfectant-resistant gene qacA/B in the strains of Staphylococcous aureus isolated from January 2014 to December 2014. Methods Fifty-one isolates were collected. PCR assay was used to detect mecA gene and qacA/ B gene in the isolates followed by Staphylococcus protein A (spa) typing. Antimicrobial-resistant phenotypic typing was conducted to analyze the homology of these qacA/B positive strains. The clinical information of the patients from whom the strains were isolated was collected to further understand the clinical background of qacA/B-carrying S. aureus. Results The prevalence of mecA and qacA/B genes was 21.6% (11/51) and 13.7% (7/51), respectively in the strains. The prevalence of qacA/B gene in the methicillinresistant S. aureus strains (54.5%, 6/11) was signifcantly higher than that in the methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strains (2.50%, 1/40). The prevalence of mecA gene in qacA/B gene positive strains (6/7) was signifcantly higher than that in qacA/B gene negative strains (1/7). These qacA/B positive strains were classifed into 4 spa types (t037, t091, t932 and t895). The main type was t037 (4/7), which was from the pediatric ward. Conclusions The prevalence of qacA/B gene is low in the S. aureus strains. However, the prevalence of this gene in methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains is far higher than that in methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. spa type t037 may be a prevalent clone in pediatric ward.
Key words:Staphylococcus aureus; disinfectant-resistant gene; qacA/B; mecA; spa typing