盐酸羟考酮在糖尿病患者经鼻插管健忘镇痛慢诱导中的应用
2016-03-13李海春刘亚辉史视明吴家剑
李海春,赵 蕊,刘亚辉,史视明,庞 娜,袁 丽,马 跃,吴家剑,刘 飞
·临床医学·
盐酸羟考酮在糖尿病患者经鼻插管健忘镇痛慢诱导中的应用
李海春1,赵 蕊2,刘亚辉3,史视明4,庞 娜2,袁 丽2,马 跃2,吴家剑2,刘 飞2
目的:观察静脉注射0.1 mg/kg盐酸羟考酮用于糖尿病患者慢诱导经鼻气管插管对血流动力学、应激反应的影响。方法:随机选择80例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级且年龄38~60岁的糖尿病患者,随机双盲分为盐酸羟考酮组(O组)40例和芬太尼组(F组)40例。O组盐酸羟考酮0.1 mg/kg静脉注射;F组枸橼酸芬太尼1 μg/kg静脉注射。测定2组入室(T0)和气管导管过鼻后孔 (T1)、插管即刻 (T2)、插管后3 min (T3) 、插管后10 min (T4)的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)和各时点的肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素。结果:SBP水平,与术前比较,2组在术中(T1和T2)上升(P<0.05),术后(T3和T4)下降(P<0.05);2组比较,F组在术中升高幅度高于O组(P<0.05);DBP 水平,O组在术中变化不明显(P>0.05),术后有所下降(P<0.05),F组术中上升(P<0.05),术后下降(P<0.05);2组HR均出现术中上升(P<0.05),术后下降的现象(P<0.05),但F组HR升高幅度大于O组(P<0.05);比较不同时间点的肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素水平,2组均表现为T2时间点后上升趋势(P<0.05),且F组上升幅度高于O组(P<0.05~P<0.01)。结论:0.1 mg/kg盐酸羟考酮用于糖尿病患者健忘镇痛慢诱导气管插管中,维持了血流动力学稳定,显著抑制了机体应激反应,增加了2型糖尿病患者非心脏手术围术期安全性。
糖尿病;盐酸羟考酮;慢诱导;血流动力学;应激反应
盐酸羟考酮是一种半合成蒂巴因衍生物,其镇痛作用强于吗啡和可待因[1]。慢诱导经鼻气管插管是临床解决困难气道的方法之一。2型糖尿病引起持续活化的血小板导致了动脉粥样硬化;其导致的氧化应激反应增加了心血管并发症[2]及非心脏相关手术围术期血流动力学并发症的发生率[3]。气管插管期间维持循环及内环境的稳定能降低麻醉期间心律失常、血栓、中枢神经系统损害的发生率。本研究旨在观察盐酸羟考酮用于糖尿病患者健忘镇痛慢诱导经鼻气管插管临床效果。现作报道。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 随机选择2014年11月至2015年4月在我院就诊的糖尿病患者,美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiology,ASA)Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,年龄38~60岁,择期行悬雍垂腭咽成形术患者25例、舌颌颈联合根治术患者25例、颌骨骨折复位固定术患者30例。其中体质量指数>31者15例、睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(sleep apnea hypopnea inde-x,AHI)为25~60者22例、Mallampati分级Ⅲ~Ⅳ者11例、张口度小于一指者27例。男52例,女28例。所有病人随机双盲分为盐酸羟考酮组(O组)40例和芬太尼组(F)40例。本研究经我院医学伦理委员会批准,受试患者均签署了知情同意书。
1.2 麻醉方法 患者术前禁食、禁水8 h。进入手术室后开放静脉,以Bene riew T8监护仪连续监测患者的有创动脉血压、心电图、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)。O组给予咪唑安定0.03 mg/kg,盐酸羟考酮(HAMOL LIMITED H20130314)0.1 mg/kg静脉注射;F组以咪唑安定0.03 mg/kg、枸橼酸芬太尼1 μg/kg注入。3 min后2组患者均以2%利多卡因环甲膜穿刺,呋麻滴鼻液两侧鼻腔准备,喉麻管以2%利多卡因分3次分别对舌根部、咽喉部及声门上进行表面麻醉。加强型气管导管经鼻进约14 cm后导管气囊充气,以直径3.8 mm软镜通过气管导管明视下进入气道插入气管导管。插管成功后顺序给予异丙酚2 mg/kg、注射用罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg。麻醉维持以异丙酚3~4 μg/mL、瑞芬太尼5~8 ng/mL持续泵入,每40 min静脉注射注射用罗库溴铵0.1 mg/kg。术中控制PETCO2在35~45 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 Kpa)之间。
1.3 观察指标 测定2组入室(T0)和气管导管过鼻后孔(T1)、插管即刻 (T2)、插管后3 min (T3) 、插管后10 min(T4)的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、HR。分别在各时点抽取静脉血3 mL离心后取血清备用,采用 Roche Diagnostics GmbH试剂及Cobas e601免疫分析仪电化学发光方法检测肾上腺素(epinephrine,E)和去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)。麻醉维持过程若血压下降或上升超过基础值20%,应用小剂量去氧肾上腺素或乌拉地尔维持循环稳定。
1.4 统计学方法 采用单因素方差分析、q检验和t检验。
2 结果
2.1 2组患者一般情况的比较 2组患者年龄、体质量、手术时间、糖尿病患者病程和Mallampati分级差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),AHI指数F组高于O组(P<0.05)(见表1)。
表1 2组患者一般情况比较±s)
2.2 2组患者SBP、DBP、HR水平比较 术前2组SBP差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与术前比较,2组在术中(T1和 T2)上升(P<0.05),术后(T3和 T4)下降(P<0.05);F组术中升高幅度高于O组(P<0.05)。2组DBP术前差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);O组在术中变化不明显(P>0.05),术后下降(P<0.05);F组术中上升(P<0.05),术后下降(P<0.05);术前O组HR高于F组(P<0.05),2组患者均出现术中上升(P<0.05),术后下降的现象(P<0.05),但F组HR升高幅度大于O组(P<0.05)(见表2)。
2.3 不同时间点2组患者NE和E水平的比较 T0时间点NE和E在2组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),2个指标在2组均表现为T2时间点后上升趋势(P<0.05),且F组上升幅度高于O组(P<0.05~P<0.01)(见表3)。
3 讨论
盐酸羟考酮能激动μ、κ受体,为第一选择的代替吗啡的阿片类药物,已用于癌痛管理及慢性非癌性疼痛治疗[4]。研究[5]显示,盐酸羟考酮对背部手术失败综合征非癌性疼痛镇痛明显;在骨转移癌痛小鼠股骨骨髓腔癌痛模型中,镇痛效能强于吗啡[6];CAVALCANTI等[7]提出羟考酮能明显缓解头颈部肿瘤手术后的中、重度疼痛。健忘镇痛慢诱导气管插管是在患者保留自主呼吸、意识淡漠、遗忘状态下行气管插管,整个过程中患者未感不适,并可显著降低诱导过程中的缺氧风险[8],应用于口腔颌面、耳鼻喉手术和存在困难气道的患者。Ⅱ型糖尿病患者由于心肌收缩功能和血管内皮功能障碍增加了围术期心血管系统并发症的发生率[9],而且长期的代谢应激改变了α和β肾上腺素能受体功能,其增强的α肾上腺素能受体功能对患者心血管系统造成损害[3]。完善的镇痛复合镇静和表面麻醉下气管插管对维持糖尿病患者循环稳定尤为重要。盐酸羟考酮具有镇痛、抗焦虑、止咳、降低平滑肌张力作用,躁动、呼吸抑制和躯体依赖的发生率极低。有报道[10]0.08 mg/kg羟考酮在腹腔镜下胆囊切除术中预防性镇痛,对苏醒后即刻疼痛的缓解优于芬太尼,不良反应未增加;在麻醉恢复室中应用羟考酮10~40 mg能显著降低腹部疼痛[11]。
表2 2组各时点SBP、DBP、HR比较
q检验:与T0比较*P<0.05
表3 2组患者各时点NE、E比较
q检验:与T0比较*P<0.05
本研究对盐酸羟考酮和芬太尼以100∶1[12]的效价在糖尿病患者健忘镇痛慢诱导气管插管应激反应和血流动力学波动方面进行比较。气管导管经鼻后孔时,2组中伴有鼻中隔严重偏曲和鼻后孔狭窄的患者均产生不同程度的疼痛。由于羟考酮对G蛋白门控内向电流钾通道(Kir3)起着独特作用[13],能降低中、重度疼痛,O组T1的SBP、DBP显著低于F组。插管即刻F组SBP、DBP和HR均有升高,且显著高于O组。O组插管即刻的SBP、DBP和HR显著低于F组,提示盐酸羟考酮有效镇痛抑制了糖尿病患者鼻腔插管期间血流动力学的波动。血浆儿茶酚胺水平的改变是反映手术患者应激反应的指标之一,气管插管可引起交感神经末梢释放NE增多、交感肾上腺髓质兴奋释放E、NE增多。O组、F组T2、T3、T4的NE、E均高于T0,差异有统计学意义;F组T2、T3、T4的NE、E均明显高于O组。表明盐酸羟考酮抑制了过度应激反应,减轻了儿茶酚胺释放对糖尿病患者心血管系统的不良影响。
5例患者给予插管前用药后,HR仍>100次/分,其仰卧位心动过速与其副交感神经系统损害相关[14]。2例患者T1出现了HR明显下降,气管导管对咽部的刺激引起迷走神经反射导致了心率减慢,给予阿托品0.5 mg纠正,HR恢复。
0.1 mg/kg盐酸羟考酮用于糖尿病患者健忘镇痛慢诱导气管插管维持了血流动力学稳定,减轻了机体应激反应,增加了2型糖尿病患者非心脏手术围术期安全性。
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(本文编辑 刘畅)
Application of oxycodone in diabetics treated with forgetfulness analgesia slow induction by transnasal catheter
LI Hai-chun1,ZHAO Rui2,LIU Ya-hui3,SHI Shi-ming4,PANG Na2,YUAN Li2,MA Yue2,WU Jia-jian2,LIU Fei2
(1.DepartmentofOtorhinolaryngology,2.DepartmentofAnesthesiology,3.DepartmentofLaboratoryMedicine;4.DepartmentofEndocrinology,TangshanUnionHospital,TangshanHebei063000,China)
Objective:To investigate the effects of intravenous injection of 0.1 mg/kg of oxycodone on the hemodynamics and stress response in diabetics treated with forgetfulness analgesia slow induction by transnasal catheter.Methods:Eighty stage ASA Ⅰ to Ⅱ diabetics(38 to 60 years old) were randomly divided into the oxycodone group(group O) and fentanyl group(group F)(40 cases each group).The group O and group F were treated with 0.1 mg/kg of oxycodone and 1 μg/kg of fentanyl by intravenous injection,respectively.The levels of SBP,DBP,HR,Epinephrine and Norepinephrine in two groups were measured before anesthesia induction(T0),tracheal tube through choana(T1),at the time of intubation(T2),after 3 min of intubation(T3) and after 10 min of intubation(T4).Results:Compared before operation,the SBP level in two group increased at T1and T2(P<0.05),and decreased at T3and T4(P<0.05).The increasing degree in group F was higher than that in group O(P<0.05).In group O,the SBP level did not obviously change during operation(P>0.05),and decreased after operation(P<0.05).In F group,the SBP level increased during operation(P<0.05),and decreased after operation(P<0.05).In two groups,the HR level increased during operation(P< 0.05),decreased after operation(P<0.05),and the increasing degree of HR in group F was higher than that in group O(P<0.05).The levels of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine in two group increased after T2(P<0.05),and the increasing degree of which in group F was higher than that in group O(P<0.05 toP<0.01).Conclusions:The 0.1 mg/kg of oxycodone in diabetics treated with forgetfulness analgesia slow induction by transnasal catheter can maintain the hemodynamic stability,significantly inhibit the stress response of body,and increase the safety of patients with type 2 diabetes during noncardiac surgery.
diabetes;oxycodone;slow induction;hemodynamics;stress response
2016-09-30
河北省唐山市科技计划项目(14130259a)
河北省唐山市协和医院 1.耳鼻咽喉-头颈外科,2.麻醉科,3.检验科,4.内分泌科,063000
李海春(1974-),男,副主任医师.
赵 蕊,主任医师.E-mail:bix_1742@163.com
1000-2200(2016)12-1573-04
R 587.1
A
10.13898/j.cnki.issn.1000-2200.2016.12.010