血栓抽吸在急性心肌梗死急诊介入治疗时的应用进展
2015-12-09童雨田王怀新综述胡奉环审校
童雨田,王怀新※(综述),胡奉环(审校)
(1.潍坊医学院附属益都中心医院心内科,山东 潍坊 262500; 2.阜外心血管病医院心内科,北京 100037)
血栓抽吸在急性心肌梗死急诊介入治疗时的应用进展
童雨田1,王怀新1※(综述),胡奉环2(审校)
(1.潍坊医学院附属益都中心医院心内科,山东 潍坊 262500; 2.阜外心血管病医院心内科,北京 100037)
摘要:急性心肌梗死急诊心脏介入治疗时发生的无复流或慢血流可影响治疗效果和临床预后,其中主要的机制是血栓栓塞。从理论上讲血栓抽吸应是有效的处理措施。近年来大量的临床试验证实血栓抽吸不仅可有效地使梗死相关动脉再通,并使冠状动脉微循环保持通畅,降低无复流和慢血流的发生率。最近临床研究表明血栓抽吸可减轻病变心肌的炎症反应,改善微循环功能,联合溶栓抗栓药物可减少血栓负荷,改善冠状动脉的血流灌注,减少梗死面积,抑制心室重塑,改善心功能,降低近期和远期主要不良心脏事件的发生率,降低晚期支架再狭窄的发生率并减少出血并发症,从而改善预后。
关键词:急性心肌梗死;血栓抽吸;主要不良心脏事件;经皮冠状动脉介入
急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction,STEMI)的主要发病机制是斑块破裂继之血栓形成阻塞冠状动脉导致心肌缺血坏死[1],因此血栓抽吸(thrombus aspiration,TA)在理论上应是开通梗死相关动脉的有效措施。自Beran等[2]应用抽吸导管抽吸血栓治疗STEMI以来,由于技术和经验方面的问题得到的临床结果不尽相同[3-4]。然而,近年来随着抽吸导管的改进,抽吸技术的不断完善,临床研究规模加大,在临床研究方面取得了较大进展。现就TA技术在急诊经皮冠状动脉介入(primary percutaneous coronary intervention,PPCI)治疗中的应用进展综述如下。
1TA技术加PPCI改善STEMI患者的心肌灌注
普遍认为STEMI的最佳治疗是尽早实施急诊PPCI开通梗死相关动脉,最大限度地恢复心肌再灌注。常规的PPCI术可使梗死相关动脉开通,虽然90%的患者最终可获得心肌梗死溶栓(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)血流分级3级血流,但这些患者中仅有2/3获得心肌灌注血流分级(myocardial blush grade,MBG)2~3级血流[5],即获得TIMI 3级血流者,仍有部分患者梗死心肌得不到正常的血供而影响预后。其主要原因被认为是冠状动脉远端血栓栓塞、动脉斑块碎片栓塞、微循环水肿等引起冠状动脉微循环功能不全导致的冠状动脉无复流及慢血流[6]。因此,TA技术的产生和发展使STEMI的救治水平进一步提高[7]。Amin等[8]对23个(5728例)随机对照临床试验的资料进行荟萃分析,均为TA和远端血栓防护的PPCI,取栓方法包括手动抽吸、真空抽吸、机械切除等,结果显示血栓抽吸组患者MBG 3级血流、TIMI 3级血流获得率明显提高,ST段回落速度和程度大于传统PPCI组患者,这一大样本的临床研究初步展示了TA带来的益处。最近Schleder等[9]荟萃分析了17个随机对照TA、机械血栓切除后PPCI与常规PPCI的临床试验(3909例),采用随机效应和固定效应两种模型进行分析,发现血栓抽吸组患者TIMI 3 级血流的获得率为88.5%,常规PPCI组为84.8%(OR=1.41,P=0.007),TA组患者MBG 3 级血流的获得率为47.8%,而常规PPCI组为32.1%(OR=2.42,P<0.001),TA组患者与常规PPCI组ST段回落的程度更为显著(OR=2.30,P<0.001),手动抽栓组30 d病死率与常规PPCI组比较降低了41%(P=0.005),但是机械血栓切除组病死率高于常规PPCI组(OR=2.07,P=0.07)。Kumbhani等[10]荟萃分析了18个TA和7个机械血栓切除的随机对照临床试验(5534例)的结果显示,TA组ST 段在60 min内回落,ST段回落更为显著(RR=1.31,P<0.0001), MBG 3级获得率显著提高(RR=1.37,P<0.0001)。Waldo等[11]研究发现,血栓抽吸后行PPCI比传统的PPCI可获得更高的TIMI 3级血流 (P<0.003),且提高了手术成功率(96%比83%,P<0.001),降低了术后需要血流动力学支持的发生率,但不降低长期病死率和主要不良心脏事件(major adverse cardiac events,MACE)的发生率。Costopoulos等[12]进行了一项Meta分析将取栓分为手动和非手动取栓两组,结果表明手动抽吸血栓组ST段回落>70%的发生率显著提高(P<0.0001),TIMI 3级血流的获得率增高(P=0.01) ,MBG 3级血流获得率增高(P<0.0001)。De Carlo等[13]研究发现,血栓抽吸在改善心肌灌注的同时明显降低了远端小动脉栓塞的发生率(11.4% 比26.7%,P=0.02)。Chopard等[14]采用对比剂增强磁共振成像观察血栓抽吸对微循环栓塞的影响,评估急性期和6个月的临床结果。TA组急性早期微循环栓塞发生率低于对照组[(3.8±1.1)%比(7.6±2.1)%,P=0.003]; 晚微循环栓塞发生率也低于对照组[(2.1±0.9)% 比 (5.4±2.9)%,P=0.006],TA组梗死面积低于对照组, 6个月后TA组患者心肌梗死面积进一步缩小,提示TA组患者有更多的心肌存活并回复。多因素回归分析校正其他因素后,TA是梗死面积的独立预测指标 (OR=0.34,95%CI0.03~0.71,P=0.01)。因此,TA在减少微循环栓塞的同时也缩小了梗死面积。以上大量的临床研究表明TA后减少了血栓负荷,降低了冠状动脉远端微循环的栓塞发生率,降低了无复流和慢血流的发生率,从而改善了心肌再灌注。
2TA技术加溶栓抗栓药物的PPCI进一步提高心肌灌注
近年来研究发现,由于STEMI患者到达导管室后多数血栓负荷量较大,单纯TA的临床效果减低,理论上联合溶栓抗栓药物可进一步降低血栓负荷改善心肌灌注。Greco等[15]研究发现,在TA之前通过抽吸导管向病变部位注射尿激酶20万U 与0.9%NaCl注射液对照,发现注射尿激酶再行TA的PPCI患者TIMI 3级血流的获得率更高(90%比 66%,P=0.008),TIMI血流帧数降低[(19±15) 比(25±17),P=0.033],冠状动脉血流速度加快,MBG 2~3级血流获得率增高(68%比45%,P=0.028),ST段回落程度>70%的发生率明显增加(82%比55%,P=0.006)。随访6 个月后的MACE发生率降低(6%比21%,P=0.044)。TA联合溶栓治疗使冠状动脉血流和心肌灌注增加的同时也改善了6个月的临床预后。Brener等[16]研究了452例STEMI患者,分别采用支架置入前冠状动脉内TA术及冠状动脉罪犯血管内注射血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂阿西单抗,接受TA及冠状动脉内注射阿西单抗的患者TIMI3级血流获得率最高(P<0.0001),心肌梗死面积减少(15.1%比17.9%,P=0.03),绝对心肌梗死质量减少差异有统计学意义(18.7 g比24.0 g,P=0.03)。Shimada等[17]采用荟萃分析前瞻性随机对照研究试验资料,发现冠状动脉内注射阿西单抗与静脉内注射相比,前者可使病死率降低56%(OR=0.44,95% CI 0.20~0.95,P=0.04),冠状动脉内注射阿西单抗联合TA使MACE减少67%(OR=0.33,95%CI0.18~0.61,P=0.0004),尤其对血栓负荷较大和高危患者获益更大。Ahmed等[18]采用TA加冠状动脉内注射阿西单抗与单纯冠状动脉内注射阿西单抗进行比较, 发现PPCI术后90 min内ST段完全回落发生率在血栓抽吸组增高 (P=0.002),多元回归分析显示TA是ST段回落的独立预测指标 (OR=9.4,95%CI2.6~33.5,P=0.001)。而远端栓塞的发生率在常规 PCI 组明显增高。心肌酶的峰值水平差异无统计学意义。随访12个月,血栓抽吸组患者全因病死率显著降低(P=0.032)。国内学者Yan等[19]采用TA联合冠状动脉内注射替罗非班与单纯TA的PPCI比较,前者TIMI 3级血流获得率可达97%以上(P=0.04),心肌酶峰值显著降低(P=0.03),认为TA加替罗非班注射后的PPCI改善心肌灌注,保存更多心肌和带来更好的临床结果。TA联合冠状动脉内注射溶栓药物的效果缺乏大规模的临床研究资料,其真正临床价值尚需进一步研究。TA联合抗血小板药物阿西单抗有较多的循证医学证据,可明显提高心肌再灌注并改善临床预后,冠状动脉内注射效果最佳,但用药时机及剂量尚无成熟经验和共识。
3TA技术加PPCI可减轻炎症反应,降低支架再狭窄率
研究发现,炎症反应和氧化应激是促使动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂及其带来心肌损伤的主要机制,也是晚期支架内再狭窄的重要机制。血栓内纤维蛋白可网络大量红细胞和炎性细胞形成,病理检查发现TA抽出的血栓成分包括血小板、红细胞、纤维蛋白和髓过氧化物酶抗体阳性细胞等炎性细胞成分,通过有效地抽吸还可抽吸出血栓上游滞留的血液,滞留的血液中含有较多的有害介质如氧自由基、乳酸等,因此成功地抽吸减轻了病变及其周围的炎症反应[20]。Dominguez-Rodriguez等[21]研究发现,TA联合冠状动脉内注射阿西单抗可使患者血液中重要的致炎物质可溶性CD40配体水平明显降低(P<0.001),他们认为TA技术联合冠状动脉内注射阿西单抗具有强大的抗炎疗效。Bulum等[22]研究了TA对支架再狭窄的影响,结果显示成功手动TA明显提高了6个月后最小管腔直径[(2.25±0.90) mm 比(1.63±0.76) mm,P=0.005],大大降低支架直径狭窄百分比(28.81%比 45.03%,P=0.017),并大大降低晚期支架管腔丢失[(0.73±0.84) mm比 (1.18±0.79) mm,P=0.035]。Shehata[23]研究了伴有糖尿病的STEMI患者TA对PPCI后支架再狭窄的影响,结果显示成功手动TA可使晚期支架管腔丢失显著减少[(0.17±0.35) mm比(0.60±0.42) mm,P<0.001],支架内再狭窄率显著降低(4.0%比16.6%,P<0.001)。Belkacemi等[24]研究了急诊PPCI时普通球囊置入裸支架,药物球囊加裸支架和TA加药物支架,结果表明TA组晚期支架管腔丢失最少(0.21±0.32) mm,P<0.01),二元再狭窄率最低(4.7%,P=0.01)。众多的临床对照试验结果表明,TA能显著降低晚期支架再狭窄率和再狭窄程度,但机制不明确,从目前资料可证实TA抽出局部的有害物质和减少血栓栓塞并发症有显著作用,但减轻炎症与降低支架再狭窄是否有因果关系还需进一步研究。
4TA技术联合PPCI改善STEMI患者的预后
TA技术的应用使STEMI患者即刻获得良好的心肌再灌注,可明显改善患者的预后。Kumbhani等[25]荟萃分析了2013年注册的20个(11 321例)TA的临床随机对照研究资料,结果显示MACE在血栓抽吸切除组减少(RR=0.81,P=0.006),全因死亡有下降趋势,但差异无统计学意义(RR=0.83,P=0.06)。虽然30 d的病死率没有降低,但6~12个月的全因病死率降低36%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.016),6~12个月内再梗死发生率降低了36%(P=0.017),支架内血栓的发生率降低46% (P=0.021)及靶血管重建率也降低17%,体现了TA具有改善STEMI患者预后的价值。Sardella等[26]对STEMI患者采用TA后再行PPCI,随访24 个月发现,MACE显著降低(4.5%比13.7%,P=0.038)和心脏性死亡的发生率也明显降低 (P=0.012)。手动TA后再行支架置入术对 STEMI患者改善心肌再灌注,并减少2年后心脏死亡和MACE。但近来Kilic等[27]研究认为,TA与否对远期预后无明显影响。当然,TA尤其联合冠状动脉内注射血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂改善患者预后的支持证据占多数,由于选择研究对象结构不同,采用的抽吸装置和方式不同,技术条件不同等因素可能会得到不同的结果。
5小结
总之,TA技术已经发挥了较大的作用,降低血栓负荷,改善心肌灌注,降低血栓栓塞发生率和支架再狭窄率,改善临床预后。虽然有些研究结果是中性的,但随着TA技术的不断成熟,抽吸经验的不断积累,抽吸装置的不断改进,尤其针对弯曲病变钙化病变的抽栓系统的开发利用以及其他的有效联合措施,TA在STEMI的急诊PPCI时的作用会越来越大。
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The Application Advances of Thrombus Aspiration in Acute Myocardial Infarction during Emergency Percutaneous Coronary InterventionTONGYu-tian1,WANGHuai-xin1,HUFeng-huan2. (1.DepartmentofCardiology,YiduCentralHospitalAffiliatedtoWeifangMedicalCollege,Weifang262500,China; 2.DepartmentofCardiology,FuwaiHospitalofCardiovascularDisease,Beijing100037,China)
Abstract:The no reflow or slow reflow following emergency percutaneous coronary intervention can affect clinical outcome and prognosis of the patients with acute myocardial infarction,the main mechanism of which is thrombus embolism.In theory,thrombus aspiration(TA) should be the effective approach. In recent years,the results of many clinical trials about TA have showed that it not only can make infarction-related artery(IRA)reopen,but also maintain microcirculatory patency of IRA,reduce the occurrences of no reflow or slow reflow.Recently,clinical studies proved that TA combined thrombolytic medicines and anti-platelet drugs with alternatives lessening thrombus burden can greatly improve reflow of IRA,decrease infarction size,inhibit myocardial remodeling,improve cardiac function,lower rates of recent and long-term major adverse cardiac events,reduce inflammation of lesion myocardium,decrease occurrences of in-stent restenosis and major bleeding complication,which consequently can improve the prognosis of acute myocardial infarction.
Key words:Acute myocardial infarction; Thrombus aspiration; Major adverse cardiac events; Percutaneous coronary intervention
收稿日期:2014-07-28修回日期:2015-03-21编辑:相丹峰
基金项目:潍坊市科学技术发展计划(N201073)
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.18.027
中图分类号:R542.22
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1006-2084(2015)18-3336-04