快通道麻醉在非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术的研究进展
2015-12-09陶明子综述简文亭审校
陶明子(综述),简文亭(审校)
(三峡大学第一临床医学院 a.医保办, b.麻醉科,湖北 宜昌 443003)
快通道麻醉在非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术的研究进展
陶明子a※(综述),简文亭b(审校)
(三峡大学第一临床医学院 a.医保办, b.麻醉科,湖北 宜昌 443003)
摘要:快通道麻醉是近十年来麻醉学领域出现的崭新概念,它以理想化的麻醉技术为基础,通过标准化的治疗流程,让患者的重要脏器从大手术中尽早恢复,也是“快通道”心脏手术的重要组成部分。该文主要介绍不同快通道麻醉技术在非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术的应用。
关键词:冠状动脉搭桥术;快通道麻醉;非体外循环
随着非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术(off-pump coronary artery bypass,OPCAB)的技术和相关知识的进步,相应麻醉技术、围术期管理也逐步完善,使患者的安全得到一定程度的保证。近年来,麻醉学领域出现了“快通道麻醉”的概念,它主要强调以理想化的麻醉技术为基础,通过标准化的治疗流程,让患者的重要脏器从大手术中尽早恢复。OPCAB的顺利实施,术后并发症的预防,必须依靠良好的麻醉管理方案,对于健康状况不同的患者,应该选择不同的麻醉方法,这就需要对患者进行选择。麻醉医师和外科医师合作,并规划最佳围术期的策略,以提供最佳的围术期管理,确保患者快速和完全恢复[1]。近年来,主要有以下麻醉技术用于OPCAB,现综述如下。
1全身麻醉联用阿片类药物和吸入麻醉或全凭静脉麻醉
1.1挥发性麻醉药的预处理在全身麻醉的方案中,挥发性麻醉药的缺血预处理改善了高危患者在OPCAB围术期心血管的预后[2]。研究表明,七氟烷吸入麻醉对OPCAB手术的患者心肌损伤小,降低了心肌肌钙蛋白的水平,而丙泊酚没有表现出心脏保护作用[3-4]。
1.2长效神经肌肉阻断剂的使用泮库溴铵在快通道麻醉的心脏手术患者的使用可伴有复苏和气管拔管延迟[5-6]。因此,有学者建议使用顺阿曲库铵或罗库溴铵神经肌肉阻滞[7]。微创冠状动脉搭桥手术需要单肺萎陷(左肺更常见),所以需要使用双腔支气管导管或支气管受体阻滞剂。麻醉医师应该避免使用可能延长呼吸抑制的大剂量长效阿片类药物,这些药物在胸骨切开期间以及切开后可引起低血压,导致心肌缺血和梗死[8],延迟肠运动恢复[9]。
1.3新型短效镇痛药的使用Engoren等[10]通过比较芬太尼、舒服芬太尼、瑞芬太尼用于心脏手术的效果发现,与芬太尼相比,价格稍昂贵但短效的舒服芬太尼、瑞芬太尼产生同样迅速的拔管时间、相近的住院时间和成本的花费,因此这3种麻醉药均可以用于快通道心脏手术。
有研究发现,与舒芬太尼相比,瑞芬太尼相对减少了术中切开皮肤和劈开胸骨带来的刺激,能提供优良的血流动力学稳定性,缩短拔管时间[10-12],使得它更适用于OPCAB手术的快通道麻醉。然而,瑞芬太尼短暂的术后镇痛作用需要精心管理和使用其他治疗方法[13-14]。术后疼痛控制不足通常是通过静脉注射吗啡或使用非甾体消炎药来改善。或者在手术结束前,以输注或延长使用更高的剂量瑞芬太尼[12],获得足够水平的镇痛作用[14]。
右美托咪定在OPCAB使用可能会取得更好的术后控制疼痛效果,减少术中和术后的阿片类药物的使用[15-17]。研究证明,使用右美托咪定能达到更好的血流动力学稳定性,这是一个很好的辅助麻醉剂[15,18],而且有止吐作用[16]。
2全身麻醉联合使用高胸段硬膜外麻醉或全身麻醉联合鞘内注射吗啡
与单独全麻相比,全身麻醉联合使用高胸段硬膜外麻醉提供了更好的镇痛作用,更好的肺脏预后,降低围术期的发病率和病死率,缩短拔管和住院时间[19-22]。
Caputo等[20]通过前瞻性的随机对照试验表明,与单独全麻相比,全身麻醉复合胸段硬膜外麻醉缩短OPCAB术后住院的平均时间约1 d,拔管时间也明显提前;术后的心律失常的比值比约为0.41,说明降低了心律失常的发生率;术后疼痛控制得到明显改善,后者的疼痛评分明显低于前者。Scott等[21]通过类似的研究也表明,全身麻醉复合高胸段硬膜外麻醉(supper thoracic epidural anesthesia,TEA)后心律失常的发生率仅为10.2%,而未用TEA发生率高达22.3%。肺通气功能尤其是最大吸气量得到改善,呼吸道感染的发病率明显降低。
TEA改善了神经-体液反应,改善了冠状动脉和微动脉的血流灌注,确保血流动力学稳定,降低心肌耗氧量,改善心肌血流量,降低围术期心律失常和心肌缺血的风险,改善肾功能,显著降低心率,因此在OPCAB使用TEA能起到很多有利的作用[23-24]。
手术前进行TEA或至少1 h前给予肝素可减少硬膜外血肿的风险。在TEA之前,必须评估患者术前的抗凝状态,在有外伤出血的患者手术应该延迟24 h[25]。同样重要的是协调术后拔除尿管和药物治疗(尤其是抗凝疗法)的时机,并监控整个术后的感觉和运动缺陷,直到拔除尿管后12 h。在OPCAB手术,围术期鞘内注射吗啡有利于早期拔管,改善术后肺功能,减少术后镇痛药的需求[26-29]。鞘内注射低剂量吗啡不能提供完全的镇痛,因此这个技术需要联合静脉注射阿片类药物(瑞芬太尼,芬太尼等)。需要进一步研究,以验证这种技术的有效性,以确定最佳剂量,提供充分镇痛作用,而且要将术后呼吸抑制的副作用的风险降到最低。
3清醒自然通气状态下进行胸段硬膜外节段阻滞
清醒状态下的心脏手术有许多好处,如缩短ICU的停留时间,自主呼吸的维持避免了机械通气和全身麻醉带来的风险[30-31]。没有研究关注清醒心脏手术对患者的心理影响,然而一些研究指出,患者都非常合作,并愿意接受清醒心脏手术。一项研究甚至表明,曾经心脏手术有全身麻醉体验的患者首选清醒状态的心脏手术[1]。有患者对全身麻醉所导致的不清醒的状态具有恐惧感[32-33]。
Watanabe 等[30]在清醒状态下仅凭胸段硬膜外节段阻滞成功进行了日间手术(日间手术是指选择一定适应证的患者,在1个工作日内安排患者的住院、手术、手术后短暂观察、恢复和办理出院,患者在医院留院24 h),与全身麻醉相比,术后饮水、行走以及住院时间均明显提前,因此TEA用于OPCAB 手术是一种很有前景的微创心脏手术的麻醉方法,它采用了股神经阻滞联合TEA[34]或脊髓麻醉联合TEA[35]或单用TEA的麻醉方法,如果需要获取血管,可进行局部浸润麻醉[32,36-37]。
TEA用于清醒心脏手术是可行的,但是也存在一定的缺点,比如有硬膜外血肿的风险,不能经食管使用超声心动图以及感染。另外需要高度专业化的选择患者,同时需要经验丰富的管理团队[37-38]。有必要进一步研究TEA用于心脏手术的作用和功能。
不论采用一种或者多种麻醉方法,温度管理在OPCAB手术中都特别具有挑战性,因为在体外循环的情况下失去了利用热交换器为患者保暖的可能性。此外,手术需要打开胸部,四肢的血管暴露,从体表散失的热量是很高的[39]。一旦患者出现低温,则直到手术结束才可能增加核心温度,而且并发症的风险增加[40-41]。为了保持温度动态平衡,可以通过使用Hotline系统联合传统的温度控制方法,比如增加手术室的环境温度、使用加热的床垫等,另外,静脉输入加热的液体,这些措施都可以达到一定的保温效果[39]。
4问题与展望
在OPCAB手术期间,要力争麻醉技术对心脏起到最大的保护作用,而且要保持血流动力学和心律的稳定,以及良好的术后镇痛,并促进患者早期下床活动。快通道麻醉的目的就是使患者的拔管时间提前,缩短ICU和住院的时间,改善患者的预后,降低患者的治疗费用。快通道麻醉的优点已经在OPCAB手术中得到证明,并被认为是可行和安全有效的。但是在我国,快通道麻醉的体系尚不完善,标准也没有建立。
随着快通道麻醉相关技术和理念的不断完善,它不仅为患者提供一个无痛和安全的恢复过程,而且降低并发症和病死率,使得住院费用减少、医疗质量提高,值得临床推广。
参考文献
[1]Hemmerling TM,Romano G,Terrasini N,etal.Anesthesia for off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery[J].Ann Card Anaesth,2013,16(1):28.
[2]Zaugg M,Lucchinetti E,Garcia C,etal.Anaesthetics and cardiac preconditioning.Part II.Clinical implications[J].Br J Anaesth,2003,91(4):566-576.
[3]Conzen PF,Fischer S,Detter C,etal.Sevoflurane provides greater protection of the myocardium than propofol in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery[J].Anesthesiology,2003, 99(4):826-833.
[4]De Hert SG,Pieter W,Mertens E,etal.Sevoflurane but not propofol preserves myocardial function in coronary surgery patients[J].Anesthesiology,2002,97(1):42-49.
[5]Murphy GS,Szokol JW,Marymont JH,etal.Recovery of neuromuscular function after cardiac surgery:pancuronium versus rocuro-nium[J].Anesth Analg,2003,96(5):1301-1307.
[6]McEwin L,Mcrrick PM,Bevan DR.Residual neuromuscular blockade after cardiac surgery:pancuroniumvs rocuronium[J].Can J Anaesth,1997,44(8):891-895.
[7]Hemmerling TM,Russo G,Bracco D.Neuromuscular blockade in cardiac surgery:An update for clinicians[J].Ann Card Anaesth,2008, 11(2):80.
[8]Saidman LJ,Bovill JG,Sebel PS,etal.Opioid analgesics in anesthesia:with special reference to their use in cardiovascular anesthesia[J].Anesthesiology,1984,61(6):731-755.
[9]Yukioka H,Tanaka M,Fujimori M.Recovery of bowel motility after high dose fentanyl or morphine anaesthesia for cardiac surgery[J].Anaesthesia,1990,45(5):353-356.
[10]Engoren M,Luther G,Fenn-Buderer N.A comparison of fentanyl,sufentanil,and remifentanil for fast-track cardiac anesthesia[J].Anesth Analg,2001,93(4):859-864.
[11]Lison S,Schill M,Conzen P.Fast-track cardiac anesthesia:efficacy and safety of remifentanil versus sufentanil[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2007,21(1):35-40.
[12]Myles PS,Hunt JO,Fletcher H,etal.Remifentanil,fentanyl,and cardiac surgery:a double-blinded,randomized,controlled trial of costs and outcomes[J].Anesth Analg,2002,95(4):805-812.
[13]Rauf K,Vohra A,Fernandez-Jimenez P,etal.Remifentanil infusion in association with fentanyl-propofol anaesthesia in patients undergoing cardiac surgery:effects on morphine requirement and postoperative analgesia[J].Br J Anaesth,2005,95(5):611-615.
[14]Steinlechner B,Koinig H,Grubhofer G,etal.Postoperative analgesia with remifentanil in patients undergoing cardiac surgery[J].Anesth Analg,2005,100(5):1230-1235.
[15]Horswell JL,Mack MJ,Bachand DA,etal.Use of dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to pain control following OPCAB:A randomized,double-blind study[J].Anesthesiology,2002,96:A938.
[16]Okawa H,Ono T,Hashiba E,etal.Decreased postoperative nausea and vomiting with dexmedetomidine after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting[J].Crit Care,2011,15:1-190.
[17]Mohamed K.The impact of dexmedetomidine infusion in sparing morphine consumption in off pump coronary artery bypass grafting[J].Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2012.
[18]Mansour E.Bis-guided evaluation of dexmedetomidine vs.midazolam as anaesthetic adjuncts in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB)[J].Saudi J Anaesthesia,2009,3(1):7.
[19]Kessler P,Aybek T,Neidhart G,etal.Comparison of three anesthetic techniques for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting:general anesthesia,combined general and high thoracic epidural anesthesia,or high thoracic epidural anesthesia alone[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2005,19(1):32-39.
[20]Caputo M,Alwair H,Rogers CA,etal.Thoracic epidural anesthesia improves early outcomes in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery:a prospective,randomized,controlled trial[J].Anesthesiology,2011,114(2):380-390.
[21]Scott NB,Turfrey DJ,Ray DA,etal.A prospective randomized study of the potential benefits of thoracic epidural anesthesia and analgesia in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting[J].Anesth Analg,2001,93(3):528-535.
[22]Priestley MC,Cope L,Halliwell R,etal.Thoracic epidural anesthesia for cardiac surgery:the effects on tracheal intubation time and length of hospital stay[J].Anesth Analg,2002,94(2):275-282.
[23]Chaney MA.The use of epidural analgesia in cardiac surgery should be encouraged[J].Anesth Analg,2006,103(6):1592-
1593.
[24]Royse C,Soeding P,Royse A.High thoracic epidural analgesia for cardiac surgery:an audit of 874 cases[J].Anaesth Intensive Care,2007, 35(3):374-377.
[25]Horlocker TT,Wedel DJ,Rowlingson JC,etal.Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy:American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-Based Guidelines[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2010,35(1):64-101.
[26]Metz S,Schwann N,Hassanein W,etal.Intrathecal morphine for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2004,18(4):451-453.
[27]Mehta Y,Kulkarni V,Juneja R,etal.Spinal (subarachnoid) morphine for off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery[D].The heart surgery forum,2004,7(3):E201-205.
[28]Turker G,Goren S,Sahin S,etal.Combination of intrathecal morphine and remifentanil infusion for fast-track anesthesia in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2005,19(6):708-713.
[29]Zisman E,Shenderey A,Ammar R,etal.The effects of intrathecal morphine on patients undergoing minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2005,19(1):40-43.
[30]Watanabe G,Tomita S,Yamaguchi S,etal.Awake coronary artery bypass grafting under thoracic epidural anesthesia:great impact on off-pump coronary revascularization and fast-track recovery[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2011,40(4):788-793.
[31]Aybek T,Kessler P,Dogan S,etal.Awake coronary artery bypass grafting:utopia or reality?[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2003,75(4):1165-1170.
[32]Karagoz HY,Kurtoglu M,Bakkaloglu B,etal.Coronary artery bypass grafting in the awake patient:three years′ experience in 137 patients[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2003,125(6):1401-1404.
[33]Noiseux N,Prieto I,Bracco D,etal.Coronary artery bypass grafting in the awake patient combining high thoracic epidural and femoral nerve block:first series of 15 patients[J].Br J Anaesth,2008,100(2):184-189.
[34]Hemmerling TM,Noiseux N,Basile F,etal.Awake cardiac surgery using a novel anesthetic technique[J].Can J Anaesth,2005,52(10):1088-1092.
[35]Lucchetti V,Moscariello C,Catapano D,etal.Coronary artery bypass grafting in the awake patient:combined thoracic epidural and lumbar subarachnoid block[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2004,26(3):658-659.
[36]Aybek T,Kessler P,Khan M,etal.Operative techniques in awake coronary artery bypass grafting[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2003,125(6):1394-400.
[37]Chakravarthy M,Jawali V,Manohar M,etal.Conscious off pump coronary artery bypass surgery--an audit of our first 151 cases[J].Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2005,11(2):93-97.
[38]Chakravarthy M,Jawali V,Patil T,etal.High thoracic epidural anesthesia as the sole anesthetic for performing multiple grafts in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2003,17(2):160-164.
[39]Jeong SM,Hahm KD,Jeong YB,etal.Warming of intravenous fluids prevents hypothermia during off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2008,22(1):67.
[40]Sessler DI.Complications and treatment of mild hypothermia[J].Anesthesiology,2001,95(2):531-543.
[41]Hofer C,Worn M,Tavakoli R,etal.Influence of body core temperature on blood loss and transfusion requirements during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting:a comparison of 3 warming systems[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2005,129(4):838-843.
The Progress of the Applications of Fast-Track Anesthesia in Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass GraftingTAOMing-zia,JIANWen-tingb.(a.DepartmentofMedicalInsuranceOffice,b.DepartmentofAnesthesiology,theFirstCollegeofClinicalMedicalScience,ChinaThreeGorgesUniversity,Yichang443003,China)
Abstract:The fast-track anesthesia is a new concept emerged over the past decade in the field of anesthesiology.Its idealized anesthesia technology and standardized treatment processes ensure that the patient′s vital organs can recover from major surgery as early as possible,which is an important part of the "fast-track" heart surgery.Here is to make a review of different fast-track anesthesia techniques in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.
Key words:Coronary artery bypass grafting; Fast-track anesthesia; Off-pump
收稿日期:2014-11-10修回日期:2015-05-09编辑:薛惠文
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.18.044
中图分类号:R 614
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1006-2084(2015)18-3383-03