阴述法的语用阐释
2015-03-28于洁
于 洁
(怀化学院 外国语学院, 湖南 怀化 418008)
阴述法的语用阐释
于 洁
(怀化学院 外国语学院, 湖南 怀化 418008)
阴述法是英语中一种颇具暗威力的修辞手段,学术界少有波及,但却常为演讲高手所用。将语用与修辞融为一体,试图从语用学视角阐述阴述法。在探讨了阴述法的定义、生成和种类之后,从四个方面解析了阴述法的语用特征,继而论述了它的五大语用修辞功能。
阴述法; 语用特征; 语用修辞功能
起源于古希腊的修辞学曾铸造了历史的辉煌,孕育了诸如高吉亚斯、苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德等大批顶级雄辩家和世界名流,时至今日仍无形地影响着西方政坛。作为重要的策略性修辞手段的阴述法虽然学界少有人论及,却常为演讲高手和辩论高手所青睐,具有奇特的暗威力。本文拟从语用学视角研究这一修辞手法。
一、阴述法概说
阴述法这一术语是根据希腊语paralipsis的内涵翻译而定的,初见于英语修辞学札记下篇《辞格新说》(2014),是一种在话语中假装省略重要信息故意引人注意的修辞格[1]。
(一)阴述法的定义
J.A.Cuddon将阴述法定义为“一种说话人或作者假装忽略或回避某事以引人关注的修辞手段”(A figurative device by which a speaker or writer feigns to ignore or pass over a matter and thus draws attention to it)[2]637。Chris Baldick也把阴述法释为“一种说话人或作者假装回避重要问题反而引人关注的修辞格”(A rhetorical figure in which the speaker or writer draws attention to some important matter by pretending to pass over it)[3]246。美国学者Ward Farnsworth认为阴述法常出现在这样的情况:说话人口头上说他不愿说出某事,其实他说了——或者至少他说了一点(generally occurs when the speaker describes what he will not say,and so say it,or at least a bit of if,after all)。一言以蔽之,即“saying things by not saying them”[4]166。可以看出,阴述法就是说话人嘴巴上说不说,实则说了。这与汉语典故“此地无银三百两”有某些相通之处,只不过后者是无意“暴露”,而前者则是有意“表露”。
(二)阴述法的生成
上述定义告诉我们,阴述法的生成必须具备两个条件:一是否定回避,二是真实表露;两者兼而有之,存于一体,常以“I say nothing of ...”“not to mention ...”等形式出现。例如:
(1)I’ll not mention his cruelty,his meanness.
(2)“Of course I’m not going to threaten you,but if this Budget passes the rents will go up.”(by Chesterton)
例(1)有否定回避:“I’ll not mention”,也有真实表露:“his cruelty,his meanness”。例(2)有否定回避:“I’m not going to threaten you”,也有真实表露:“if this budget passes the rents will go up”。在阴述法中,回避是假,表露是真。
(三)阴述法的种类
这里我们采用《辞格新说》的分法,把阴述法归为两类:“暗表露和明表露。”[1]163
1.暗表露
暗表露指说话人表面上否定回避某事,其实话语中已有暗示:或间接表露,或部分提及。例如:
(3)I will not stoop to mention the occasion last winter when our esteemed opponent was found asleep in an alleyway with an empty bottle of vodka still pressed to his lips.
(4)I have been lately informed,by the proprietor of The World,that two papers,in which my Dictionary is recommended to the public,were written by your lordship.To be so distinguished is an honour which,being very little accustomed to favours from the great,I know not well how to receive,or in what terms to acknowledge.
例(3)的说话人“I”用否定式假装回避,不想说出他看到的一幕:“I will not stoop to mention the occasion last winter”,但是实际上他已经说出了那一幕,他的“对手”(opponent)拿着空空的伏特加酒瓶,狼狈地睡在小巷子的凄惨场景,与他之前给对手加上的修辞词“我们那位令人尊敬的(our esteemed)形成了鲜明的对比和反衬。本例通过阴述法和反语两种修辞技巧的运用,把说话人“I”想要表达的观点淋漓尽致地表达出来,间接地表露对手就是一个非常可怜卑贱的人,根本就谈不上“令人尊敬”(esteemed)。
例(4)节选自塞缪尔·约翰逊先生给查斯特菲尔德勋爵信(Samuel Johnson’s letter to Lord Chesterfield)中的一句话。在这句话中,主人公“Samuel Johnson”(I)佯作非常荣幸能得到查斯特菲尔德勋爵的垂青“To be so distinguished is an honour”,但随后他马上予以否认,说他很不习惯大人物(the great)的支持和帮助(favours)(being very little accustomed to favours from the great),不知如何接受(I know not well how to receive,or in what terms to acknowledge)勋爵的馈赠。本例约翰逊先生通过运用阴述法狠狠地挖苦、批评了查斯特菲尔德勋爵的投机取巧行为。
2.明表露
明表露指说话人表面上假装否定回避某事,事实上其真实意图在话语中已明显地表露出来。例如:
(5)“Ssh,”said Grace Makutsi,putting a finger to her lips.“It’s not polite to talk about it.So I won’t mention the Double Comfort Furniture Shop,which is one of the businesses my fiance owns,you know.I must not talk about that.But do you know the store,Mma?If you save up,you should come in some day and buy a chair.”
(6)It would be superfluous in me to point out to your lordship that this is war.
(7)Inow forget your wrongs.Clodia,I set aside the memory of my pain that you caused.
例(5)主人公的“Grace Makutsi”用“I won’t mention the Double Comfort Furniture Shop”假装回避,说她不想谈未婚夫的“双适家具店”,而她的真实意图是想要她的妈妈去未婚夫所开的家具店买椅子“But do you know the store,Mma?If you save up,you should come in some day and buy a chair.”这两句话已明确表露女主人的心态。本例采取先假装否定,后在句子的字里行间明确地表达她自己的真实想法。
例(6)说话人用“It would be superfluous in me to ...”假装回避,但实际上说话人已经说出了他的真实意思“这是一场战争”(this is war)。本例通过运用阴述法,突出了战争的可怕性。
例(7)的主人公“I”佯作回避“I now forget your wrongs....”,则实暗示他根本就没有把听话人的错误放到一边。相反,他对听话人给他造成的痛苦念念不忘,根本就没有像他所说的原谅听话人“I set aside the memory of my pain that you caused”。本例通过运用阴述法,说明说话人心中另有想法。
二、阴述法的主要语用特征
语言学家认为,语用学研究的一个重要方面就是说话人意义,即说话人如何通过特定的话语表达特定的意图,重点放在影响这种意图表达和理解的语言和语用因素[5]8。如前所述,阴述法是语言交际中的一种策略性的修辞手段,而其中必有其特定的语用特征。
(一)违背质的准则
按照Grice的观点,人们在进行交际活动时必须遵循一定的原则,这就是合作原则,其中包括说话必须真实。然而从阴述法的内涵和实例可以看出,话语中的否定回避是假,即说了与事实不相符合的虚假的话。显然,这就违背了合作原则中的质的准则。
(二)违背方式准则
合作原则中的方式准则要求说话人在交际中把话语说得清楚明白,避免晦涩。然而阴述法中的假回避和真表露往往给人模棱两可的感觉。例如,例(1)的说话人表面上不愿说出对方的“cruelty”和“meanness”,事实上却又说了;例(3)的说话人表面上称不想提及去年冬天他所看到的场景,实际上他已经说了对手可怜兮兮的一幕,不过是以反语的形式说的,表达含蓄隐晦,极尽挖苦之能事。这就明显地违背了方式准则——话语缺乏明确的直白。
(三)符合同情准则
Leech(1983)的礼貌原则是合作原则的补充。礼貌原则认为,在交际活动中说话人有时候违背合作原则,把话说间接,乃是出于礼貌的需要。而阴述法中的否定回避在一定程度上减少了对方的反感,显示了礼貌。确切地说,它符合了礼貌原则中的同情准则。
(四)体现正面面子策略
Brown & Levinson的面子理论认为,面子是每个社会成员想为自己争取的公开的自我形象。人们在交际活动中希望彼此维护对方的面子,并随着面子威胁程度的增大而采取较高程度的礼貌策略[5]46。而阴述法中的否定回避恰好体现说话人用佯装闪避方式缓解面子威胁,体现了维护对方正面面子所采取的一种策略。
三、阴述法的语用修辞功能
从语用修辞的角度看,阴述法有以下几种主要的功能。
(一)“口蜜腹剑”、暗中伤人
阴述法的生成机制——假回避,真表露赋予它“口蜜腹剑”暗中伤人的语用修辞功能。从(4)可以看出,塞缪尔·约翰逊先生表面上回避了查斯特菲尔德勋爵的伪善给他所带来的不快,称自己所编著的字典能得到勋爵的推荐是一种莫大的荣幸,不知该以什么方式接受这份荣耀,似乎在为勋爵说好话,非常赞赏他的行为。其实话语已暗中表露对方就是投机取巧者,真可谓“口蜜腹剑”、暗中伤人。
(二)留有余地、促人想象
阴述法的另一语用修辞功能就是在话语中留下一定空间,让听话人去沉思,去想象。如在例(2)中房东对他的租户说“I’m not going to threaten you,but if this Budget passes the rents will go up.”。话语中留下一定空间促使租户去想象“if this Budget passes the rents will go up”的严重后果。又如:
(8)I don’t know any other way to meet it except this.I don’t want to quarrel with him—to call him a liar;but when I corn square up to him I don’t know what else to call him if I must tell the truth out.(by Lincoln)
此例的“I”一边说他不知道如何面对“it”,并说他不想“quarrel with him”,一边又说当他直面对方时如需讲真话,不知“what else to call him”。这就给听者留下值得深思、值得想像和猜测的地方——到底如何“call him”为好?
(三)显示礼貌、减少反感
阴述法中的回避虽然是假,但在客观上显示了礼貌,给对方留有一定面子,减少对方的反感。如例(6)的假回避“It would be superfluous in me to point out to your lordship that ...”(我向您指出这事也许是多余的……)比其真表露“I would like to point out that ...”要“客气”得多,这自然减少了对方的反感。又如:
(9)I will say nothing of his manners,though they have always been swinish;or of his morals,though they have always been hyehaish.(by Lind)
尽管话语中“泄露”了“they have always been swinish”和“they have always been hyenaish”,但说话人的假回避“I will say nothing of his manners”多少给对方留了面子,因而减少了对方的反感。
(四)假装回避、引人关注
阴述法的又一大语用修辞功能就是假装回避,引人关注。由于阴述法的假省略、假回避,故意不说全某事,其结果反而引人更加重视,更加注意。例如:
(10)The first of the family which we have to do with,James,was a dirty,cowardly miscreant,of whom the less said the better.(by Borrow)
(11)I shall make no mentions to your passions—I will not talk to you about the hard and painful childhood which he has experienced,about his diligent and hard-striving youth,about his adulthood of uniformly animated and generous zeal for the justice cause,and about his peaceful life in his last years in the world.Doesn’t he set a good example for us to learn?
例(10)已经表露“The first of the family ... was a dirty,cowardly miscreant”,却要假装回避:“of whom the less said the better”。可说话人越是回避,听者越有兴趣关注他的真情表露,这跟我国的民间故事“此地无银三百两”有某种相似之处:打出掩饰的幌子却正好暴露了所要掩饰(回避)的内容,越发引人注意。例(11)的说话人假装回避他不想提及“his hard and painful childhood”,“his great youth”、“his diligent and hard-striving youth”,“his adulthood of uniformly animated and generous zeal for the justice cause”,“his peaceful life in his last years in the world”。可他欲言却止的假回避反倒招来更多的关注,起到了强调作用。
(五)似是而非、诙谐幽默
阴述法中看似有相矛盾的假回避,但真表露有时能产生诙谐幽默之功效。譬如,在“I will not call him an idiot because he once received higher education”中,假回避“I will not say ... because he once received higher education”与真表露“he is an idiot”看似不可思议,然而这种不可思议却造成了带讽刺意味的诙谐效果。又如,在“It is an original novel,but it is not for me to say so”(by Trollope)中,回避和表露“but it is not for me to say so(指original novel)”同样产生了诙谐幽默的语用修辞效果。可见阴述法非同一般,它还可以起到限制争辩,缓解冲突的作用。
综观全文,一是从语用学角度研究阴述法是一种尝试,二是所选实例全出自政治家、名作家之手(口),三是由以上研究我们看到阴述法的内涵以及它的生成机制,阴述法的主要语用特征以及它的语用修辞功能决定了它在话语中,尤其在演讲或辩论中具备的巨大威力。
[1]段胜峰,覃先美.辞格新说[M].海口:海南出版社,2014.
[2]Cuddon,J.A.Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory[M].Penguin Books,1999.
[3]Baldick,Chris.Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms[M].Oxford university Press,2008.
[4]Farnsworth,Ward.Farnsworth’s Classical English Rhetoric[M].Godine Publisher,2011.
[5]何自然,陈新仁.当代语用学[M].北京:外语中教学与研究出版社,2007.
[6]姜燕燕.缺席的在场——小说《床笫之间》中的视点和省叙[J].名作欣赏,2013(4).
[7]林雪萍.《麦琪的礼物》的叙述视角透视[J].广西民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008(6).
[8]覃先美,段胜峰.修辞学的多维视角[M].海口:海南出版社,2014.
[9]王丽娜.论现代小说创作中的视角越界现象[D].北京:首都师范大学,2009.
Pragmatic Interpretation on English Paralipsis
YU Jie
(SchoolofForeignLanguages,HuaihuaUniversity,Huaihua,Hunan418008)
Paralipsis,seldom dealt with in our academic circles,is an implicit but effective rhetorical device in the English language,which is often taken advantage of by masters of speech and masters of debate.This paper,blending pragmatics with rhetoric,makes an attempt to expound English paralipsis from the pragmatic perspective.The paper first clarifies the definition,components and classification of English paralipsis,then makes an analysis of its characteristics from four aspects.The paper also elaborates its five pragmatic rhetorical functions.
paralipsis; pragmatic characteristics; pragmatic rhetorical functions
2015-11-26
于 洁,1963年生,女,山东威海人,教授,研究方向:翻译理论与实践。
H315.9
A
1671-9743(2015)12-0100-03