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胰高血糖素样肽-1 受体激动剂在非酒精性脂肪性肝病中的应用前景

2015-03-18卓其斌黄玉仙

胃肠病学和肝病学杂志 2015年8期
关键词:艾塞那利拉鲁变性

李 强,卓其斌,陈 良,黄玉仙

复旦大学附属公共卫生临床中心肝炎一科,上海201508

近年来,非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)的发病率逐年上升,已成为发达国家慢性肝病的首要病因。最新数据表明发达国家1/3 的人口患有NAFLD,其中10% ~30%表现为非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH),而10% ~15%的NASH 最终进展为肝硬化或肝癌[1];有数据显示近年来NAFLD 及NASH 在中东、远东、非洲、加勒比及拉丁美洲的流行情况也与西方发达国家相似[2]。改革开放以来,我国人民生活水平得到很大提高,人群中NAFLD 的发病率也逐年上升,随着慢性乙型肝炎防治措施的有效执行,在不久的将来,NAFLD 极有可能成为我国慢性肝病的首要病因。因此,临床医师有必要了解更多NAFLD 治疗方面的研究进展。

胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)是由胰高血糖素原基因编码,并由肠黏膜朗格汉斯细胞(Langerhans cells,L 细胞)分泌的一种肽类激素,可通过刺激胰岛素分泌、抑制胰高血糖素分泌来降低血糖。胰高血糖素样肽-1 受体激动剂(glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists,GLP-1RAs)是GLP-1 的类似物,具有GLP-1 同样的生物学活性,且半衰期较GLP-1长,仅需每日一次给药。研究[3]发现胰高血糖素样肽-1 受体(GLP-1 receptor,GLP-1R)除了在胰岛细胞表达外,在肝脏细胞也有表达,这就为GLP-1RAs 用于治疗NAFLD 提供了可行性。近年来,一系列研究表明GLP-1RAs 可通过改善肝酶水平、减少肝脏脂肪含量、减轻肝脏脂肪变性、减轻肝纤维化程度及治疗代谢综合征等方面最终达到治疗NAFLD 的目的。本文就上述几个方面进行概述,以便临床医师对GLP-1RAs 治疗NAFLD 的研究进展有一个全面的了解。

1 GLP-1RAs 对NAFLD 的治疗作用

1.1 GLP-1RAs 改善肝酶水平 利拉鲁肽和艾塞那肽均为GLP-1 的类似物,即GLP-1RAs。NAFLD 患者往往伴有轻到中度的ALT 升高,且ALT 水平与NAFLD 患者肝脏炎症程度有一定的相关性。Vilsbφll等[4]进行的一项纳入12 个临床试验的Meta 分析表明利拉鲁肽治疗20 周即可有效降低T2DM 患者ALT 水平。Armstrong 等[5]研究表明基线ALT 水平异常的患者在采用利拉鲁肽治疗26 周后ALT 水平改善较安慰剂对照组更明显(-8.20 IU/L vs -5.01 IU/L,P =0.003)。Ohki 等[6]研究也表明利拉鲁肽可明显降低T2DM 伴NAFLD 患者的ALT 水平。Buse 等[7]的研究表明基线ALT 异常的T2DM 患者在采用艾塞那肽治疗2 年后ALT 水平较治疗前明显改善(平均较治疗前减少11 IU/L,P <0.05),其中39%的患者可出现ALT复常。Bergenstal 等[8]的研究也表明艾塞那肽治疗可显著降低NAFLD 患者ALT 水平。

1.2 GLP-1RAs 减少肝脏脂肪含量 Cuthbertson等[9]研究表明GLP-1RAs 可以显著减少肥胖患者肝内脂肪含量(intrahepatic lipids,IHL)。Hopkins 等[10]研究进一步表明GLP-1RAs 治疗6 个月可以使T2DM 患者肝内脂肪含量减少12. 7% ~21. 3%。Samson 和Sathyanarayana 等[11-12]研究均表明与吡格列酮单药治疗组相比,吡格列酮+艾塞那肽治疗组肝内脂肪含量减少更为明显(P <0.05)。Vendrell 和Gupta 等[13-14]从分子水平阐明了GLP-1RAs 降低肝内脂肪含量的机制:NAFLD 患者肝内成熟脂肪细胞表面表达GLP-1R,GLP-1RAs 与GLP-1R 结合后通过促进激素敏感脂肪酶(hormone sensitive lipase,HSL)在细胞内的聚集及增加HSL 的活性来加速细胞内脂肪的降解。

1.3 GLP-1RAs 减轻肝脏脂肪变性 Gupta 等[15]通过体外试验证实GLP-1RAs 可直接作用于肝细胞表面的GLP-1R,通过调节胰岛素信号通路来改善胰岛素抵抗,促进肝细胞内脂质的降解,减轻肝细胞脂肪变性。Dhanesha 等[16]的动物实验也表明GLP-1RAs 可通过改善胰岛素抵抗来逆转肝细胞脂肪变性。Ben-Shlomo等[17]的研究发现GLP-1RAs 还可以通过活化AMP 蛋白激酶(AMPK)发挥作用,并在体外试验中证实GLP-1RAs 可以增强肝细胞内AMPK 磷酸化,加速肝细胞内脂质的代谢,进而减轻肝细胞脂肪变性。Samson等[11]通过动物实验证实GLP-1RAs 的确可以通过增强小鼠肝细胞内AMPK 磷酸化达到减轻肝细胞脂肪变性的目的。Sharma 等[18]的临床试验表明GLP-1RAs可延缓或阻断NAFLD 患者由隐源性肝脂肪变性向NASH 的进展过程。虽然体外试验及动物实验均表明GLP-1RAs 有减轻甚至逆转肝细胞脂肪变性的作用,但相关临床试验较少,尚需进一步研究。

1.4 GLP-1RAs 减轻肝纤维化程度 纤维母细胞生长因子21(fibroblast growth factor 21,FGF21)可能在NASH 向肝纤维化及肝硬化进展过程中发挥重要作用[19]。Samson 等[11]研究表明与吡格列酮单药治疗相比,吡格列酮+ 艾塞那肽组FGF21 水平降低更加明显。Ohki 等[6]研究发现利拉鲁肽治疗可有效改善NASH 患者血浆中肝纤维化指标。Kenny 等[20]报道了8 例肝穿刺确诊为NASH 的患者,艾塞那肽治疗28 周后再次行肝穿刺复查肝脏组织学,其中3 例患者肝纤维化评分较治疗前减轻(纤维化评分下降>1 分)。

2 GLP-1RAs 针对NAFLD 相伴随的代谢综合征的治疗作用

血脂异常、肥胖及T2DM 是NAFLD 最常见的危险因素,同时也是NAFLD 最常伴随的代谢综合征。

2.1 GLP-1RAs 对血脂异常的治疗作用 Samson等[11]的研究发现艾塞那肽可降低肥胖小鼠模型肝脏内甘油三酯水平。Kelly 等[21]的临床试验发现与二甲双胍相比,艾塞那肽在降低肝脏内甘油三酯水平方面更具优势(-25.5 mg/dl vs -2.9 mg/dl,P =0.032)。Bello 等[22]认为GLP-1RAs 改善脂类代谢的机制可能与激活肝细胞表面过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体(PPAR-α)导致载脂蛋白C 的合成减少、促进血脂降解及肝脏甘油三酯清除有关。此外也有研究[23-24]表明GLP-1RAs 可以通过增加饱腹感、增强机体胰岛素敏感性、促进胰岛素分泌来间接发挥改善脂类代谢的功能。

2.2 GLP-1RAs 对肥胖的治疗作用

2.2.1 GLP-1RAs 可有效缩小腰围:Aguilar[24]的研究表明腰围可能是NAFLD 的危险因素,而且有研究[25]表明腰围增加可能与NAFLD 病情进展密切相关。Dushay 等[26]的研究发现35 周艾塞那肽治疗即可使肥胖患者腰围明显缩小。Davies 等[27]的研究显示艾塞那肽在缩小患者腰围方面较甘精胰岛素更具优势(-4.8 cm vs +1.7 cm,P <0.001)。Li 等[28]的研究显示在治疗12 周时利拉鲁肽+胰岛素治疗组较单纯胰岛素治疗组腰围平均缩小5.70 cm(P <0.01)。2.2.2 GLP-1RAs 可有效减少脂肪含量:Grotti 等[29]的研究表明体内总体脂肪含量及内脏脂肪含量均是NAFLD 的独立预测因素;Khunti 等[30]的研究表明腹部脂肪含量与NAFLD 的病情进展密切相关。有研究[31]表明利拉鲁肽可以明显降低患者体内总体脂肪含量及内脏脂肪组织。Astrup 等[32]的研究表明利拉鲁肽治疗20 d 可使患者总体脂肪含量减少15.4%。González-Ortiz 等[33]的研究表明艾塞那肽治疗1 个月就可以使皮下脂肪减少4.4%。Inoue 等[34]的研究发现利拉鲁肽0.3 ~0.9 mg/d 治疗20 d 即可明显降低患者内脏脂肪含量估计值(eVFA)。Kelly 等[35]的随机对照双盲试验也表明GLP-1RAs 可以明显降低严重肥胖青少年的eVFA。上述研究表明GLP-1RAs 可以通过减少患者总体脂肪含量及内脏脂肪含量达到改善NAFLD 及其伴发代谢综合征的目的。

2.3 GLP-1RAs 对T2DM 的治疗作用 GLP-1RAs是一种新型降糖药物,可通过促进胰岛素分泌、抑制胰高血糖素分泌、延缓胃排空、增加饱腹感、降低食欲等多种方式调节血糖稳态[36]。Nauck 等[37]的研究表明利拉鲁肽不仅可有效降低T2DM 患者血糖,还具有减轻体质量及降低收缩压的作用,且安全性良好。Cui等[38]的研究也表明艾塞那肽可以有效控制T2DM 患者血糖、减轻患者体质量,且安全性与耐受性良好。目前,美国内分泌医师协会(AACE)、美国糖尿病协会(ADA)及欧洲糖尿病研究协会(EASD)已将利拉鲁肽及艾塞那肽列为T2DM 治疗的一线药物[39]。

3 结论

近十几年来,随着对NAFLD 及代谢综合征的病因和发病机制认识的不断深入,临床医师不再将NAFLD作为一个单一的疾病看待,在关注NAFLD 的同时也越来越重视相伴发生的代谢综合征的治疗。GLP-1RAs不仅可通过改善肝酶水平、减少肝脏脂肪含量、减轻肝脏脂肪变性及减轻肝纤维化程度发挥改善NAFLD 病情的作用,还对NAFLD 最常伴发的血脂异常、肥胖症及T2DM 等代谢综合征有明显疗效,在NAFLD 患者中有很好的临床应用前景。然而目前仍存在许多有待进一步研究的问题,如GLP-1RAs 治疗NAFLD 的作用机制,特别是分子水平的机制研究目前结论不一;GLP-1RAs 用于治疗NAFLD 的最佳治疗剂量和疗程尚不明确;长期使用的安全性有待进一步观察。

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