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Qiaoxiang Culture and Qiaoxiang Culture Studies

(by ZHANG Guo-xiong)

Abstract: For a long time, qiangxiang has been the “background” and a "supporting role” in the study of overseas Chinese history; this is not commensurate to its actual historical status and academic value. Qiaoxiang culture is a relatively independent research subject, yet there exits a mutual-support relationship between it and overseas Chinese historical studies. It has its own development track and academic characteristics and is an advantageous academic resource of Chinese scholars. This paper discusses the main features of the “qiaoxiang culture” and reviews the course of discipline construction by the Guangdong Qiaoxiang Culture Research Center with a view to laying a foundation for the continued growth and development of qiaoxiang culture research.

qiaoxiang culture; research subject; discipline construction

On the National Government’s Relief to Refugees from Overseas in South Guangdong before the Outbreak of the Pacific War

(by CHEN Guo-wei)

Abstract: Before the Pacific War broke out, the attempts made by the national government to relieve and protect refugees from overseas in south Guangdong reflected the vigorous and tortuous development of the Guangdong provincial government’s work on overseas Chinese during the period of Anti Japanese War. The efforts were flawed but also had some results and basically achieved the policy objectives. They also provided important experience and historical lessons for such later attempts.

Key words: pre-Pacific War; the national government; south Guangdong; relief and rescue of overseas Chinese

Research on Private Vocational Education in Wuyi Prior to 1949

( by SONG Xu-min)

Abstract: Before liberation, there were as many as 27 private vocational schools in Jiangmen. The underlying reasons for the thriving of private vocational education include ample funds from overseas Chinese, the need for making a living abroad, and the desire of numerous people to go overseas to study. These private vocational schools were widely but unevenly distributed and unbalanced because they were subject to the situations of the overseas Chinese. Private vocational education promoted the development of local economy and society at that time, and provided a reference for later development.

Key words: Wuyi; vocational education; practical exploration

On Liang Qichao’s “Hu Shi Complex” in His Old Age

(by LEI Ping, DU Fei)

Abstract: In the 1920s, Liang Qichao had become an “elder” in the eyes of his contemporaries, and Hu Shi was a symbol of “new men” in the academic world. But at this time Liang was still pursuing new academic fashions, and in the process, he had to some extent regarded Hu Shi as an academic rival. He competed with Hu Shi on many academic issues. Liang’s Hu Shi “complex” reflects the complex relationship between the two generations of intellectuals in the transition period.

Key words: Liang Qichao; Hu Shi; complex

Luo Ying-gong’s Prose Writing as Poetry

(by FENG Shan-shan)

Abstract: A feature of Luo Ying-gong’s ancient-style poems is taking writing as poetry creation. This feature was expressed in the following ways: combining narrative, comments, depiction of scenery and lyric emotion; paying attention to composition; well-organized structure; lucidity, tortuousness and meticulousness of language. Luo’s style was a reflection of his admiration of Du Fu and Su Shi, and was the obvious reason why he is categorized into the Tong Guang style

Key words: Luo Ying-gong; ancient-style poetry; taking writing as poetry creation; Du Fu; Su Shi

Zhong Xing’s Commentary on Guoyu

(by ZHENG Yan-ling)

Abstract: Against the background of prosperity of literary criticism and historical criticism during the Ming and Qing dynasties, a large number of commentaries on Guoyu appeared. The late Ming period scholar Zhong Xing, a leading figure of the Jingling School, also selected passages from Guoyu and commented on them. Through his study of the historical records and related opinions contained in the book, Zhong expressed his specific views and opinions on the Zhou Dynasty and its kings and ministers, commented on its outstanding historical figures, and analyzed the literary value of the book. Zhou’s commentary combined historical criticism and literary criticism and put forward valuable views and has therefore had a certain influence.

Key words: Zhong Xing; Guoyu or Discourses of the States; commentary

The Wise Monarch Image and the Female Consciousness of Wu Zetian in the Ming and Qing Periods’ Narrative Literature

(by HAN Lin)

Abstract: The wise monarch image of Wu Zetian in Ming and Qing periods’ literary works expressed the ancient women’s desire to participate in social affairs. By portraying a female wise monarch whose deeds included setting up imperial civil service examinations for women, appointing female officials and rehabilitating females, these works provided a virtual way for females to achieve political participation. But this was not the mainstream view of such novels; it’s only weak?female discourse in a male-dominated framework of culture.

Key words:wise monarch image; setting up imperial civil service examinations for females; appointing female officials; rehabilitating females

A Macroscopic Contrastive Study of Chinese and Japanese Poetry of Boudoir Sorrow

(by MI Li-ping，MI Li-ying)

Abstract: Ancient Japanese poetry is the crystallization of Chinese and Japanese cultural integration. A comparative study of the Chinese and Japanese poetry of boudoir sorrow in the aspects of creation background, subject scope, creation angle of view and the images commonly used reveals their features. Chinese poetry of boudoir sorrow reflects the supreme imperial power and the social reality that women were inferior to men in social status while its Japanese counterpart was confined to entertainment and lyric emotion. These differences are closely related to the two countries’ historical culture, traditional customs and the aesthetic concepts on poetry creation.

Key words: waka; Chinese poetry; poetry of boudoir sorrow; mono no aware; tacit consciousness

A Study of Hu Shi’s Viewpoint on Biography

(by WANG Yu-juan)

Abstract: Hu Shi’s biography study is not only based on reality, but was also oriented toward future research. In advocating biographical literature, Hu Shi completely repudiated the traditional Chinese biographical literature, trying to cut off the link between the biography and historical tradition and draw people’s attention to the reality. Drawing on western biographical literature, in light of China’s local resources as a basis, and using autobiography as a breakthrough, Hu attempted to usher in the ethos of biography and autobiography writing. Hu Shi studied biography as a reformer, aiming to create a trend and not to be a master of biography writing.

Key words: Hu Shi; view on biography; biography and autobiography; realistic choice

Understanding of the“Three Principles of the People” by the Nationalist School and Its Evolution (1925 - 1930)

(by ZENG Ke)

Abstract: With the April 12th Incident as a watershed, the understanding of the Three Principles of the People by the nationalist school can be into two stages. During the previous stage, out of the political need for allying Kuomintang and opposing the Communist Party, the nationalistic school set to clarify the differences between the Three Principles of the People and Communism, achieved theoretical union between the Three Principles of the People and the nationalistic school, and held a basically accepting and positive attitude towards the Three Principles. During the later stage, because of the political need for opposing Kuomintang’s monopoly on power, the nationalistic school took part in the discussion of the ontology of the Three Principles and held a criticizing and negative attitude towards the Three Principles. The evolution of the understanding of the nationalistic school was closely related to the changeable political situations of China.

Key words: Sun Yat-sen; the Three Principles of the People; the nationalistic school

Frontier Defense Official Positions in the Han Dynasty Revealed by Unearthed Materials

(by GUO Jun-ran)

Abstract: Unearthed materials reveal much about official positions in the Han Dynasty and reflect the relatively complete system of official positions at the then border defense system. The relative completeness of border defense official positions is reflected in the du and wei (senior and junior officers) system, candidate officers system, fortification officers system, city defense officers system and logistics officers system.

Key words: Han Dynasty; frontier defense; bureaucracy; unearthed materials

An Evaluative Study of Jiangmen’s Basic Public Service Equalization Level

(by WANG Xiao-bin, SHAO Yan-fei, Huang Min-yi, Huang An-ni)

Abstract: This paper takes Jiangmen’s basic public service level as the research object and constructs a correlation index system using the variation coefficient method. It analyzes five basic public services in different regions of Jiangmen. The results show that Jiangmen’s basic education is of the highest level, with its overall variation coefficient at 0.8806, with medical and health services coming next at 0.7468. The social security, community culture and road traffic take the last three places at 0.6773、0.6303 and 0.5654 respectively, indicating a relative large district differences. Finally, relevant policy suggestions are advanced to rationalize Jiangmen’s basic public services.

Key words: Jiangmen; urbanization; public services; Indicator system; social organizations

Research on the Development Strategy of the Urban Complexes in the Central Jiangmen City

(by ZHANG Rui-rui，ZENG Hui，ZHOU Li)

Abstracts: Jiangmen is in the key period of urban construction upgrading, economic transformation and overall social development breakthrough and urban complexes in the central areas are developing rapidly. However, there exist a large number of problems, such as the lack of government guidance in?city planning, unreasonable spatial distribution, over-crowdedness, a single development model, serious homogenization and so on.The healthy development of city complexes involves considering it from multiple angles including those of the government and the developers so as to arrive at corresponding development strategies.

Key words: city complexes; center city; current state; problems; strategies

A Systematic Analysis of Crowdfunding

(by Guo Jia-de)

Abstract: According to systems science, the crowdfunding market can be seen as a system. This paper describes the elements, structures and functions of the crowdfunding system. Seven features, including self-organization, nonlinearity, adaptability, diversity, evolution, and emergence are found to exist in the crowdfunding system, which leads to the concept of the Complex Crowdfunding System. Based on the above-mentioned research, this paper also discusses the systematic and idiosyncratic risks of crowdfunding.

Key words: the systems science; crowdfunding; complex systems; systematic risks; idiosyncratic risks

“Panjiao” and the Localization of Buddhism

(by ZHAO Zhi-hao)

Abstract: During the north and South Dynasties panjiao attempted to localize exotic culture, but it turned out to be only the different versions of the different sects of Buddhism and the greater and less vehicle Buddhist sects prevailing in India. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, panjiao sought to look for legitimacy for the various Buddhist sects. The cittamatra panjiao endeavored to keep the original dharma as far as possible but failed to attend to the Chinese cultural identity. Tiantai panjiao realized the localization of Buddhism in the theoretical form and the Zen realized the localization of Buddhism on the practical level. In interpreting Buddhist scriptures the tension relationship between text documents and the reality text should be properly handled so as to overcome their respective limitations to achieve higher levels of integration and the docking and dialogue between two cultural traditions.

Key words: panjiao; localization; Taintai Sect; different sects in different times; Zen

A Theoretical Analysis of Cultural Diplomacy

(by ZENG Xiang-ming)

Abstract: Cultural diplomacy is the political product when the cultural exchanges of a country or nation have reached a certain stage. As a fourth pillar of diplomacy, cultural diplomacy is an effective response to the interaction between the three parties of the state, market and society in the field of contemporary international relations and is a useful complement to the traditional political, economic and military diplomacy and together they constitute the organic system of national diplomacy. Cultural diplomacy has the characteristics of peacefulness, openness, persistence and dependence. It is an important support for the building up of China’s cultural soft power and the promotion of its international discourse power, and can effectively promote the mutual understanding between China and the world, serve China’s“going out”strategy and help to realize China’s national interests.

Key words: cultural diplomacy; soft power; national interests; the Chinese dream

The Special Structure “W + qiu·zi·de” Emphasizing the Mood of Sentences in the Putonghua in Xinjiang

(by SHENG Gui-qin)

Abstract: There is a special structure, “W + qiu·zi·de”, in the Putonghua used in Xinjiang. An analysis of its meaning, the choice limitation of the predicate W in the format, the function of qiu·zi·de in the structure, and its grammatical and pragmatic features it can facilitate our understanding of the format.

Key words: the “W + qiu·zi·de” structure; degrees

A Legal Analysis of the College Students’ Different Forms of Work Values and the Practical Implications

(by HE Ya-hong)

Abstract: Students’work values directly affects the students’practice effect. From a legal perspective, the college students’ work values can be reducible to three forms: power view, obligation view, and responsibility view. Exploring the legal basis of college students' different forms of work values can help student tutors to understand the essential operating mechanism of students work, analyze the typical problems encountered in practice, and improve the practice effect.

Key words: college students’work values; legal analyses; implications

1009-1513(2015)04-0090-03