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三阴乳腺癌治疗现状

2015-02-25钟辉凤陈晓品

现代医药卫生 2015年4期
关键词:紫杉贝伐单抗

钟辉凤,陈晓品

(重庆医科大学,重庆400016)

三阴乳腺癌治疗现状

钟辉凤,陈晓品

(重庆医科大学,重庆400016)

三阴乳腺癌(TNBC),即雌激素受体、孕激素受体、人表皮生长因子受体-2(Her-2)均为阴性的乳腺癌,约占乳腺癌的15.0%~25.0%,具有易复发、易转移和预后差的特点,且不能从内分泌治疗和Her-2靶向药物治疗获益。其治疗为化疗、手术及放疗的综合治疗,有效的靶向治疗正在探索中。该文主要就TNBC的局部治疗、全身治疗及预后进行了综述。

乳腺肿瘤/治疗;受体,雌激素;受体,孕酮;受体,表皮生长因子;三阴乳腺癌

三阴乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)是雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)、人表皮生长因子受体-2(human epidermal growth factor receptor-2,Her-2)均为阴性的一类特殊乳腺癌,约占乳腺癌的15.0%~25.0%。据2010年美国临床肿瘤学会(american society of clinical oncology,ASCO)/美国病理学家协会(college of american pathologists,CAP)指南,ER、PR阴性是指免疫组化检测肿瘤细胞核免疫染色阳性少于1.0%[1]。2013年ASCO/CAP推荐,Her-2阴性指标:(1)免疫组化0或1+;(2)在原位杂交(in-situ hybridization,ISH)检测中平均每个细胞核中Her-2基因拷贝数少于4个,Her-2基因/17号染色体的平均比值小于2.0[2]。其在肥胖的[体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)≥30 kg/m2]、绝经前的非洲裔美国女性发病率高。相比非三阴乳腺癌,具有肿瘤体积大(直径大于2.0 cm)、肿瘤组织学分化等级高(3级)、发生淋巴转移率较低[3]的特点。此外,TNBC发生远处转移的风险在2年内迅速升高,2~3年达到高峰,5年后的转移率明显降低,8年后出现远处转移的概率极低[4]。且远处转移的主要器官:肺约40.0%,脑约30.0%,肝约20.0%,骨约10.0%。

乳腺癌的治疗需根据临床分期、病理结果、手术方式等因素进行综合治疗。Ⅰ期患者倾向于行保乳术治疗,若肿瘤直径大于0.5 cm或腋窝淋巴结微转移灶直径小于2.0 mm则需术后辅以化疗;Ⅱ~Ⅲ期患者有保乳意愿者需给予术前辅助化疗;Ⅳ期及复发患者则给予以全身化疗为主的综合治疗。

1 局部治疗

局部治疗包括手术切除及放疗(radiationtherapy,RT),外科手术治疗方式包括保乳术(breast conservative therapy,BCT)、乳房改良根治术(modified radical mastectomy,MRM)、单纯乳房根治术(simple mastectomy,SM)等。Black等[5]随访了Ⅰ~Ⅱ期TNBC患者20年发现,BCT治疗10年内局部复发率(20.0%)高于MRM(12.0%),但二者总生存率(分别为44.0%、39.0%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Abdulkarim等[6]发现,T1~2N0 TNBC患者分别行BCT、MRM、MRM联合RT的5年局部无复发率分别为94.0%、85.0%、87.0%,三者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),5年生存率分别为87.0%、82.0%、68.0%,三者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。表明BCT与MRM对患者总生存时间无明显影响,早期TNBC患者行BCT治疗所获得的疗效优于MRM。但BCT亦有局限性,如病理切缘阳性、病变广泛、既往做过乳腺或胸壁放疗等是禁忌证。

Steward等[7]对Ⅰ~Ⅲ期TNBC患者分别行BCT、SM、MRM后辅助/不辅助放疗进行的一项随访结果显示,术后辅助放疗可显著提高患者总生存时间(辅助、不辅助放疗分别为77.3%、59.8%),且术后放疗可提高BCT组患者总生存时间(危险比:0.30,95%可信区间:0.16~0.58,P=0.001),但SM组(危险比:0.38;95%可信区间:0.05~3.04,P=0.340)和MRM组(危险比:0.77,95%可信区间:0.46~1.34,P=0.380)患者总生存时间无明显改善。但Dragun等[8]研究发现,在BCT和乳房切除术后辅以放疗,1~3年内无进展生存时间和局部复发率无明显改善,但未辅以放疗患者3年后局部复发风险增高。虽不同实验结果之间存在差异,但多数学者认为,术后放疗有助于控制局部复发及提高总生存率。此外,对于手术切缘阳性、腋窝淋巴结阳性、肿瘤直径大于5.0cm的患者进行术后放疗是必要的。

2 全身治疗

TNBC缺乏内分泌治疗及Her-2靶向药物(如曲妥珠单抗、帕妥珠单抗等)治疗,其全身治疗主要为化疗,包括术前辅助化疗(即新辅助化疗)和术后化疗。随着大量的临床研究的进行,考虑到药物不良反应及便于临床应用TNBC以蒽环类或紫杉类药物为基础的化疗方案作为治疗的一线方案,紫杉类、蒽环类、环磷酰胺(TAC)为首选化疗方案[9],并发现蒽环类、环磷酰胺(AC)序贯紫杉类(T)方案(即AC→T方案)优于同步TAC方案[10]。但用于TNBC的分子靶向药物目前暂无被推荐的,相关临床研究仍在进行中。现有的Ⅲ期临床随机对照试验结果表明,贝伐单抗(阿瓦斯汀)/西妥昔单抗(爱必妥)联合化疗方案可提高患者无进展生存时间,但对总生存时间无影响[11]。

2.1 术前及术后辅助治疗与非三阴乳腺癌比较,术前辅助化疗可明显缩小TNBC患者的肿瘤病灶,甚至部分患者能达到病理完全缓解(pathological complete response,PCR)。PCR是指治疗后,病理分期达到ypT0 ypN0或ypT0/is ypN0[12],已作为预测长期临床受益(包括总生存时间、无进展生存时间等)的指标[13]。临床上患者获得PCR可降低BCT后局部复发率[14],改善预后。有研究发现,单用紫杉醇者PCR仅为12.0%,蒽环类为基础的化疗方案,PCR为20.0%[13],而使用标准的TAC方案者PCR为27.9%[15]。虽然标准方案可提高PCR,但与Her-2阳性患者获得约60.0%PCR比较,仍有明显差距[16]。多数TNBC患者具有携带乳腺癌易感基因-1(breast cancer susceptibility gene-1,BRCA1)突变基因的特点,Byrski等[17]对发生BRCA1突变的乳腺癌患者分别予以卡铂,蒽环类、紫杉类(AT),环磷酰胺、甲氨蝶呤、氟尿嘧啶(CMF)、AC,氟尿嘧啶、蒽环类、环磷酰胺(FAC)治疗,结果显示,给予卡铂治疗后达PCR患者的比例显著高于其他治疗方案。Petrelli等[18]进行的回顾性研究表明,TNBC患者给予术前蒽环类或紫杉类药物为基础的方案化疗,加铂类(顺铂、卡铂)获得PCR的最小值为45.0%,显著高于未加铂类的化疗方案。有研究发现,卡铂联合紫杉类药物的方案可使50.0%~55.0%的患者达PCR[19-20],TAC方案联合卡铂也明显提高了PCR[21],但联合卡铂的方案可导致严重不良反应[22]。对于联合铂类药物的方案是否能提高患者远期生存率,目前暂无明确结果。在其他的治疗方案中,TAC联合吉西他滨或卡培他滨,目前认为对于提高PCR无明显作用[23]。

此外,贝伐单抗作为分子靶向药物,通过使血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)失去生物活性而减少了肿瘤的血管形成,从而抑制肿瘤生长,被应用于全身治疗。多个关于蒽环类或紫杉类药物为基础的化疗方案联合贝伐单抗用于术前辅助治疗的研究显示,贝伐单抗可明显提高PCR(34.5%~42.0%),但相应地增加了药物不良反应,如高血压、黏膜炎、左室功能不全、手-足综合征等[15,23-25]。Sikov等[21]对Ⅱ~Ⅲ期TNBC患者给予紫杉醇80 mg/m2,每周1次,治疗12个周期,序贯4个周期的AC 60/600 mg/m2,每2周1次,联合或不联合9个周期贝伐单抗10 mg/kg,每2周1次,结果发现,联合贝伐单抗组和不联合贝伐单抗组患者PCR分别为52.0%、44.0%。尽管该研究中联合贝伐单抗提高PCR的作用不明显,但PCR仍有所提高。

用于术前辅助治疗的方案同样适用于术后辅助治疗,且辅以术后化疗能有效改善患者预后。Colleoni等[26]对术后淋巴结阴性的乳腺癌患者辅以化疗(方案为CMF)是否获益进行了临床研究,结果发现,TNBC患者辅以化疗可明显降低10年总体发病率(化疗后为21.0%,未化疗为36.0%)。但不同化疗方案对改善预后作用不同。Swain等[10]对比分析了AC→T、AC、TAC 3个方案在TNBC患者的无病生存率(分别为74.0%、69.0%、69.0%)、总生存率(分别为83.0%、79.0%、79.0%),以AC→T方案的治疗更优。有Meta分析结果显示,为控制局部复发、提高无病生存率和总生存率,联合紫杉类的化疗方案优于未联合紫杉类者[27],联合卡培他滨的化疗方案可提高患者无病生存率[28]。但联合贝伐单抗的化疗方案用于术后辅助治疗,患者无明显受益[29]。

在TNBC的全身治疗中,多药物的联合治疗方案可提高TNBC患者的总生存时间、降低无病生存率和复发率等。但多种药物联合的治疗方案依然需要进行长期的随访观察和大样本的临床研究,新的药物应用和研究仍需进一步探索。

2.2 复发转移后的辅助治疗TNBC易发生远处转移,发生转移患者总生存时间明显缩短。因此,需有效、规范地治疗以提高患者总生存时间。多项Ⅲ期临床研究已证实,联合贝伐单抗的治疗方案可显著提高患者无进展生存时间和药物总反应率,但对总生存时间无明显影响[30-31]。Robert等[31]研究显示,卡培他滨联合或不联合贝伐单抗的总反应率和中位无进展生存时间分别为35.4%、23.6%,9.2、7.2个月,总生存时间(危险比:0.85,95%可信区间:0.63~1.14,P=27.000)无明显改善;紫杉类/蒽环类为基础的化疗方案联合或不联合贝伐单抗的总反应率和中位无进展生存时间分别为51.3%、37.9%,8.3、7.1个月,总生存时间(危险比:1.03,95%可信区间:0.77~1.38,P= 0.830)无明显改善。且一项正在进行的Ⅲ期临床研究表明,紫杉醇联合贝伐单抗的治疗方案与卡培他滨联合贝伐单抗的方案比较,总反应率(分别为44.0%、27.0%,P<0.01)和中位无进展生存时间(分别为11.0、8.1个月,危险比:1.36,95%可信区间:10.4~12.9,P=0.005)更优[32]。表明化疗联合贝伐单抗,尤其是紫杉醇联合贝伐单抗用于治疗TNBC,相比单一的化疗,可提高患者无进展生存时间,但未改善患者总生存时间(这也是美国食品药品监督管理局未批准贝伐单抗用作一线药物治疗TNBC的重要因素),或许需更多相关研究来证实贝伐单抗的有效性。

Villarreal-Garza等[33]进行的联合/不联合铂类的化疗方案对改善中位总生存时间的研究发现,作为一线治疗方案时二者无明显差异(各为2.0个月,P=0.900);作为二、三线治疗方案时联合铂类的化疗方案可明显提高总生存时间(二线治疗方案分别为4.0、1.0个月,P= 0.004;三线治疗方案分别为4.0、0.5个月,P=0.004)。此外,在顺铂联合/不联合西妥昔单抗的一项Ⅱ期临床研究中单药顺铂的总反应率为10.0%,而联合用药为20.0%;无进展生存时间分别为1.5、3.7个月(危险比:0.67,95%可信区间:0.47~0.97,P=0.032);总生存时间分别为9.4、12.9个月(危险比:0.82,95%可信区间:0.56~1.20,P=0.310)。表明联合用药的治疗方案优于单一用药的方案,但这仍需大量样本和长期随访观察。

其他的靶向药物,如舒尼替尼,单药治疗无临床获益[34],联合紫杉醇的疗效较贝伐单抗联合紫杉醇差,且不良反应明显[35]。iniparib联合吉西他滨、卡铂的Ⅱ期临床研究结果显示,可改善患者总生存时间且未增加不良反应[36],但Ⅲ期临床研究结果却未达到总生存时间和无进展生存时间的共同主要终点的统计学标准,被认为是非真正的多聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶(poly ADP-ribose polymerase,PARP)抑制剂[37]。

3 预后

在我国,TNBC患者的中位无进展生存时间约为38.5个月,中位生存时间约为43.0个月,5年内无进展生存率约为75.7%,总生存率为86.6%,较非三阴乳腺癌患者5年内无进展生存率、总生存率(分别约为79.6%、93.5%)低[38]。一旦确诊发生远处转移后,患者总生存时间约为1年[3],尤其是发生脑转移后的中位生存时间为4.0~7.0个月[39]。

目前,TNBC的治疗方法有限,且缺乏有效的靶向药物。控制局部复发、提高术前辅助化疗的PCR、发现反应率高且毒性小的药物(尤其是靶向药物)可能是改善TNBC预后的关键。

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Current status of treatment of triple-negative breast cancer

Zhong Huifeng,Chen Xiaopin
(Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing 400016,China)

Triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)means the breast cancer with estrogen receptor,progestrone receptor,human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(Her-2)being negative,accounting for about 15.0%-25.0%of breast cancers.It is charaterized with tending to recrudesce,metastasis and being poor in prognosis,which didit benefit from adjusting Endocrine level and Her-2 targeted drugs.It′s treatment is comprehensive including chemotherapy,surgery and radiotherapy,while the effective targeted therapy is in process.This article focuses on the local and general therapies as well as prognosis.

Breast neoplasms/therapy;Receptors,estrogen;Receptors,progesterone;Receptors,epidermal growth factor;Triple-negative breast cancer

10.3969/j.issn.1009-5519.2015.04.003

:A

:1009-5519(2015)04-0488-03

2014-11-05)

钟辉凤(1990-),女,江西赣州人,硕士研究生,主要从事肿瘤专业相关研究;E-mail:871181172@qq.com。

陈晓品(E-mail:cxp640910@163.com)。

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