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抗滑移钢板治疗肱骨远端B3型骨折的临床观察

2014-07-05魏巍宋哲张堃薛汉中王欣文

中华肩肘外科电子杂志 2014年3期
关键词:小头滑车冠状

魏巍 宋哲 张堃 薛汉中 王欣文

抗滑移钢板治疗肱骨远端B3型骨折的临床观察

魏巍 宋哲 张堃 薛汉中 王欣文

目的探讨抗滑移钢板治疗肱骨远端B3型骨折的手术方法和效果。方法自2010年1月至2013年6月,我科应用抗滑移钢板治疗17例肱骨远端B3型骨折患者,按AO分型:B3.1型10例,B3.3型7例,全部采用肘关节外侧入路,术中应用抗滑移钢板结合3.0mm HCS无头空心钉固定。结果所有患者均获得随访,术后随访时间6~12个月,平均8个月。无感染和血管、神经损伤,无骨化性肌炎发生,骨折完全愈合。肘关节活动度:伸10°,屈110°,Broberg-Morrey标准评分平均为90.5分,优良率88.2%。结论应用抗滑移钢板结合HCS治疗肱骨远端B3型骨折,可以获得牢固而有效的固定,允许早期功能锻炼,能达到满意临床效果。

肱骨骨折,远端;内固定;抗滑移钢板

肱骨远端冠状面骨折累及肱骨小头和滑车的关节面,是一种少见的肱骨远端关节内损伤,约占肘部骨折的0.5%~1%。此类骨折易被漏诊,文献报道的手术入路和内固定方式有很多种,但均未形成定论[1]。自2010年1月至2013年6月,我科应用抗滑移钢板治疗肱骨远端B3型骨折17例,全部采用肘关节外侧入路,术中应用抗滑移钢板结合3.0mm HCS无头空心钉固定,取得满意的临床结果。

材料与方法

一、一般资料

自2010年1月至2013年6月,我科应用抗滑移钢板治疗肱骨远端B3型骨折17例,其中男性9例,女性8例。年龄25~71岁,平均42.1岁。左侧9例,右侧8例。致伤原因:摔伤13例,车祸3例,高处坠落1例,均为闭合性损伤,无神经、血管损伤症状。按 AO 分型:B3.1型10例,B3.3型7例,全部采用肘关节外侧入路,术中应用抗滑移钢板结合3.0 mm HCS无头空心钉固定。受伤至手术时间为3~4d。

二、手术方法

本组患者采用臂丛神经阻滞麻醉或全身麻醉,取仰卧位,使用气囊止血带。取肘关节外侧入路,自肱骨外上髁近端5cm,沿肱骨外侧向下越过外髁后向下至桡骨头水平长约8cm,逐层切开,远侧于桡侧腕伸肌和指伸肌之间进入。掀起桡侧腕长短肌起点和切开肘关节外侧关节囊即可显露肱骨小头及滑车。术中仔细清除关节内血肿及骨和软骨碎片,先复位骨折块,用克氏针临时固定,术中透视见骨折端复位满意后,先选择3.0mm HCS无头空心钉埋头固定,可从前向后,也可从后向前固定。再用抗滑移钢板固定,使用“T”型微型钢板,予以塑形,使其紧贴于肱骨小头上关节面,钢板不宜高出关节面过多,进行固定。检查肘关节活动情况,可见抗滑移钢板基本不影响肘关节的正常屈曲(图1~6)。C臂X线机透视,证实骨折复位良好,螺钉长度适宜(图7,8)。冲洗伤口,放置引流管,逐层缝合切口。

三、术后处理

术前30min及术后常规抗生素预防感染,术后第2天开始口服吲哚美辛,25mg,3次/d,疗程6周。术后逐渐开始肘关节主、被动伸屈活动,随后逐渐增加运动范围。术后1、2、3、6个月门诊复查。

结 果

所有患者均得到随访,术后随访时间6~12个月,平均8个月。无感染和血管神经损伤,无骨化性肌炎发生,骨折完全愈合。未出现肘关节异位骨化、创伤性关节炎、肱骨小头缺血性坏死、内固定松动或断裂及骨折复位丢失等并发症。肘关节活动度:伸10°,屈110°,Broberg-Morrey标准评分平均为90.5分,其中优8例,良7例,可1例,差1例,优良率88.2%。

图1~8 患者女性,67岁,摔伤。图1~4为术前X线片和CT片,显示肱骨小头带部分滑车骨折;图5~6显示术中肘关节屈曲110°,抗滑移钢板不会碰到桡骨小头;图7~8为术后骨折愈合正侧位X线片

讨 论

一、损伤机制

肱骨远端关节面由肱骨小头及滑车组成,远端凸向前下,与肱骨干形成约30°的前倾角,与桡骨头构成肱桡关节。当肘关节屈曲时,桡骨头在肱骨小头的前关节面旋转;当在肘关节伸直时,桡骨头则在肱骨小头的下关节面旋转。当肘关节屈曲,前臂旋前位时,当上肢受到的外来暴力直接作用或沿前臂轴传递至肘关节时,容易在该成角处形成剪切应力,可经桡骨头将肱骨小头撞断,导致肱骨远端冠状面骨折。骨折累及肱骨小头大部或全部,部分可累及滑车,骨折块向前上移位,甚至翻转。骨折类型与损伤暴力的强度和速度有关。

二、诊断分型

典型的肱骨远端冠状面骨折根据外伤史,结合临床查体及常规正、侧位X线片不难诊断。但在骨折移位不明显,读片不仔细时,容易造成漏诊或对骨折累及范围的误判。Watts等[2]将术前X线片诊断与术中诊断相比较,发现术前X线片诊断肱骨小头骨折的准确性较高,但合并滑车骨折时诊断准确性较低。因此,术前行CT平扫和CT三维重建非常必要。CT平扫和CT三维重建能直观地看到肘关节病变部位的三维空间结构、形态及与周围组织的毗邻关系,可以提供准确的骨折类型,骨折块数量及移位情况,对诊断及制定手术方案有重要意义[3]。本组17例患者术前均进行CT平扫和CT三维重建,通过CT术前诊断与术中所见一致,说明CT平扫和CT三维重建可作为确诊肱骨滑车冠状面骨折的方法。

合适的骨折分型应能恰当地提示骨折的严重程度及其预后,并指导相应的手术治疗[4]。AO分型根据骨折块累及的范围分为三型,其中A型和C型最为常见。此外还有Dubberley分型,它是根据骨折累及的范围及肱骨小头和滑车是否为一整体骨折块分为三型,包括I型:肱骨小头骨折,有或没有累及滑车外侧嵴;Ⅱ型:肱骨小头和滑车作为一个完整的骨折块;Ⅲ型:肱骨小头骨折块和滑车骨折块相互分离,然后根据是否并存肱骨后髁粉碎性骨折,又将I~Ⅲ型分为A(不并存肱骨后髁粉碎骨折)和B(并存肱骨后髁粉碎骨折)两个亚型。此分型决定了不同的手术入路和内固定方式,其中后方骨质的完整与否更是影响骨折预后的重要因素。

三、手术技术

肱骨远端冠状面骨折后,肱骨小头骨折属于关节内骨折,应力求解剖复位。而术中对于粉碎的小骨块应尽可能的进行复位内固定,不能随意切除。因为,一方面带关节囊等软组织的小骨块术后血供良好,能加快骨折的愈合;另一方面,由于小骨块一旦缺损,骨折断面直接显露于关节腔,远期导致创伤性关节炎、骨化性肌炎,甚至导致关节失稳,严重影响肘关节功能。Ashwood等[5]认为维持骨折复位后的牢固性和肘关节的稳定性非常重要,术中尽可能保留小的软骨块进行复位内固定,但若固定不牢固,可考虑切除,以免形成游离体,造成关节活动的机械性阻挡,影响肘关节功能康复。Jupiter等[6]认为肱骨远端冠状面骨折后肘关节功能的好坏与其正常解剖关系恢复程度相关。

术中首先尽可能的保留小骨块,同时进行骨折的解剖复位,并用克氏针临时固定,再使用可埋头的螺钉固定骨折,尽可能的维持关节面的完整,然后使用微型钢板紧贴于肱骨小头上关节面进行防滑固定。术中反复透视以确保关节内骨折的良好复位,术后早期进行肘关节的主、被动功能锻炼。所有病例未出现肘关节骨化性肌炎及肱骨小头缺血性坏死等并发症。

肱骨远端冠状面骨折是临床治疗上的难点,体现在以下几个方面:(1)发病率低,难以对不同的治疗方法进行临床疗效的比较;(2)骨折发病呈双峰分布,年轻患者多由高能量致伤,往往合并肘关节结构的复合损伤;(3)老年患者多由低能量致伤,骨质疏松容易造成内固定松动;(4)骨折粉碎时,保留关节面的小骨块,进行内固定比较困难而且固定不牢固,术后容易出现骨折块松动,成为关节内游离体,影响关节的活动;(5)不保留关节面的小骨块又会改变肱桡关节面外形,出现创伤性关节炎。因此,肱骨远端冠状面骨折的手术治疗旨在恢复肱骨远端关节面平整和骨折的坚强固定,维持关节面的准确复位和关节稳定性,并获得理想的关节运动功能。可见,内固定物的选择至关重要。

目前普遍采用的内固定多为可埋头的空心钉、可吸收螺钉和Herbert螺钉等。对于骨折块较大,空心钉把持长度充分的年轻患者,这些内固定可以达到较为牢固的固定;而对于粉碎性骨折以及高龄合并有骨质疏松的患者,单纯这样的固定难以牢固,经常在术后要辅助石膏外固定,这样就丧失了肘关节进行早期功能锻炼的机会,从而造成肘关节僵硬等关节功能障碍。通过对肱骨远端关节面骨折损伤机制及骨折类型的认识,单纯采用螺钉的内固定方法并不能完全达到牢固固定,从而无法早期功能锻炼,而肘关节一旦固定超过2~3周,再想恢复满意的关节功能,将极为困难。针对目前这种现状,我科采取了应用3.0mm HCS无头空心钉固定的同时,并应用抗滑移钢板进一步加强骨折块的固定稳定性。具体固定方式是在解剖复位后应用1~3枚HCS无头空心钉从前向后或从后向前固定肱骨小头,再用1枚螺钉从外向内侧平行关节面将肱骨小头固定在残存的滑车上。对于较小的骨折块,应用1mm克氏针固定,尽可能不要摘除骨折块。最后在肱骨小头上关节面安放抗滑移钢板,顶住关节面的钢板不宜过高。在术中我们观察在肘关节屈曲110°时,抗滑移钢板不会碰到桡骨头关节面。这样的固定应该是最为牢固的,允许早期功能锻炼。宋文奇等[7]应用支撑钢板治疗8例肱骨小头冠状面骨折患者平均94.2分,优良率为87.5%。

Sano等[8]认为,对骨折块较薄的肱骨小头骨折,若螺钉从后方植入,螺纹将很难完全通过骨折线,而起不到拉力螺钉的作用;当骨折块过小时,螺钉从后向前植入可能损伤关节面或使骨块劈裂,且很难将螺纹埋于软骨面以下。还有学者[6]认为螺钉有可能损伤关节软骨,导致软骨坏死或骨溶解,影响肘关节功能。因此,对本组的17例患者,我们均在克氏针和螺钉固定的基础上采用抗滑移钢板进行内固定。一方面在完成粉碎骨折的解剖复位后通过克氏针或螺钉进行内固定,确保粉碎骨折的完整性和连续性;另一方面在完成克氏针和螺钉固定的基础上通过抗滑移钢板对肱骨远端冠状面进行内固定,可以确保冠状面骨折的稳定性和牢固性,有利于早期进行功能康复锻炼,最大限度的恢复肘关节功能。本组17例患者随访显示,内固定稳定且无移位,骨折位置良好,患者均能早期康复锻炼,肘关节功能恢复满意。

[1] Singh AP,Singh AP,Vaishya R,et al.Fractures of capitellum:a review of 14cases treated by open reduction and internal fixation with Herbert screws[J].Int Orthop,2010,34(6):897-901.

[2] Watts AC,Morris A,Robinson CM.Fractures of the distal humeral articular surface[J].J Bone Joint Surg Br,2007,89(4):510-515.

[3] 王烨明,张建国,马宝通.肱骨小头移位骨折手术治疗的疗效分析[J].中华骨科杂志,2010,30(4):407-410.

[4] 王磊,陈云丰,安智全,等.外侧Kaplan入路治疗成人肱骨远端冠状面骨折[J].中华骨科杂志,2011,31(5):491-495.

[5] Ashwood N,Verma M,Hamlet M,et al.Transarticular shear fractures of the distal humerus[J].J Shoulder Elbow Surg,2010,19(1):46-52.

[6] Jupiter JB,Mehne DK.Fractures of the distal humerus[J].Orthopedics,1992,15(7):825-833.

[7] 宋文奇,张弛,王挺,等.支撑钢板治疗肱骨远端冠状面骨折[J].实用手外科杂志,2013,27(2):112-114.

[8] Sano S,Rokkaku T,Saito S,et al.Herbert screw fixation of capitellar fractures[J].J Shoulder Elbow Surg,2005,14(3):307-311.

Clinical observation of the anti-glide plate treatment for type B3fractures of the distal humerus

Wei Wei,Song Zhe,Zhang Kun,Xue Hanzhong,Wang Xinwen.Department of Orthopedics and Trauma,Honghui Hospital,Xi′an Jiaotong University,Xi′an 710054,China

BackgroundCoronal fracture of distal humerus is a rare intra-articular injury involving the articular surface of capitellum and trochlea,and it accounts for approximately 0.5%-1.0%of the fractures of elbow.Fractures of this type are easily missed.Numerous surgical approaches and types of internal fixation have been reported in literatures,but no conclusions are formed.From January 2010to June 2013,17patients with type B3fractures of distal humerus were surgically treated with anti-glide plates and 3.0mm HCS headless cannulated screws through lateral elbow approach to investigate the operative methods and their outcomes.Methods(1)General information:From January 2010to June 2013,17patients with type B3fractures of distal humerus were surgically treated with anti-glide plates,including 9male and 8female.The age ranged from 25-71years and the average age was 42.1years.Nine cases fractured in left side and 8cases in right side.Causes of injury:fall from body height in 13cases,motor accident in 3cases and fall from meters high in 1case.All patients were closed injury with no nerve or vascular damage.According to the AO classification,ten cases were type B3.1fracture and seven were type B3.3.Through the lateral elbow approach,anti-glide plates combined with 3.0mm HCS headless cannulated screws were used after anatomical reduction.The operation time from injury were 3-4d.(2)Operative methods:After successful brachial plexus block or general anesthesia,the patient was placed in supine position with pneumatic tourniquet applied.An incision of about 8cm was made from 5cm proximal to the lateral epicondyle of humerus,along the lateral humerus downward across epicondyle to the level of radial head.After each layer was opened,the muscular layer was dissected between the extensor carpi radialis muscle and extensor digitorum muscle.The carpi radialis muscle origin was reflected and the lateral elbow joint capsule was incised from proximal to distal to expose the capitellum and trochlea.Intra-articular hematoma,fragments and cartilage were carefully debrided during the operation.Fracture fragmentswere anatomically reduced and provisionally fixed by Kirschner wire.The 3mm HCS headless cannulated screws were chosen for fixation from anterior to posterior or vice versa after satisfactory reduction had been checked under intraoperative fluoroscopy.An anti-glide plate or T plate was used for moulding.The plate should be placed near but not protrude to the articular surface.The full range of motion of elbow joint was checked.It should be clear that the plate would not block normal flexion.Reduction of the fracture and screw length was confirmed by fluoroscopy with C arm.The wound was closed in layers and drainage device was removed within 48hours postoperatively.(3)Postoperative Management:Antibiotics were used to 30min before operation and within 24hours postoperatively.Indomethacin was taken orally for the first 6weeks with 25mg each time and 3times per day.Active and passive motions of elbow joint were begun when patient could tolerate after surgery,and the range of motion was increased gradually.All patients were routinely followed up at the 1st,2nd,3rd and 6th month after operation.ResultsAll patients were followed up for 6to 12months with an average of 8 months.The fractures had full union with no infection,vascular and nerve damages,or myositis ossificans.No complications such as heterotopic ossification of elbow joint,traumatic arthritis,ischemic necrosis of capitellum,loosening or breakage of internal fixation and loss of reduction were seen.The mean range of moiton of elbow joint was 10°of extension and 110°of flexion.The Broberg-Morrey score averaged 90.5with 8excellent cases,7good cases,1normal case and 1bad case,and the excellent and good rate was 88.2%.Conclusion With the application of anti-glide plate combined by 3.0mm HCS,the treatment of type B3fractures can get a reliable and effective fixation,allow early functional exercise,and achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes.

Humeral fractures,distal;Internal fixation;Anti-glide plate

Zhang Kun,Email:hhyyzk@126.com

2014-06-13)

(本文编辑:李静)

10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2014.03.006

710054 西安交通大学附属红会医院创伤骨科

张堃,Email:hhyyzk@126.com

魏巍,宋哲,张堃,等.抗滑移钢板治疗肱骨远端B3型骨折的临床观察[J/CD].中华肩肘外科电子杂志,2014,2(3):163-167.

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