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人工肱骨头置换术后早期康复训练方法探析

2014-07-05吕泽斌胡晓梅林砚铭董万涛尉伟卫李磊

中华肩肘外科电子杂志 2014年3期
关键词:肱骨活动度肌力

吕泽斌 胡晓梅 林砚铭 董万涛 尉伟卫 李磊

人工肱骨头置换术后早期康复训练方法探析

吕泽斌 胡晓梅 林砚铭 董万涛 尉伟卫 李磊

目的探讨人工肱骨头置换术后早期康复训练对肩关节功能恢复的效果。方法自2010年2月至2013年6月,对11例严重肩关节损伤患者行人工肱骨头置换术。男性3例,女性8例;年龄46~73岁,平均52.1岁。致伤原因:肱骨近端骨折9例,肱骨头缺血性坏死1例,肱骨近端骨巨细胞瘤1例。手术由同组医师完成,术后早期开始康复训练,采用改良UCLA评分表评定治疗效果。结果1例患者于术后6个月死于肿瘤全身转移,其余10例平均随访15.4个月(12~40个月)。改良UCLA评分:优8例,良2例,差0例。结论早期进行康复训练维持重建关节的活动度,促进肌力恢复,改善关节功能,在人工肱骨头置换术远期疗效中发挥关键作用。

肱骨骨折,近端;肩关节;肱骨头置换术,人工;康复

随着人工关节技术及材料的不断成熟,肱骨头置换术在临床治疗严重肩关节损伤中发挥重要作用,能有效缓解疼痛,恢复关节功能[1]。由于肩关节在解剖学和动力学方面的特殊性和复杂性,其活动能力主要取决于稳定、无痛的盂肱关节,而周围肌肉韧带组织在维持关节稳定性和运动中发挥重要作用,关节置换术能有效减轻患肩疼痛,恢复术后肩关节的被动活动范围,但其主动活动仍取决于肩周肌肉的力量,所以术后早期进行康复训练则成为人工肱骨头置换术后尤为关键的治疗措施。成都中医药大学附属医院骨科自2010年2月至2013年6月对11例严重肩关节损伤患者行人工肱骨头置换术,术后积极康复训练,效果满意,报道如下。

材料与方法

一、研究对象

选取2010年2月至2013年6月在我院就诊行人工肱骨头置换术后康复训练的患者11例,其中男3例,女8例;年龄46~73岁,平均52.1岁;左侧2例,右侧9例;致伤原因:肱骨近端骨折9例,肱骨头缺血性坏死1例,肱骨近端骨巨细胞瘤1例,以自身健侧肩关节为对照;术前常规拍肩关节前后位、斜位及腋位X线片,并均行肩部MRI检查,评估骨骼及软组织损害程度,9例肱骨近端骨折均为新鲜闭合骨折,Neer分型[2]为4部分骨折,其余2例肱骨头塌陷、畸形,所有患者肩胛盂及肩袖结构完整,术前无血管和神经损伤。入选标准:(1)能够配合完成全程康复训练;(2)临床确诊肱骨近端4部分骨折、肱骨头缺血性坏死、肱骨近端肿瘤破坏,并行人工肱骨头置换术的患者;(3)自愿签署知情同意书者。排除标准:(1)局部或全身活动性感染;(2)合并臂丛神经损伤;(3)合并心、肝、肾、造血及内分泌系统严重原发性疾病;(4)合并精神疾患,不能配合训练者。

二、治疗方法

(一)手术方法及术后处理

全麻下取“沙滩椅”卧位,常规消毒、铺单,取三角肌、胸大肌间隙入路,切开皮肤及皮下,电凝止血,切开筋膜,钝性分离三角肌、胸大肌,注意保护头静脉和腋神经免受损伤,沿肱骨干游离三角肌,向内侧牵开联合腱,切开肩胛下肌腱和前方关节囊,注意保护肱二头肌长头腱和喙肩韧带。患肢屈肘90°,上臂外旋30°~40°,根据关节原始稳定性调整后倾角度,离断肱骨头并测量其直径,确定人工假体大小,肱骨近端骨折患者仔细清理骨折断端,肱骨近端扩髓,安装大小适宜的假体试模,复位肩关节检查关节活动度及软组织张力,理想后取出假体试模,脉冲冲洗髓腔,骨水泥固定人工假体,复位肩关节,以爱惜帮(Ethibond)线固定肩胛下肌和大小结节,仔细修补肩袖,活动肩关节,确认肩关节功能良好,无肩峰撞击。反复冲洗伤口,留置血浆引流管,逐层关闭切口。术后根据引流量留置血浆引流管24~48h,以腕颈吊带悬吊保护患肢3~6周。

(二)康复训练[3]

术后第1天起即开始康复训练,由专门康复医师进行操作,分阶段进行,早期以被动活动为主,逐渐过渡到主动活动及肌力训练。第1阶段:术后1~2周行手、腕、肘关节屈伸训练,被动肩关节前屈和体侧外旋练习等。嘱患者尽力屈伸手指小关节和腕、肘关节,尽最大努力伸展五指、握拳、屈伸腕、肘关节各持续5s,每天2组,每组15次。以健肢托住患肢肘关节,被动前屈肩关节或做钟摆样运动,每天2组,每组15次。患者仰卧于床上,屈肘90°,双肘置于床面,双手握持一小木棍,以健肢的内外旋通过小木棍带动患肢进行内外旋康复训练,每天2次,每次15个。均以个体耐受为度,逐渐增加活动量。第2阶段:术后3~6周,肩部肿胀消除,疼痛明显减轻,手术缝线拆除,门诊指导患者逐渐加强肩关节内外旋训练、肌肉等长和主动抗阻力训练。指导患者屈肘90°,以健侧手作阻力,行患肩内外旋练习;行卧位和立位抗重力主动伸臂等锻炼,以术中肩袖修复情况及个体耐受各异。第3阶段:术后7~12周,肌腱愈合,活动改善,主要以肩关节主动肌力锻炼为主,逐渐增加活动范围。患者面墙或侧墙站立,患肢伸手触墙,手指沿墙壁尽力上移,然后恢复原状,每天2次,每次15下。牵拉弹力带做肩关节内外旋和抗阻力三角肌强度练习,每天2组,每组15次。第4阶段:12周以后,在前期训练的基础上,进一步加强抗阻肌力训练,并选择性地针对某些肌肉、关节活动度进行加强锻炼。

三、临床疗效评定

在术前、术后6和12周时分别对患者肩关节功能进行评定。采用改良UCLA评分表[4]评价疼痛程度、关节功能、活动范围及肌力恢复情况,35分为满分,优:34~35分,良:29~33分,差:<29分。

四、统计学分析

采用SPASS 17.0统计软件进行数据处理,所有资料均采用±s表示,治疗前、后采用单样本t检验,P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

结 果

1例患者于术后6个月死于肿瘤全身转移,其余10例平均随访15.4个月(12~40个月)。11例患者术后切口均1期愈合,无感染发生,2例出现肩关节疼痛,经对症治疗后缓解。11例患者在术后第1天、出院前、术后6个月和12个月时复查X线片,均示假体位置良好,无假体松动、关节不稳、肩缝撞击、关节僵硬等并发症,患者肩关节功能较为满意。术后6周患肩主动活动度逐渐改善,较术前明显增大,差异有统计学意义(t=7.32,P <0.05);术后12周患肩主动活动度进一步恢复,可以生活自理,与术后6周相比,各方向活动度差异有统计学意义(t=5.56,P <0.05)。与健侧相比,患肩关节各方向活动度差异有统计学意义(t=2.05,P <0.05)。见表1。术后12周采用改良UCLA评分对患者肩关节功能进行评定:优8例,良2例,差0例,平均分为33.6分。

讨 论

一、早期康复训练的意义

人工肱骨头置换的目的是减轻疼痛、改善关节功能和稳定关节[5]。由于肩关节在解剖学和运动力学方面的特殊性和复杂性,加之外伤、肿瘤等疾患对关节结构的破坏,其内在稳定性较差,很大程度上依赖肩周肌肉、韧带等软组织维持稳定与平衡。充分的术前准备和精细的手术操作,固然可以稳定肩关节的解剖结构,恢复术后肩关节被动活动范围,其主动活动仍取决于肩周肌肉的力量,而这并非手术本身可以解决,必须通过严格、规范的术后康复训练,以逐步增加改善关节活动,增强肌肉力量,改善平衡性。此外,人工肱骨头置换术后通常会出现肩部肿胀、关节积血,早期即开始康复训练,通过主动活动手、腕关节,被动活动肩、肘关节,有助于改善循环,促进伤口愈合,防止肌肉纤维化和肩峰下、盂肱关节黏连的发生。Okoro等[6]的研究也表明,早期康复干预在置换关节功能恢复中的促进作用。本组11例患者术前MRI均显示肩袖结构完整,术中注意保护肌肉、肌腱等软组织,均于术后第1天即开始康复训练,术后6周评估关节各方向主动活动度,较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(t=7.32,P <0.01)。术后12周肩关节功能改良UCLA评分:优8例,良2例,差0例,平均分为33.6分。由此可见,早期康复训练可以有效防止关节黏连,改善关节功能,鼓励患者对治疗的依从性,是人工肱骨头置换术必不可少的环节。

表1 人工肱骨头置换术患者术后不同时间节点肩关节主动活动不同部位活动度与健侧比较(°,±s)

表1 人工肱骨头置换术患者术后不同时间节点肩关节主动活动不同部位活动度与健侧比较(°,±s)

注:术后6周与术前比较,aP<0.05;术后12周与术前比较,bP<0.05;术后12周与健侧比较,cP<0.05

患侧 11术 前 27.32±1.25 19.15±1.39 13.22±1.45 18.02±1.49 19.36±1.53 8.46±1.29术 后 6 周 88.43±0.75a 64.33±0.60a 25.63±0.75a 29.05±0.93a 47.36±0.77a 24.43±1.72a术 后 12 周 124.12±1.02bc107.92±1.11bc38.21±1.02bc 41.49±1.32bc 52.54±1.16bc 39.78±1.94bc肩关节主动活动 例数 前屈上举 外展上举 后伸 内收 内旋 外旋健 侧 11 140.23±1.21 134.54±1.93 42.32±1.14 42.46±1.09 60.93±1.45 43.21±1.73

二、康复训练的要点

目前,由于缺乏人工肱骨头置换术后康复训练的统一指导资料,医师往往根据自己所掌握的资料或经验指导患者术后康复训练,因此影响治疗效果,同时也不利于疗效分析。当然,患者的病情差异也很大,所以应当根据一个相对统一的训练计划,同时参考患者的个体差异性,灵活指导康复训练,准确把握训练的时机和强度。Schwachmeyer等[7]的研究指出,在关节置换术后的早期阶段应当避免或者小心的进行肌力训练。可见,盲目的早期训练有时也会导致手术远期失败率的增加,比如对于术中三角肌部分松解、关节囊或肌腱延长术者,肩关节的主、被动训练应适当推迟,给软组织修复足够的时间。本组病例术前均仔细评估了患者的关节稳定性、肩袖完整性和肌肉力量,既为手术方案的确定提供了依据,也为术后早期开始康复训练提供了良好参考。因为术中没做三角肌的松解和关节囊、肌肉延长术,故术后第1天即开始康复训练,因术后关节结构脆弱,早期以被动活动为主,根据患者个体耐受性逐渐增加强度,缓慢过渡到主动活动和肌力抗阻训练。术后3~6周时,肩部肿胀消除,疼痛明显减轻,以主动肌力训练为主;术后7~12周时,肌腱愈合,活动改善,以肌力抗阻训练为主。经过系统、规范的康复训练,直到随访结束,10例患者关节功能明显改善,对治疗效果满意,均未出现早期脱位、半脱位、假体松动等并发症。值得一提的是部分患者由于恐惧心理,不能进行有效的功能锻炼,这就需要医护人员积极进行心理疏导,鼓励患者克服心理障碍,完成训练计划。Mikkelsen等[8]研究也发现,部分患者需要在鼓励和监督下才能顺利完成康复训练。

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Postoperative rehabilitation for hemi-arthroplasty of the shoulder

Lyu Zebin*,Hu Xiaomei,Lin Yanming,Dong Wantao,Yu Weiwei,Li Lei.*Department of Orthopedics,Graduate School of Chengdu University of TCM ,Chengdu 610072,China

BackgroundAs the artificial joint technology and material become matured gradually,the humeral head replacement starts to play an important role in the clinical treatment of severe lesion of shoulder joint,which can effectively relieve pain and recover the passive range of motion of the shoulder joint after operation,but its active motion still depends on the shoulder muscle strength,so the early postoperative rehabilitation training has become the key treatment measures after the humeral head replacement.This paper discusses the effect of early rehabilitation training on the shoulder joint recovery after artificial humeral head replacement.MethodsFrom February 2010to June 2013,11cases of severe shoulder joint lesion

the artificial humeral head replacement operation.Among them,3were males,8were females;aged 46to 73years old,averagely 52.1years old.The cause of injury:9cases of proximal humeral fractures,1case of ischemic necrosis of the humeral head and 1case of giant cell tumor of proximal humerus.With the contralateral shoulder as control,preoperative routine anteroposterior,oblique and axillary plain X-ray of shoulder joint were required,and also the shoulder MRI examination,in order to assess the damage of skeletal and soft tissue.Use the beach chair position under general anesthesia.Then routinely do the skin preparation and draping.We take the deltoid and pectoralis major muscle interval approach,then release the deltoid along the shaft of humerus,and retract the conjoint tendon medially,incise the subscapularis tendon and the anterior capsule,adjust the hypsokinesis angle according to the joint stability,cut off it and measure the diameter of humeral head to determine the size of prosthesis,carefully clean the broken ends of the proximal humerus fracture patients.Install the suitable size of test model after largening the medullary cavity,check the ROM and soft tissue tension after the reduction of the shoulder.Remove the template if it is ideal,pulse flushing the medullary cavity,use the bone cement to stabilize the prosthesis,reset the shoulder joint,use the Ethibond suture to fix the subscapularis and tubercules,carefully repair of the rotator cuff,at last make sure the shoulder joint function isgood without impingement.Rinse the wound again and place a plasma drainage,finally close the incision layer by layer.Keep the drainage according to the amount of blood in 24-48h,protect the limb with a wrist neck sling for 3-6weeks.The rehabilitation training started the first day after the operation,operated by specialized rehabilitation physicians in different stages.Passive activities are in the main position during the early stage,then gradually transit to the active and strength training.The first stage:do the hand,wrist,elbow flexion and extension training,passive shoulder flexion and lateral external rotation exercise 1to 2weeks postoperatively.According to the individual tolerance,gradually increase the amount of activity.The second stage:the shoulder swelling is gone and the pain is relieved,also the surgical suture is removed after 3-6weeks,patients were instructed to gradually strengthen the shoulder internal rotation,muscle isometric and active anti resistance training in the clinic.The third stage:the tendon has healed and the activity of shoulder joint has improved after 7-12weeks,mainly do the active muscle strength exercise to increase the range of motion.The fourth stage:12weeks later,on the basis of former training,further strengthen the strength resistance training,and selectively focus on some muscle and joint assess the patient′s houlder function before operation and 6and 12weeks post operatively.The modified UCLA score is taken in evaluation of pain relief,joint function,range of motion and muscle recovery.In 35total points:34-35is excellent,29-33is good;29or less is poor.Results1patient died of tumor metastasis 6months after operation,the other 10cases were followed up for averagely 15.4months(12-40months).The incision of all the patients were healed without infection,2cases complained the shoulder pain,which was relieved by symptomatic treatment.All the 11patients got X-ray examinations the first day after operation,before leaving the hospital,after 6and 12months.It showed a good position of prosthesis and there was no sign of loosening,joint instability,shoulder impingement,joint stiffness and other complications.The patients were satisfied with their shoulder joint function.After 6weeks,the active ROM of shoulder improved significantly,compared with it before the surgery,the difference was statistically significant(t=7.32,P <0.05);the shoulder AROM further recovered after 12weeks,then they can look after themselves,the difference was statistically significant in each direction′s activity,compared with 6weeks after operation(t=5.56,P <0.05).The difference of shoulder direction was statistically significant,compared with the healthy side(t=2.05,P <0.05).We use a modified UCLA score to evaluate the shoulder function:excellent in 8cases,good in 2cases,poor in 0cases,the average score was 33.6.For the data processing,we use SPASS 17.0software to deal with the statistics,all the data are expressed by(s)before and after treatment,using one sample t test,P<0.05means the difference was statistically significant.ConclusionsThe early rehabilitation training activities is good to maintain the ROM of the reconstructed joint,promote the recovery of muscle strength and improve the function of joint.It plays a key role in the long-term effect of humeral head replacement.

Humerus fractures,proximal;Shoulder joint; Humeral head replacement;Rehabilitation

Hu Xiaomei,Email:597482778@qq.com

2014-05-09)

(本文编辑:李静)

10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2014.03.008

610072 成都中医药大学临床医学院(吕泽斌、胡晓梅、林砚铭、尉伟卫、李磊);730000 兰州,甘肃中医学院附属医院关节外科(董万涛)

胡晓梅,Email:597482778@qq.com

吕泽斌,胡晓梅,林砚铭,等.人工肱骨头置换术后早期康复训练方法探析[J/CD].中华肩肘外科电子杂志,2014,2(3):174-177.

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