经鼻应用SH2-Bβ抗体可抑制高脂饮食小鼠体质量增长
2014-03-22金韵李新鸣王效杰臧晋齐金萍郭佳美
金韵,李新鸣,王效杰,臧晋,齐金萍,郭佳美
(沈阳医学院1.解剖学教研室;2.微生物学教研室;3.2012级临床医学系,沈阳110034)
经鼻应用SH2-Bβ抗体可抑制高脂饮食小鼠体质量增长
金韵1,李新鸣2,王效杰1,臧晋1,齐金萍1,郭佳美3
(沈阳医学院1.解剖学教研室;2.微生物学教研室;3.2012级临床医学系,沈阳110034)
目的探讨经鼻应用SH2-Bβ抗体对高脂饮食小鼠体质量的影响。方法采用8周C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常组、肥胖组和SH2-Bβ抗体(1∶50)干预组,每组12只。测量每日摄食量及每周体质量变化,应用Western blot检测SH2-Bβ在各组小鼠下丘脑和肝的表达,HE染色观察肝的组织学改变。免疫组织化学染色检测肾SH2-Bβ表达,并观察其病理改变。结果肥胖组小鼠摄食量和体质量明显高于SH2-Bβ抗体干预组和正常组(P<0.05)。Western blot检测结果显示,肥胖组小鼠SH2-Bβ蛋白在下丘脑表达下调,明显低于SH2-Bβ抗体干预组和正常组(P<0.05);而在肝组织表达上调,明显高于SH2-Bβ抗体干预组和正常组(P<0.05)。肝组织HE染色结果显示,SH2-Bβ抗体干预组与肥胖组相比,肝细胞索排列整齐,肝细胞脂肪变性减轻,脂滴变小,炎性细胞减少。肾组织免疫组织化学染色结果显示,肥胖组小鼠SH2-Bβ蛋白在肾组织表达上调,明显高于SH2-Bβ抗体干预组和正常组(P<0.05)。炎性细胞浸润明显。结论经鼻应用SH2-Bβ抗体可使高脂饮食小鼠下丘脑内SH2-Bβ表达上调,降低摄食量而降低体质量;肝肾组织SH2-Bβ表达下调,使肝肾脂肪沉积减轻,进而减轻脂肪沉积所致的组织炎症或损伤。这表明SH2-Bβ经中枢通过调节进食量,在周围组织通过改变脂肪沉积量而对体质量进行调节。
SH2-Bβ;肥胖;体质量;小鼠;鼻腔给药
近年肥胖患者数量迅速增长。SH2-Bβ是一种细胞内连接蛋白,在下丘脑内是重要的能量代谢和糖代谢的正向调节者[1]。脑内SH2Bβ基因敲除小鼠会导致严重的瘦素抵抗、胰岛素抵抗、肥胖、2型糖尿病[2,3]。我们新近的研究发现高脂饮食可使小鼠下丘脑内SH2-Bβ表达下调进而导致肥胖[4]。寻找到能调节下丘脑内SH2-Bβ的药物将成为肥胖治疗的新靶点。
本研究通过鼻腔给予SH2-Bβ抗体,观察小鼠下丘脑SH2-Bβ蛋白表达变化及其对摄食量和体质量的影响,并观察体质量变化前后肝、肾SH2-Bβ蛋白表达变化,进一步了解SH2-Bβ蛋白在器官脂肪沉积中的作用。
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料和仪器
SH2-Bβ羊多克隆IgG抗体(Santa Cruz,sc-10827),ECL发光试剂盒(美国Santa Cruz Biotechnology公司);辣根过氧化物酶标记羊抗小鼠IgGHRP,β-actin小鼠单克隆IgG抗体,免疫组化SABC试剂盒,多聚甲醛,DAB显色剂(Diaminobenzidine),OCT包埋剂,RIPA试剂及硝酸纤维素膜(中国武汉博士德生物公司)。其余为国产分析纯。电子天平(BS110S),德国Startorius公司。内切式电动组织匀浆器,瑞士Kinematica公司。紫外分光光度计(DU70型),美国Beckman公司。电泳转印仪,美国Bio-Rad公司。Metamoph图像分析系统,北京中科恒业创新科技有限公司。
1.2 实验动物及饲料配制
选用健康、雌性、出生8周的C57BL/6小鼠,体质量21 g左右。普通饲料:玉米粉30%,豆饼21.0%,麸皮10.0%,次粉28.0%,鱼粉9.0%,酵母粉1.0%,鱼肝油1%(g/100 g)等。高脂饲料:猪油12.0%,奶粉8.0%,鸡蛋10.0%,花生5.0%,麻油3.0%,以普通饲料补足100 g混成含12%猪油的高脂饲料,食用前2 d配好,低温保存。
1.3 动物分组
将C57BL/6小鼠适应性喂养1周后,按体质量随机分为3组:(1)对照组(normal control group,NC)12只;(2)肥胖组(obese group,OB)12只;(3)SH2-B β抗体干预组(anti-SH2-Bβ intervene group,anti-SH2-Bβ)12只。对照组喂普通饲料,肥胖组和抗体干预组喂高脂饲料。SH2-Bβ抗体干预组每天下午经鼻腔滴入SH2-Bβ抗体1∶50稀释液(PBS)25 μL,每天1次,其余2组鼻腔滴入等量IgG抗体。自由饮水,共饲养4周。
1.4 摄食量和体质量测定
每天测量摄食量,每1周称体质量1次,以体质量超过对照组体质量2 g作为肥胖标准。
1.5 Western blot分析SH2-Bβ表达
实验4周结束后,各组取6只小鼠用1%戊巴比妥钠腹腔麻醉(40 mg·kg-1),取下丘脑和肝,-70℃储存。用RIPA试剂抽提可溶性蛋白,制备SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(0.12),样品加热煮沸(100℃)5 min变性后每孔加50 μg蛋白样品,电泳后湿转至硝酸纤维素膜上。50 g·L-1脱脂奶粉TTBS缓冲液(TBS缓冲液500 mL+TWEEN-20 0.5 mL)室温振荡封闭3 h后洗膜,一抗SH2-Bβ(1∶300)或β-actin(1∶300)室温孵育2 h,TTBS漂洗膜,辣根过氧化物酶标记羊抗小鼠IgG-HRP(1∶5 000)室温孵育1 h,洗膜后加入ECL反应1 min,暗室曝光显影后冲洗胶片。凝胶成像分析系统上摄像分析,计算出相对光密度值。
1.6 免疫组织化学反应(SABC法)检测SH2-Bβ表达,HE染色观察肝脏结构改变
实验4周结束后,各组取6只小鼠用1%戊巴比妥钠腹腔麻醉(40 mg·kg-1),用0.1 mol·L-1PBS配制的含有40 g·L-1多聚甲醛灌流液灌流固定后取下肾和肝,后固定24 h后移入0.87 mol·L-1的蔗糖缓冲液中至标本沉降。OCT包埋,恒冷箱连续切片(厚14 μm),冷风干燥后肾组织切片行免疫组织化学染色(SABC法)。一抗SH2-Bβ工作浓度为1∶150,DAB显色。经SH2-Bβ免疫组织化学染色的切片,每块组织随机取3~4张切片,且各组所选部位相同,每张切片平均选取4个视野,使用Metamoph图像分析系统,进行光密度测定。测量值与相应阴性对照切片测量值相减后的平均值为各区域最终平均光密度值(mean optical density,MOD)。肝组织切片行HE染色。
1.7 统计学处理
2 结果
2.1 各组小鼠平均每日摄食量比较
肥胖组小鼠平均每日摄食量(高脂饲料)(7.12± 0.79)g,明显高于正常组(普通饲料)(5.87±0.35)g和SH2-Bβ抗体干预组(3.96±0.82)g差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
2.2 各组小鼠体质量比较
实验4周后肥胖组小鼠体质量明显高于正常组和SH2-Bβ抗体干预组(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义(表1)。
2.3 Western blot检测下丘脑和肝脏SH2-Bβ的表达
在下丘脑,肥胖组SH2-Bβ表达量(SH2-Bβ/β-actin:0.102)低于对照组(SH2-Bβ/β-actin:0.379)(P<0.05)和抗体干预组(SH2-Bβ/β-actin:0.324)(P<0.05);而在肝脏,肥胖组SH2-Bβ表达量(SH2-Bβ/ β-actin:0.456)高于对照组(SH2-Bβ/β-actin:0.204)和抗体干预组(SH2-Bβ/β-actin:0.094)(P<0.05)(图1)。
表1 各组小鼠体质量比较Tab.1 Comparison of body weight of mice in each group
表1 各组小鼠体质量比较Tab.1 Comparison of body weight of mice in each group
1)P<0.05,vs groups NC and anti-SH2-Bβ.
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图1 Western blot检测的各组下丘脑和肝脏SH2-BβFig.1 SH2-Bβexpression in hypothalamus and liver as determined by Western blot
2.4 HE染色观察肝组织结构改变
正常组肝组织(2A)肝细胞索整齐,肝细胞内无空泡;肥胖组肝组织(图2B)肝细胞固缩,大量脂肪空泡,空泡较大,肝细胞索断裂,炎性细胞较多;抗体干预组肝组织(图2C)有较少量小脂滴,肝细胞索较完整。
图2 高脂饮食对肝组织结构的影响及SH2-Bβ抗体的干预作用HE×200Fig.2 Influence of high fat diet to the structures of the liver of and the effect of SH2-Bβantibody intervene HE×200
2.5 免疫组织化学染色检测SH2-Bβ在肾组织表达
正常组肾组织(图3A)肾小管上皮SH2-Bβ少量表达;肥胖组肾组织(图3B)出现SH2-Bβ高表达,肾小管上皮SH2-Bβ表达上调,炎性细胞浸润。抗体干预组肾组织(图3C),肾小管上皮SH2-Bβ表达明显下调,炎性细胞减少。
图3 SH2-Bβ在肾组织表达免疫组化SABC法×200Fig.3 Expression of SH2-Bβin kidney Immunocytochemistry SABC method×200
3 讨论
SH2-Bβ是细胞内一种连接蛋白,在多种组织表达,从昆虫到人类的研究表明它是非常重要的代谢调节者[1,2,5]。在人类SH2-Bβ功能受损与肥胖和2型糖尿病密切相关[6]。那么,SH2-Bβ在肥胖者体内的表达变化以及其变化与体质量改变之间的关系值得关注。C57BL/6J小鼠被认为非常适合用于高脂饮食诱导营养性肥胖小鼠模型制备[7]。C57BL/6J小鼠经高脂饲料诱导4周后可形成良好肥胖模型[8]。本研究采用C57BL/6小鼠,经鼻应用SH2-Bβ抗体,观察了SH2-Bβ蛋白在小鼠下丘脑、肝和肾的表达变化及其对摄食量及体质量的影响。
SH2-Bβ直接连接并激活JAK2,在细胞受到生长激素、瘦素、红细胞生成素和催乳素作用时,加强JAK2信号[9,10]。SH2-Bβ也连接IRS1和IRS2,在瘦素和胰岛素作用下,加强IRS蛋白介导的PI 3激酶通路激活[11]。SH2-Bβ也介导成纤维细胞生长因子(fibroblast growth factor,FGF)、神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)和血小板源性生长因子(plateletderived growth factor,PDGF)的信号转导[12]。从SH2-Bβ参与的传导通路可见,它可能与肥胖以及由肥胖引发的慢性炎症密切相关,值得关注。本研究经鼻腔应用SH2-Bβ抗体,引起了下丘脑内SH2-Bβ表达上调,降低了摄食量,并降低体质量,这是首次被发现的非常重要的结果。这说明SH2-Bβ抗体可能经嗅细胞直接吸收入脑或经其他途径到脑内发挥作用。鼻腔给药的应用被认为存在巨大的潜在的应用价值,它使得通过口服或静脉给药不能通过血脑屏障的药物得以进入脑内发挥作用[13,14]。
脑内SH2-Bβ基因敲除小鼠会导致严重的瘦素抵抗、胰岛素抵抗,肥胖、2型糖尿病和脂肪肝[2,3],说明SH2-Bβ在中枢发挥着重要的体质量调节作用。中枢是体质量的调节者,而周围组织是体质量调节的实现者。当脑内缺乏SH2-Bβ时,实际相当于停止了机体正常的反馈机制,高脂肥胖的信息不能被中枢感知,中枢便失去了对周围组织的调节,包括降脂和储脂,即能量的储存和分解出现紊乱。而在整个外周组织敲除SH2-Bβ基因,则使高脂饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗加重[15]。对成年鼠而不是胚胎鼠进行特异性肝SH2-Bβ基因敲除,减弱了肝内甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT2)表达,增加了甘油三酯脂酶(ATGL)表达,即减弱了肝内脂肪合成,增强了脂肪分解,导致小鼠肝内甘油三酯聚集量下降[16]。本研究经鼻腔应用SH2-Bβ抗体,引起了下丘脑内SH2-Bβ表达上调,而在肝肾组织表达下调,可以理解成SH2-Bβ抗体对中枢神经系统作用后的整体效应是摄食量降低,体质量减轻;而SH2-Bβ在肝肾组织表达下调,则增加了组织的脂肪分解,减弱了脂肪的合成。本实验中具体表现为,抗体干预组肝组织SH2-Bβ表达下调,肝内脂质沉积为数量较少的小脂滴,肝细胞索较完整,而高脂组则出现SH2-Bβ高表达,肝细胞固缩,肝细胞索断裂,脂滴大而多;对于肾,抗体干预组肾小管上皮SH2-Bβ表达明显下调,而高脂组则出现SH2-Bβ高表达,炎性细胞浸润。研究表明,高脂饲料长期大量食用造成肝肾损伤[17~20]。说明在周围组织,脂质过氧化损伤等伤害性刺激可能会导致SH2-Bβ表达上调,进而导致更多的脂质沉积,进一步使细胞受损。所以对于周围组织脂肪过多沉积所引起的疾病,如冠心病、脂肪肝等,可通过降低SH2-Bβ表达而得到治疗。从本实验可见,对于肥胖个体,减少摄食量可使肝肾组织SH2-Bβ表达下调,但不能排除经鼻腔应用SH2-Bβ抗体后,神经元功能发生变化而引起的神经内分泌调节,这方面还需进一步研究。
本研究表明高脂饮食经鼻腔应用SH2-Bβ抗体,可使高脂饮食小鼠下丘脑内SH2-Bβ表达上调,明显降低了摄食量,降低体质量;同时使肝、肾内SH2-Bβ表达下调,降低了肝、肾组织的脂肪沉积,及其引发的炎性细胞浸润。这表明SH2-Bβ在中枢通过调节进食量,在周围组织通过改变脂肪沉积量而对体质量进行调节。
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(编辑 裘孝琦)
IntranasalAdministration ofSH2-BβAntibody Inhibitsthe Weight Gain in Mice with High FatDiet
JINYun1,LIXin-ming2,WANG Xiao-jie1,ZANGJin1,QIJin-ping1,GUO Jia-mei3
(1.Department of Anatomy,Shenyang Medical College,Shenyang 110034,China;2.Department of Microbiology,Shenyang Medical College,Shenyang 110034,China;3.2012 Clinic Medicine,Shenyang MedicalCollege,Shenyang 110034,China)
ObjectiveTo explore the effect of SH2-Bβ antibody intranasal administration on weight gain of mice with high fat diet.MethodsC57BL/6 mice(female)aged 8 weeks were randomized to normal control group(n=12),obese group(n=12)and anti-SH2-Bβ(1∶50)intervene group(n=12).The amount of the food intake everyday and the weight of mice were measured every week.SH2-Bβ expression in hypothalamus and liver was detected by Western blot,and the histology change of the liver was observed by HE staining.By means of immunohistochemistry stained,SH2-Bβ expression in the kidney and the pathological change were also recorded.ResultsThe food intake and weight of obese group were higher than those of normal control group and anti-SH2-Bβ intervene group(P<0.05).Western blot result showed SH2-Bβ expression in hypothalamus of obese group were decreased compared with the normal control group and anti-SH2-Bβ intervene group(P<0.05);but SH2-Bβ expression in liver of obese group were higher compared with the normal control group and anti-SH2-Bβ intervene group(P<0.05).Liver HE staining result showed that,the hepatic cord arranged in order,steatosis of the hepatic cells were decreased and lipid droplets became smaller,the inflammatory cells were decreased in anti-SH2-Bβ intervene group as compared with obese group.Immunohistochemistry result showed SH2-Bβ expression in kidney of obese group were reduced and the inflammatory of cells infiltrated obviously compared with the normal control group and anti-SH2-Bβ intervene group(P<0.05).ConclusionIntranasal administration of SH2-Bβ antibody upregulated SH2-Bβ expression in hypothalamus,decreased the amountofthe food intake and the weightofmice with high fatdiet;SH2-Bβexpression in liverand kidney was downregulated,fatdeposition was reduced in liver and kidney,and the inflammation and injury induced by fat deposition was also decreased.It is suggested that SH2-Bβ regulates the weightgain through the centraleffectto regulate food intake and through the peripheraleffectto change fatdeposition.
SH2-Bβ;obesity;weight;mice;intranasal administration
R392.5;R562.2
A
0258-4646(2014)09-0809-05
辽宁省教育厅高校科研计划(20060890);沈阳医学院优秀人才资助(20073022)
金韵(1963-),女,副教授,本科.
齐金萍,E-mail:qijinping2013@163.com
2014-05-09
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