圣劳伦斯礼拜堂，万塔，芬兰

2012-07-27建筑设计亚梵拓建筑师事务所威尔哈拉安奴普斯蒂农

世界建筑 2012年3期

关键词：砌墙动线外景

建筑设计：亚梵拓建筑师事务所/威尔·哈拉，安奴·普斯蒂农

ARCHTECTS: Avanto Architects/Ville Hara, Anu Puustinen

环境

墓地的礼拜堂位于万塔历史悠久的圣劳伦斯教堂附近。

圣劳伦斯教堂的旧石材和钟楼现在仍是该地区景观的主要特征。礼拜堂被分为几部分以适应周边环境的尺度感。互为系列的3个不同大小的礼拜堂嵌套在垂直相交的石砌墙体内，使得墓地中堆砌的石块也与礼拜堂的设计相呼应。

建筑使用了与该地区的旧建筑物相似的材料：墙角的砌砖、天然石材、生锈的铜片和铜网。分隔墙则都是现浇的白色混凝土材质。礼拜堂的预计使用寿命是200年。在确定最后的施工图之前还进行了一次公开的艺术竞赛，以此确保建筑的艺术创意上能与设计融为一体。

悲伤的空间

礼拜堂在功能上主要为前来哀悼的人服务，提供寄托哀思的场所。参加葬礼的人无声地遵循动线通过一系列宗教性的空间，线路间穿插着若干房间。这些房间的作用是让来访者在此为葬礼的下一个环节做准备。白色的石砌墙和其旁边连续的天窗引导人们从一处空间进入下一处，从低处昏暗的地方走向光明的高处。

路线，具有象征性的动线

礼拜堂建筑的动线象征着一个基督徒的灵魂从这里走向来世的过程。

人们沿着外墙走过。墙壁和位于其尽头的钟楼象征着世俗的旅程和其终点。人们转过身，沿着墙经过有天顶的走廊，来到小院子中，园中有小小的池塘，池底铺着天然石材。

接着进入昏暗、低矮的大堂空间，这里可以窥见入口的庭院和之后牧师住所的老院子。在这里可以停歇一会儿，回忆与逝者一起的经历和生活。

之后，顺着天窗的引导进入礼拜堂。礼拜堂敞开，高耸的空间的尽头是被照亮的石砌墙的交界处，在这里吊唁者将与死者见面。通往墓地的墙是半透明的，两面都罩着锈面的铜网，寓意显示今生和来世的屏幕。离开礼拜堂时将走过一个小花园，到达墓地。道路虽然曲折，但向前延续。□（司马蕾译）

1 外景/Exterior view（摄影/Photo: KUVIO）

Context

Cemetery chapel is situated in the vicinity of the historic Church of St. Lawrence in Vantaa.

The old stone church with its bell tower remain the dominant features in the landscape. The chapel has been divided in smaller parts to adapt with the scale of the surroundings. The stacked stone walls of the cemetery are echoed in the design－a series of three chapels of different sizes are nested within orthogonal masonry walls.

The building uses similar materials as the old structures in the area: rendered brickwork, natural stone, patinated copper sheet and mesh. The partition walls are in-situ cast white concrete. The lifespan target for the chapel is two hundred years. An open art competition was scheduled before the final construction documents were drafted, so that the art could be integrated as a seamless part of the architecture.

Space for Grief

The chapel is designed to assist the mourner,giving space for grief. The people attending the funeral follow a silent route through a series of sacral spaces, punctuated by intermediate rooms.The intermediate spaces prepare the visitors for the next phase of the funeral. The whitewashed masonry walls and a continuous skylight next to it lead from one space to the next, from the low and dark to the lofty and light.

2 总平面/Site plan

3 外景/Exterior views（摄影/Photos: KUVIO）

Path, a Symbolic Route

The chapel's architecture is a depiction of the passage of a Christian soul from here to the hereafter.

We approach alongside the outer wall. The wall and the bell tower at its end speak of the earthbound journey and its ending. We turn the corner and, sheltered by an overhang, follow the wall, to a small courtyard－a small pond, with natural stones at its bottom.

We enter a dimly lit lobby with a low ceiling,we can glimpse the entrance court and the old garden of the vicarage behind us. Here it is possible to stop for a moment and reflect on the experiences and life shared with the deceased.

We follow the skylight to the chapel. The chapel opens up, a high space terminating in the brightly lit junction of the masonry wall, where the deceased will be met by the mourners. The wall towards the graveyard is semi transparent, glazed with a patinated copper mesh on either side, a screen between this life and the hereafter. From the chapel we exit, through a small garden, to the graveyard.The path turns－but continues.□