大气颗粒物暴露与人体心血管疾病急性效应关系研究的系统评价
2012-06-22常旭红张钰吴建茹王蓓唐萌
常旭红,张钰,吴建茹,王蓓,唐萌
(1.环境医学工程教育部重点实验室,东南大学公共卫生学院,江苏南京 210009;2.东南大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏南京 210009;3.江苏省生物材料与器件重点实验室东南大学,江苏南京 210009)
近年来大气颗粒物污染问题日益严重,国内外多项流行病学研究报道表明:颗粒物的污染与许多健康效应相关,可造成机体多系统损害,特别对心血管系统的影响不容忽视。颗粒物浓度短期升高能诱发心律失常、加重心衰、激发急性动脉粥样硬化和缺血性心脏病等心血管损害,有关颗粒物对人体健康影响的研究已取得了较多的成果。我们将主要从不同空气动力学粒径的颗粒物对心血管疾病的急性影响方面进行回顾和系统评价,了解颗粒物的研究趋势和目前存在的问题。
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 文献类型 数据库发表的大气颗粒物对心血管疾病研究的急性效应文献,微米级颗粒物只纳入时间序列研究文献,纳米级颗粒物纳入颗粒物对心血管急性效应的各类研究文献。
1.1.2 研究对象 大气颗粒物对心血管疾病急性效应的人群,不分性别、年龄、职业、种族和国籍。
1.1.3 效应指标 (1)可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、粗颗粒物(PM2.5~10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5):效应为人群因心血管病的入院率和死亡率,关联指标为相对危险度(RR)、率差(RD)以及各自的95%CI;(2)超细颗粒物(UFP):UFP对人群心血管疾病的急性效应研究结果,包括可能的生物标志物或效应改变指标。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 文献检索 中文检索词:颗粒物、纳米颗粒、超细颗粒物、心血管疾病、时间序列研究、急性效应等;英文检 索 词:ultrafine particle,nanomaterial,superfine particle,PM,cardiovascular,time series等;检索数据库:Web of science、Pubmed、Cnki、万方等电子数据库,同时手工检索相关杂志、专业资料和网络信息,删选相关文章。文献语种限为英文和中文。
1.2.2 文献纳入标准 研究设计类型:微米级颗粒物选择为时间序列的研究文章,纳米级颗粒物选择急性效应(时间序列、固定群组,交叉设计)的研究文章。研究因素:不同粒径的颗粒物。研究对象:心血管疾病的全人群研究;符合研究资料中规定的指标要求。
1.2.3 文献排除标准 排除心血管疾病慢性或长期作用研究文章,文章颗粒物粒径描述不明确,研究结果不是全人群的文章以及有关动物实验的文章。
1.2.4 资料提取 由两位研究者对文章进行筛选,争议通过讨论解决。提取内容包括研究题目、作者、文献类型、来源、研究方法、效应指标、相关研究结果等。
1.2.5 资料分析 采用Stata 10.0软件进行统计分析,对同一类型研究结果文章多于两篇的文献进行结果合并,研究结果不一致,无法合并的进行定性描述总结。研究之间的异质性检验采用卡方检验,P>0.10时,多个研究具有同质性,采用固定效应模型,计算合并效应值和95%CI;P≤0.10时,多个研究具有异质性,在分析异质性原因的基础上,考虑使用随机效应模型计算合并效应值和95%CI;潜在的发表偏倚采用Begg's秩相关检验分析(α =0.05)。
2 结 果
2.1 纳入文献基本情况
输入相关检索词检索文章,排除重复后共纳入endnote文献管理软件文章315篇,排除研究方法、对象不符合文献后剩余104篇,排除综述类和动物实验文章剩余61篇,最后精读文献,纳入符合要求的文章51篇,文献纳入过程详见图1。其中有关PM10研究文献 35 篇,PM2.5~10研究文献 10 篇,PM2.5研究文献 20篇,UFP 研究文献 9 篇(表1、2、3、4)。
图1 文献检索评价流程图Fig 1 The process chart of retrieve literature
2.2 PM10对心血管疾病入院率和死亡率的影响
PM10与心血管疾病入院率关系的时间序列研究共有10篇文献,其中3篇以RR为关联变量,由于有2篇未给出置信区间,无法定量合成,3篇文献结果不一致(表1);另有7篇以AR为关联变量,经异质性检验,采用随机效应模型计算合并 RD及95%CI为0.7%(0.1%,1.3%),经 Begg's秩相关检验无发表偏倚(P=0.764)。PM10与心血管疾病死亡率关系的时间序列研究中,有12篇文献以RR为关联变量,有20篇文献以RD为关联变量,由于各研究间存在异质性,采用随机效应模型进行合并,RR及95%CI合并值为1.02(1.01,1.03),经 Begg's 秩相关检验没有发表偏倚(P=0.373);RD及 95%CI合并值为 0.51%(0.36%,0.65%),经 Begg's检验存在发表偏倚(P=0.035),结果见表1、图 2。
表1 PM10与心血管疾病时间序列研究文章Tab 1 The relationship between PM10and cardiovascular disease of time series articles
图2 PM10对心血管疾病死亡率影响的关系评价Fig 2 Evaluation of the relationship between PM10and cardiovascular disease mortality
2.3 PM2.5~10对心血管疾病入院率和死亡率的影响
PM2.5~10与心血管疾病入院率关系的时间序列研究共有5篇文献,其中2篇以RR为关联变量,仅1篇给出95%CI,不能对其进行合并;另3篇以RD为关联变量,异质性检验提示各研究间无异质性,因此,采用固定效应模型进行合并,RD及95%CI合并值为0.3%(0.01%,0.7%)。PM2.5~10与心血管疾病死亡率关系的时间序列研究结果均采用固定效应模型进行合并,RR 及95%CI合并值为 1.024(1.010,1.038),RD及95%CI合并值为0.3%(0.01%,0.6%),Begg's秩相关检验显示无显著发表偏倚(P>0.05),结果见表2。
表2 PM2.5~10与心血管疾病时间序列研究文章Tab 2 The relationship between PM2.5 ~ 10and cardiovascular disease of time series articles
2.4 PM2.5对心血管疾病入院率和死亡率的影响
PM2.5与心血管疾病入院率关系的时间序列研究共有9篇文献,其中3篇以RR为关联变量,6篇文献以RD为关联变量,经异质性检验均采用固定效应模型进行合并,RR 及 95%CI合并值为1.027(1.015,1.038),RD 及 95%CI合并值为 0.9%(0.7%,1.1%),经 Begg's检验无发表偏倚(P > 0.05)。PM2.5与心血管疾病死亡率关系的时间序列研究共16篇,均采用随机效应模型合并,RR及95%CI合并值为1.013(1.002,1.025),RD 及 95%CI合并值为 0.86%(0.47%,1.24%),经 Begg's检验无发表偏倚(P >0.05),结果见表3、图3。
表3 PM2.5与心血管疾病时间序列研究文章Tab 3 The relationship between PM2.5and cardiovascular disease of time series articles
2.5 纳米级颗粒物对心血管疾病的影响
纳米颗粒物是指直径在100 nm以下的颗粒物质,相当于文献报道中常见的超细颗粒物(UFP,空气动力学直径在0.1 μm之下),随着纳米材料生物安全性及纳米毒理学相关研究的深入,纳米尺度物质对心血管系统的潜在危害受到极大关注,但有关纳米材料物质的危害研究在国内外还主要集中在动物和细胞实验,有关人群的报道相对较少。本研究总结了有关纳米级颗粒物对人群心血管疾病的研究结果,提示纳米级颗粒物与人体心血管疾病存在关联,但结论不尽一致,结果详见表4。
3 讨 论
有害物质的危险度评价或标准制定必须有来自毒理学和流行病学两方面的资料,而流行病学资料是最直接的证据。颗粒物对人群的急性效应研究方法一般为时间序列研究、病例交叉研究和固定群组追踪研究。在这3种研究方法中,时间序列研究是最常用的一种方法。因此,本研究中选择时间序列研究的文献探讨颗粒物对心血管疾病的急性影响,但由于超细颗粒物对人群心血管疾病研究较少,因此,研究方法不局限于时间序列研究,扩大研究方法范围。
本研究结果显示,不同粒径的颗粒物均为心血管疾病的危险因素,且心血管疾病入院率和死亡率与粒径有关,PM2.5的危害高于PM10。但由于不同来源研究的颗粒物浓度、组成成分不尽一致,以及时间序列研究中滞后时间的差异,因此,颗粒物粒径与危害效应的量效关系有待进一步探讨。从研究方法上看,本研究设计了严格的文献纳入和排除标准,文献收集系统全面,结果有一定可信度,但也存在不足,诸多因素如语种影响可能带来语言偏倚,导致检索不全,今后研究中可加强除中英文外的其他语种相关文献的收集。
近年来纳米技术快速发展,工程纳米材料大量出现使纳米产品生产者和消费者的暴露机会增加。纳米材料已逐渐应用于药学中,这意味着纳米颗粒势必将有更多机会与血管、血液及其中的成分发生相互作用。从文献回顾中我们也可以看出,对颗粒物的研究从微米级开始一直到现在向纳米级颗粒物质转移,细颗粒物和纳米级颗粒物对人体健康的影响成为国际环境流行病学研究的热点之一,而UFPs被认为是介导颗粒物不良健康效应的主要因素。国内外流行病学和毒理学等学科的研究在该领域取得了一定成绩,使人们对颗粒物与健康关系取得初步认识,但目前纳米级颗粒对心血管系统毒性的证据还非常有限,关于纳米级颗粒物研究成果还远不能满足环境健康决策以及与大众进行环境健康风险交流的需要,有很多科学问题需要解决,需要利用各种动物实验、临床试验及流行病学研究探讨纳米颗粒对心血管系统的影响,建立适合反映纳米颗粒致损伤的生物学终点,明确其机制。
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