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高中英语动词不定式的用法

2010-12-30

中学英语之友·下(综合版) 2010年1期
关键词:补语句末句首

韩 惠

动词不定式是由“不定式符号to+动词原形”构成的一种非谓语动词结构。有些动词不定式也可不带to。动词不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语或状语。不定式仍保留动词的某些特性,可以有自己的宾语或状语。动词不定式和它后面的宾语或状语一起构成的短语,叫作不定式短语。现对动词不定式的用法作一简要梳理。

一、作主语

动词不定式作主语时直接置于句首的情况不多,多数情况用it作形式主语,把真正的主语——动词不定式置于句末,尤其当不定式短语较长时。动词不定式作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如:

As young adults, it is our duty to try our best to deal with each challenge.

It is hard for me to learn English.

二、作表语

动词不定式作表语,常用来说明主语的内容、性质或特征。如:

My job is to feed animals.

The first thing is to greet the teacher.

三、作宾语

在英语中,有些动词后要跟带to的不定式作宾语,有些跟不带to的不定式,有些既可跟带to的,也可跟不带to的不定式,还有的可跟疑问词+不定式。有以下几种情况:

1.可以接带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有:要求、选择、同意(ask, choose, agree),期望、决定、学习(expect, hope, decide, learn),宁可、假装、知道(prefer, pretend, know),希望、想要、愿意(wish, want, would like/love)。如:

He prefers to swim.

Id love to visit Beijing.

2.有些动词如decide, know, learn, show, teach, tell…或介词on后可用疑问词加不定式短语作宾语,但why后面的不定式不带to。如:

Could you please tell me how to go to the post office?

They know how to make money.

He gave me some advice on how to learn English well.

3.动词feel, find, make, think等后面作宾语的若为不定式(短语),可以用it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语放在句末,结构是…feel/find/make/…it+adj./n.(for sb.)+to do…。如:

I find it difficult to remember everything.

We all think it a good idea to travel outside on weekends.

4.有些动词后既可接不定式也可接v-ing形式作宾语,但意思差别较大,此类动词有forget,remember等。接不定式作宾语时,表示动作尚未发生;接v-ing形式作宾语时,表示动作已经发生。另有些词后接这两种形式时意义也完全不同。如:stop to do停下来做另外一件事,to do是目的状语;stop doing停止做当前正在做的这件事,doing是宾语。try to do尽力做,try doing试试看;go on to do接着去做另外的事,go on doing继续做原来的事。如:

When I left home, I had forgotten to bring it with me.

I stopped using them last year.

四、作定语

动词不定式作定语时,若句子的主语或宾语是它的逻辑主语且不定式与其所修饰的名词、代词等存在逻辑上的动宾关系时,动词不定式用主动表被动。如:

I have so much homework to do today.

Theres just so much to see and do here.

五、作补语

动词不定式作补语时,在主动语态句中作宾补,在被动语态句中作主补,句子的宾语或主语是不定式动作的逻辑执行者。如果不定式是to be done,句子的宾语或主语就是其逻辑承受者。

1. 在主、被动语态句里用带to的动词不定式作补语的动词主要有:要求、允许、提议(ask, allow, permit, advise),期望、邀请、鼓励(expect, suppose, invite, encourage),教导、告诉、想要(teach, tell, want),等待、希望、愿意(wait for, wish, would like/love)。如:

Id like/love to invite her to have dinner at my house.

Teenagers shouldnt be allowed to watch TV every day.

2. 多数感官动词和使役动词后若跟动词不定式作补语,在主动语态句中不定式不带to,但被动语态句中一定要加上to。如:

Of course we want to see Liu Yu realize his dreams.

I was made to feel tense by this awful picture!

3. help后接动词不定式作补语时,to可带可不带。如:

He often helps me to learn English.

Using email helps you write quickly.

4. be said, be sure, happen, seem等后面可以接带to的动词不定式作补语。如:

He doesnt seem to be sleepy.

Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near you.

六、作状语

1. 目的状语,置于句首或句末,置于句首时常常表示强调。如:

In order not to offend people, learning about language etiquette is just as important as learning grammar or vocabulary.

A group of young people got together to(in order to/so as to) discuss this question.

不定式(或不定式短语)作目的状语时,可用to do/in order to表达,置于句首、句末皆可;但so as to do构成的不定式作目的状语时,一般只置于句末。

2. 原因状语,多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do…”结构中。如:

My dogs name is “Lucky”—a good name for him because I feel very lucky to have him.

3. 结果状语,多见于“too…to”,“enough…to”结构中。如:

1)He is too young to go to school.

2)The room needs to be big enough for three people to live in.

4.有些动词不定式作状语,常说明前面形容词的性质和特性。这类形容词一般是:cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, fun, hard, interesting, necessary。不定式常用主动形式表被动意义。The mistakes you made are necessary for you to learn and understand. 这类句子中的动词不定式可改为主语。如:

It is necessary for you to learn and understand the mistakes you made.

5. 独立动词不定式用作插入语时,表示说话人的心理状态或对事情的看法。如:

To begin with, she spoke too quickly, and I couldnt understand every word.

七、动词不定式的复合结构

动词不定式的复合结构是“for/of sb. to do sth.”,for/of引出不定式动作的逻辑主语。这种结构在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。不定式复合结构的介词用for还是of,主要取决于前面形容词的性质。一般来说,若句中的形容词是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise等说明主语的性格品质的词,要用介词of。如:

School is a good place for students to study.

Its very kind of you to say so.

八、带疑问词的不定式短语

动词不定式前面可以带疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where, why等。这种结构相当于名词成分,在句子中作宾语、主语、表语等,或者单独使用。如:

I dont know what to do.(作宾语)

Where to go is not decided yet.(作主语)

九、动词不定式的否定式

不定式的否定式是在不定式符号“to”前加not或never,即not/never to do…。如:

He told me not to watch TV.

His parents ask him never to drive after drinking.

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