APP下载

儿童肺炎支原体感染核酸与四种血清学抗体检测方法比较

2024-12-31宋波王玲玲丰新倩刘丙金李庆

医学信息 2024年18期
关键词:肺炎支原体

摘要:目的" 比较核酸及四种血清学抗体检测方法在肺炎支原体感染诊断中的应用价值。方法" 收集淄博市第一医院2021年11月10日-12月22日收治的呼吸道感染患儿159例,分别采集咽拭子和血清样本,咽拭子样本应用PCR法检测肺炎支原体核酸,血清样本分别用磁微粒化学发光法、酶联免疫法、间接免疫荧光法和被动凝集法检测肺炎支原体IgM抗体。比较5种检测方法的灵敏度、特异度以及与临床诊断方法的一致性,分析核酸法与血清学方法的一致性,另通过颗粒凝集方法比较4种血清学抗体检测的一致性。最后,比较不同病程间5种检测方法的检出率。结果" 以临床诊断为标准,确诊MP感染127例,非MP感染32例。DNA检测与临床诊断一致性较好。4种血清学方法中CLIA灵敏度及特异性均高于ELISA;IFA检测灵敏度较好,但特异性较差;PA灵敏度和特异性取决于判断标准,其中PA抗体滴度≥1∶160为判断标准时,其检测灵敏度最低,特异性最高。4种血清学检测与DNA检测的一致性较差,其中FA与DNA检测的一致性处于微弱程度,其余3种方法学与DNA检测的一致性处于弱程度。不同滴度的PA阳性标本中,随着PA抗体滴度升高,ELISA和CLIA检出率逐步升高,与PA相关性较好,但PA与IFA相关性较差。DNA检出率随发病天数增多呈下降趋势,血清学检出率随发病天数增多呈先升后降趋势。结论" 核酸法检测肺炎支原体的灵敏度和特异性高,病程早期其灵敏度优于血清学检测,而在病程中后期间免疫荧光法优于核酸法,两种方法学可相互补充。

关键词:肺炎支原体;核酸法;磁微粒化学发光法;酶联免疫法;间接免疫荧光法;被动凝集法

中图分类号:R725.6" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "文献标识码:A" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " nbsp; "DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.18.036

文章编号:1006-1959(2024)18-0166-04

Abstract:Objective" To compare the application value of nucleic acid and four serological antibody detection methods in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.Methods" A total of 159 children with respiratory tract infection admitted to Zibo First Hospital from November 10 to December 22, 2021 were collected. Throat swabs and serum samples were collected respectively. Throat swab samples were detected by PCR for Mycoplasma pneumoniae nucleic acid. Serum samples were detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay method, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indirect immunofluorescence method and passive agglutination method for Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM antibody. The sensitivity, specificity and consistency with clinical diagnostic methods of the five detection methods were compared. The consistency between nucleic acid method and serological method was analyzed. The consistency of the four serological antibody detections was compared by particle agglutination method. Finally, the detection rates of the five detection methods were compared among different course of disease.Results" With clinical diagnosis as the standard, 127 cases of MP infection and 32 cases of non-MP infection were diagnosed. The consistency between DNA detection and clinical diagnosis was good. The sensitivity and specificity of CLIA were higher than those of ELISA. The sensitivity of IFA was good, but the specificity was poor. The sensitivity and specificity of PA depended on the criteria. When the titer of PA antibody ≥1∶160 was the criterion, the detection sensitivity was the lowest and the specificity was the highest. The consistency between the four serological tests and DNA detection was poor, among which the consistency between FA and DNA detection was weak, and the consistency between the other three methods and DNA detection was weak. In PA positive samples with different titers, the detection rates of ELISA and CLIA gradually increased with the increase of PA antibody titers, and the correlation with PA was good, but the correlation between PA and IFA was poor. The detection rate of DNA decreased with the increase of the number of days of onset, and the serological detection rate increased first and then decreased with the increase of the number of days of onset.Conclusion" The sensitivity and specificity of nucleic acid method in the detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae are high, the sensitivity is better than that of serological detection in the early stage of the disease, while the indirect immunofluorescence method is better than the nucleic acid method in the middle and later stages of the disease, the two methods can complement each other.

Key words:Mycoplasma pneumoniae;Nucleic acid method;Chemiluminescence immunoassay method;Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay;Indirect immunofluorescence method;Passive agglutination method

肺炎支原体(mycoplasma pneumoniae,MP)大小介于细菌和病毒之间,经飞沫传播,是引起儿童无症状性、轻度或少数严重上呼吸道和下呼吸道感染的常见病原体。据报道[1-3],肺炎支原体感染占所有儿童肺炎病例的10%~40%。患儿感染MP后的临床症状与其他呼吸道感染症状极其相似,难以区分。实验室常见检测方法有分离培养、抗原检测、分子检测和血清学检测。《儿童肺炎支原体呼吸道感染实验室诊断中国专家共识》[4]中推荐的一级方法是核酸RNA检测和血清学抗体检测。目前临床实验室开展的血清学抗体检测方法有被动凝集法(passive agglutination, PA)、酶联免疫法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)、间接免疫荧光(indirect immunofluorescence assay, IFA)和磁微粒化学发光法(chemiluminescence immunoassay, CLIA)。本研究应用核酸(DNA检测)和四种血清学方法检测儿童呼吸道感染患者MP感染状况,对方法学进行比较,探讨不同检测方法在MP感染中的诊断价值,现报道如下。

1资料与方法

1.1一般资料" 选取淄博市第一医院2021年11月10日-12月22日收治的呼吸道感染患儿159例。纳入标准:就诊患儿主要临床特征为发热、干咳、咽喉肿痛;入院后采用5种方法检测MP;病史信息完善。排除标准:自身免疫性疾病、重要脏器功能受损、先天畸形等。本研究通过淄博市第一医院伦理委员会审核,患儿监护人知情同意并签署知情同意书。

1.2方法

1.2.1 DNA检测" 应用上海之江生物肺炎支原体及肺炎衣原体核酸联合检测试剂盒,采用ABI7500荧光定量PCR仪进行检测,FAM荧光通道检测肺炎支原体,Ct值≤38判断为阳性。

1.2.2 PA" 应用赛乐迪亚-麦克Ⅱ肺炎支原体抗体检测试剂盒,日本富士瑞必欧株式会社生产。说明书推荐抗体效价>40判定为阳性。根据《儿童肺炎支原体呼吸道感染实验室诊断中国专家共识》,以抗体效价≥160判为急性感染。

1.2.3 ELISA" 应用肺炎支原体抗体IgM检测试剂盒,以色列Savyon Diagnostics公司生产。采用间接法检测血清中的IgM抗体,样本浓度值>20 BU/ml判定为阳性,<10 BU/ml判定为阴性,10~20 BU/ml判为临界值,本研究中将临界值结果按照阳性统计。

1.2.4 IFA" 应用呼吸道病原体谱抗体IgM检测试剂盒,欧蒙医学实验诊断股份公司生产。抗肺炎支原体抗体阳性,主要在感染细胞胞浆内产生颗粒到粗的滴状荧光。

1.2.5 CLIA" 应用肺炎支原体抗体IgM检测试剂盒,采用安图生物全自动免疫检验分析仪AutoLumo A2000检测。采用间接法检测血清中的IgM抗体,S/CO值≥1.0判定为阳性,<1.0判定为阴性。

1.3统计学方法" 采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行数据分析。方法间的一致性用Kappa值表示,Kappa值<0表示一致性强度极差,0~0.2表示一致性微弱,0.21~0.40表示一致性弱,0.41~0.60表示一致性中等,0.61~0.8表示一致性较好,>0.81表示几乎完全一致。4种血清学之间的相关性及5种方法学和病程的关系使用GraphPad Prism 8作图。

2结果

2.1临床资料统计" 选取呼吸道感染患儿159例,确诊MP感染127例,非MP感染32例。其中,男86例,女73例;年龄7个月~12岁,平均年龄(6.18±2.65)岁;发病0~7 d 124例,发病8~14 d 25例,发病15~30 d 10例。所有患者入院时分别采集1份咽拭子和1份血清样本,样本采集及保存严格按照厂家试剂说明书要求执行。

2.2核酸及4种血清学方法灵敏度、特异性比较及一致性分析" DNA检测与临床诊断一致性较好。4种血清学方法中CLIA灵敏度及特异性均高于ELISA;IFA检测灵敏度较好,但特异性较差;PA灵敏度和特异性取决于判断标准,PA抗体滴度≥1∶160为判断标准时其检测灵敏度最低,特异性最高,见表1。

2.3核酸与4种血清学方法检测结果一致性比较" 4种血清学检测与DNA检测的一致性较差,其中FA与DNA检测的一致性处于微弱程度,其余3种方法学与DNA检测的一致性处于弱程度,见表2。不同滴度的PA阳性标本中,随着PA抗体滴度升高,ELISA和CLIA检出率逐步升高,与PA相关性较好,但PA与IFA相关性较差,见表3。

2.4核酸与4种血清学方法与病程的关系" DNA检测检出率随发病天数增多呈下降趋势,4种血清学检出率随发病天数增多呈先升后降趋势,见表4。

3讨论

肺炎支原体感染广泛存在于世界各地,平时散在性发病,每隔3~7年出现一次地区流行,每次流行持续1~2年[5,6]。近年来,大环内酯类耐药MP在全球各地流行的证据越来越多,对临床抗菌治疗造成一定的影响,部分地区MP耐药率甚至高达100%[7]。重症和难治性MP肺炎治疗挑战性大,严重者可累及多个系统,危及生命,因此需要早诊断、早治疗[8]。MP感染临床症状及体征缺乏特异性,实验室病原学诊断是MP感染诊断的关键[4]。

目前的肺炎支原体实验室诊断方法有分离培养、血清学诊断和分子生物学诊断。传统的分离培养需要特定的培养基,耗时耗力,在实验室并不被常规使用[9,10],同时肺炎支原体培养检测还容易受到其他病原微生物影响[11]。本研究就常用的核酸和血清学方法对肺炎支原体感染的检测进行比较,以评估其临床应用价值。机体感染肺炎支原体后,可特异性产生IgA、IgM、IgG类抗体[12]。MP-IgM为支原体肺炎发病后免疫应答中最早出现的抗体,可作为早期MP感染的诊断指标。本研究选择了4种有代表性的血清学检测方法,包括PA、ELISA、CLIA和IFA来检测血清MP-IgM抗体,结果显示4种血清学方法之间有很高的一致性。MP的DNA检测法简单快速,本研究显示与血清学方法相比,DNA检测法与临床诊断的一致性更好,灵敏度和特异度也高于血清学检测,这种差异可能跟样本的采集时间有关。肺炎支原体感染后需要经过2~3周的潜伏期才出现症状[13],机体对抗原刺激进行免疫应答继而产生抗体需要一个过程,IgM抗体在发病后1~3周后才会产生[14,15],故对于病程短于1周的患儿,单纯检测MP-IgM极易漏诊,而在出现症状后DNA检测的MP检出时间会早于血清抗体,因此具有较好的早期诊断价值。DNA检测与4种血清学方法之间的一致性较差。随着发病时间增加,DNA检测检出率下降而抗体检出率升高,两种方法学有互补作用,这一结果与其他研究结果相似[16]。本研究有26例临床诊断肺炎支原体感染样本DNA检测漏检,原因可能跟核酸样本采集质量有关。本研究中使用的是口咽拭子属于上呼吸道样本,其灵敏度低于下呼吸道样本[17-20]。此外,MP-DNA检验结果不能很好地用于治疗效果的评估,在本研究中有4例患者DNA检测为阳性IgM抗体为阴性,但IgG抗体为阳性,可能与DNA残留或支原体定植有关。MP死亡后,其DNA仍可存在于部分患者体内,时间达7周~7个月,且不易降解[21,22]。因此,结合临床症状分析可能是既往感染肺炎支原体尚未被完全清除。

综上所述,对于肺炎支原体感染早期的检测,DNA检测灵敏度高于IgM抗体,但DNA检测也存在上呼吸道标本阳性率低、对采样人员要求较高的局限性,从而导致肺炎支原体感染患者漏检。血清学IgM抗体检测方法与DNA联合检测可提高儿童MP的检出率,为儿童MP早诊断和早治疗提供证据支持。

参考文献:

[1]Rodriguez N,Mondeja B,Sardi?觡as R,et al.First detection and characterization of macrolide-resistant mycoplasma pneumoniae strains in cuba [J].Int J Infect Dis,2019,80:115-117.

[2]Meyer Sauteur PM,Krautter S,Ambroggio L,et al.Improved diagnostics help to identify clinical features and biomarkers that predict mycoplasma pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia in children[J].Clin Infect Dis,2020,71(7):1645-1654.

[3]Xue Y,Wang M,Han H.Interaction between alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells during Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection[J].Front Cell Infect Microbiol,2023,13:1052020.

[4]中华医学会儿科学分会临床检验学组.儿童肺炎支原体呼吸道感染实验室诊断中国专家共识[J].中华检验医学杂志,2019,42(7):507-513.

[5]Li F,Kong S,Xie K,et al.High ratio of c-reactive protein/procalcitonin predicts mycoplasma pneumoniae infection among adults hospitalized with community acquired pneumonia [J].Scand J Clin Lab Invest,2021,81(1):65-71.

[6]Lv YT,Sun XJ,Chen Y,et al.Epidemic characteristics of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: A retrospective analysis of a single center in suzhou from 2014 to 2020[J].Ann Transl Med,2022,10(20):1123.

[7]Zhao F,Li J,Liu J,et al.Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characteristics of mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates across different regions of china[J].Antimicrob Resist Infect Control,2019,8:143.

[8]Liu J,He R,Wu R,et al.Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia associated thrombosis at beijing children's hospital[J].BMC Infect Dis,2020,20(1):51.

[9]Waites KB,Xiao L,Liu Y,et al.Mycoplasma pneumoniae from the respiratory tract and beyond[J].Clin Microbiol Rev,2017,30(3):747-809.

[10]Zhu YG,Tang XD,Lu Y T,et al.Contemporary situation of community-acquired pneumonia in china: A systematic review[J].J Transl Int Med,2018,6(1):26-31.

[11]白经纬.微生物快速培养检测在小儿肺炎支原体感染中的诊断价值[J].医学信息,2022,35(24):151-153.

[12]田增春,梁璐,刘阳,等.咽拭子、肺泡灌洗液肺炎支原体-DNA水平与社区获得性肺炎支原体肺炎炎性反应及免疫功能的关系[J].安徽医药,2022,26(8):1619-1623.

[13]Gao M,Yao X,Mao W,et al.Etiological analysis of virus, mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections in Huzhou[J].Virol J,2020,17(1):119.

[14]王居鹏,朱黎娜,马明坤,等.被动凝集法、间接免疫荧光法和胶体金法联合检测肺炎支原体抗体对儿童肺炎支原体感染的诊断价值[J].天津医药,2022,50(4):418-423.

[15]张志英,韩淑娟,张小宁,等.肺炎痰液支原体dna联合血清mp-igm抗体检测在小儿肺炎支原体肺炎早期诊断中的价值[J].中国临床新医学,2017,10(9):866-868.

[16]林苗苗,施李芬,余坚,等.肺炎支原体RNA和DNA检测技术对儿童肺炎支原体肺炎诊断的价值[J]. 中国妇幼保健,2018,33(5):1054-1056.

[17]Tang M,Wang D,Tong X,et al.Comparison of different detection methods for mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children with community-acquired pneumonia[J].BMC Pediatr,2021,21(1):90.

[18]Ishimaru N,Suzuki S,Shimokawa T,et al.Predicting mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydophila pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia (cap) pneumonia: Epidemiological study of respiratory tract infection using multiplex pcr assays[J].Intern Emerg Med,2021,16(8):2129-2137.

[19]Cho MC,Kim H,An D,et al.Comparison of sputum and nasopharyngeal swab specimens for molecular diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumoniae,chlamydophila pneumoniae,and legionella pneumophila[J].Ann Lab Med,2012,32(2):133-138.

[20]刘金荣,刘立雍,赵顺英,等.咽拭子与支气管肺泡灌洗液荧光定量PCR检测儿童肺炎支原体感染分析[J].疾病监测,2019,34(5):389-393.

[21]Meyer Sauteur PM,Van Rossum AM,Vink C.Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children: Carriage,pathogenesis,and antibiotic resistance[J].Curr Opin Infect Dis,2014,27(3):220-227.

[22]Lin LJ,Chang FC,Chi H,et al.The diagnostic value of serological studies in pediatric patients with acute mycoplasma pneumoniae infection[J].J Microbiol Immunol Infect,2020,53(2):351-356.

收稿日期:2023-05-09;修回日期:2023-05-26

编辑/杜帆

基金项目:1.山东省医药卫生科技发展计划项目(编号:2018WS008);2.淄博市医药卫生科研项目(编号:20231800130)

作者简介:宋波(1985.12-),男,山东临沂人,硕士,主管技师,主要从事免疫学的研究

通讯作者:李庆(1975.5-),男,山东淄博人,硕士,主任技师,主要从事免疫学的研究

猜你喜欢

肺炎支原体
布地奈德雾化吸入配合阿奇霉素治疗儿童肺炎支原体肺炎的效果评价
肺炎支原体临床检查微生物学特征分析
儿童哮喘肺炎支原体感染情况分析
大环内酯类药物治疗对肺炎支原体感染所致变异性哮喘患儿免疫功能的影响
不同年龄段化脓性扁桃体炎患儿合并肺炎支原体感染的临床分析
小儿支气管哮喘与小儿肺炎支原体感染相关性分析
经支气管镜注射布地奈德治疗儿童肺炎支原体大叶性肺炎
儿童肺炎支原体感染299例临床分析
小儿肺炎支原体感染的临床检验分析
小儿肺炎支原体肺炎85例临床分析