壳寡糖的生物学功能及其在家禽生产中的应用
2024-10-28张迦王浩轩兰瑞霞
摘 要:壳寡糖是一种具有益生元活性的功能性寡糖,主要来源于虾、蟹的外壳。作为抗生素潜在的替代品之一,壳寡糖在家禽生产中的开发与应用上有着巨大的潜力。本文在国内外相关研究文献的基础上,重点阐述了壳寡糖的抗氧化、抗炎、调节肠道菌群、脂质代谢及保护肝脏健康等方面的生物学功能及其在家禽养殖中的应用,以期为壳寡糖在家禽生产中的研究和合理利用提供科学依据。
关键词:壳寡糖;生物学功能;家禽
中图分类号:S816.7 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1673-1085(2024)10-0010-10
壳寡糖(Chitosan oligosaccharide,COS)是从虾、贝类等甲壳类生物外壳中提取出来的物质[1]。我国沿海地区的水产资源丰富,原本只能用作废弃物的水生生物外壳,如果能加以合理利用,有望可以同时解决我国沿海地区资源浪费和环境污染的双重问题。饲用抗生素能够促进家禽生长,控制一些疾病的产生和蔓延,但抗生素使用量过多,会导致产品中抗生素残留及细菌耐药性等诸多问题[2]。研究和开发新型替抗产品已成为饲料行业的发展趋势。作为一种无污染、无残留的天然新型饲料添加剂,COS具有抗氧化、抗炎、调节肠道菌群、脂质代谢以及保护肝脏健康等多种生物学功能,具有替代抗生素的潜力。本文综述了壳寡糖的生物学功能及其在家禽养殖中的应用效果,以期为壳寡糖在家禽生产中的高效应用提供科学依据。
1 壳寡糖的结构
甲壳素是除纤维素外最丰富的天然资源,是虾、蟹等甲壳类动物外壳的主要成分[3]。甲壳素分子中由于存在大量的氢键而具有稳定的结构,且乙酰化程度超过90%,因此其溶解性差、难以被吸收利用[4]。壳聚糖是甲壳素脱乙酰度超过55%的产物,具有比甲壳素更好的生物相容性和溶解性,但仍不溶于水等一般的溶剂[5]。COS是由壳聚糖通过物理水解、酸水解或酶降解等方法解聚而成的[6]。低聚合度的COS含有活性官能团,即氨基和羟基,具有低分子量和粘度、较高的脱乙酰度和水溶性[7],这使其具有更显著的生物学特性,如抗氧化、抗炎、调节肠道菌群、脂质代谢以及保护肝脏健康等。COS的结构式如图 1所示。
2 壳寡糖的生物学功能
2.1 提高抗氧化能力
超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)的活性和丙二醛(Malonaldehyde,MDA)的含量是衡量动物机体抗氧化系统强弱的重要指标,SOD、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶活性的升高和MDA含量的降低均能表明机体抗氧化能力有所提高[8]。Lan等[9]报道,在热应激条件下,饲粮中添加200 mg/kg COS能够提高肉鸡肝脏中SOD、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶的活性,降低MDA含量,表明COS可缓解热应激造成的氧化损伤。Xu等[10]报道,饲粮中添加75 g/kg COS能够提高蛋鸡血清总抗氧化能力,降低MDA含量。Lan等[11]报道,饲粮中添加600 mg/kg COS可增加麒麟鸡肌肉中GSH-Px、SOD和过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性,同时降低MDA含量,这表明COS能够通过提高麒麟鸡体内抗氧化酶的活性来减轻氧化应激引起的氧化损伤。Li等[12]报道,饲粮中添加COS可增加肉鸡十二指肠SOD活性,降低空肠MDA含量,这表明COS能够提高肉鸡小肠的总抗氧化能力。也有研究发现,COS的抗氧化功能可能与核因子E2相关因子2(Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)的活化有关,即COS可通过促进Nrf2的mRNA表达来增强抗氧化能力[13]。Chang等[14]报道,COS可以通过激活Nrf2/HO-1通路来提高GSH-Px的活性,从而缓解热应激诱导的黄羽肉鸡胸肌的氧化损伤。饲粮中添加15 mg/kg COS可以提高脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)攻毒蛋鸡肠道中Nrf2和HO-1的表达,表明COS对LPS造成的氧化损伤具有保护作用[15]。由此可知,COS可能通过激活Nrf2通路来提高机体多种抗氧化酶活性及降低MDA含量,从而实现其抗氧化功能。
2.2 提高抗炎能力
核转录因子-κB(Nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)是调节炎症反应的关键转录因子,可调控许多炎症细胞因子的表达[16]。Yu等[17]报道,TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路被激活后,会促进炎症细胞因子的产生,因此可以通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的激活来缓解炎症反应。在饲粮中添加COS可降低肉鸡肠道中TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65、IL-1β的mRNA表达水平,提示COS可抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的激活[18]。Lan等[18]报道,饲粮中添加COS有线性提高肉鸡血清和脾脏中抗炎性细胞因子的趋势。Deng等[19]报道,饲粮中添加COS能够提高肉鸡血清中抗炎性细胞因子IL-10的水平。此外,饲粮中添加COS还可显著提高肉鸡十二指肠中IL-10的水平,表明COS可从多种途径提高肉鸡的抗炎能力[20]。COS还可降低H2O2刺激的RAW264.7细胞中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的mRNA表达,表明COS具有缓解炎症的作用[21]。Fathi等[22]报道,饲粮中添加COS显著提高抗炎性细胞因子IL-10的水平,降低肉鸡血清和肝脏中促炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β的水平。有研究发现,LPS增加肉鸡空肠IFN-γ及回肠IL-1β的水平,而COS可降低相应肠段IFN-γ和IL-1β的水平,从而减轻LPS刺激对肉鸡肠道的损害[15]。饲粮中添加COS能够降低蛋雏鸡血清中促炎性细胞因子IFN-γ、TNF-α的水平,说明COS能改善家禽的抗炎能力[23]。以上结果表明,COS可通过降低促炎性因子水平和提高抗炎性因子水平两种途径,最终达到提高抗炎的目的。
2.3 调节肠道菌群
肠道菌群是由约1 014 种微生物组成的微生物区系,在维持肠道健康方面起着重要作用[24]。COS可作为肠道微生物的发酵底物来改善肠道微生物的组成,发酵产生的代谢产物又可调控肠道屏障功能以调节肠道微生物组成,从而更好地维持肠道系统的平衡[25]。徐晨希等[26]报道,饲粮中添加COS可提高肉鸡盲肠中有益菌乳酸杆菌属的相对丰度,降低致病菌粪肠杆菌属的相对丰度。Zhang等[27]报道,饲粮中添加COS可提高肉鸡盲肠中约翰逊乳杆菌、拟杆菌和沙拉亚硝基拟杆菌的含量,降低致病菌的相对丰度,表明COS能够优化肠道菌群的组成。Chang等[28]报道,饲粮中添加COS可显著增加肉鸡厚壁菌门和乳酸菌的丰度,降低变形菌的丰度,表明COS可以调节肉鸡的肠道菌群。Menconi等[29]报道,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌可破坏肉鸡肠道菌群平衡,降低有益菌的丰度,而COS改善肠道菌群平衡,降低鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的数量。饲粮中添加COS可在门水平上提高白羽王鸽回肠中变形菌门、放线菌门的丰度,在属水平上提高假单胞菌属和肠球菌属等有益菌的丰度,降低罗斯氏菌属等有害菌的丰度[30]。陈虹等[31]报道,饲粮中添加COS显著提高鹌鹑盲肠内容物中双歧杆菌的数量,同时降低大肠杆菌的数量。由此可知,COS可通过提高有益菌的丰度及降低致病菌的丰度来改善肠道菌群,从而实现促进肠道健康的功能。
2.4 调节脂质代谢
研究表明,COS调节脂肪代谢的机制可能是通过调控与脂肪代谢相关基因的表达来影响脂肪代谢相关酶的活性,从而达到调节机体脂质代谢的目的[32]。Xie等[33]报道,饲粮中添加COS可降低肝脏脂质代谢基因的相对表达水平。盛东风等[34]报道,饲粮中添加COS可下调乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(Acetyl coa carboxylase,ACC)和脂肪酸合成酶(Fatty acid synthase,FAS)的mRNA表达水平,显著降低扬州鹅肝脏中ACC的活性,说明COS可通过调节与脂肪代谢相关基因和酶的活性来缓解肉鸡腹部脂肪沉积。Wang等[35]报道,饲粮中添加COS显著提高黄羽肉鸡肝脏中脂蛋白脂肪酶(Lipoprotein lipase,LPL)的活性,表明COS能够增强脂肪的分解代谢,有效减少肝脏脂肪沉积。Li等[36]报道,饲粮中添加COS显著降低肉鸡肝脏中FAS活性,提高肝脏中LPL活性,从而导致肉鸡脂肪沉积减少。另外,COS还具有降血脂的作用。Wang等[35]报道,饲粮中添加COS会降低黄羽肉鸡血清中甘油三酯(Triglycerides,TG)的含量,表明COS对体脂沉积有抑制作用。Li等[37]报道,饲粮中添加COS可提高肉鸡血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(High density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)水平、降低TG和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)水平。由此可知,壳寡糖调节脂质代谢的方式不尽相同,具体作用途径还有待进一步研究。
2.5 保护肝脏健康
肝脏作为关键的代谢和解毒器官,对热应激敏感[38]。研究表明,热应激会引起氧化应激和炎症反应,从而诱发不同程度的肝损伤[39]。血液中谷草转氨酶(Aspartate transaminase,AST)与谷丙转氨酶(Alanine transaminase,ALT)的比值是反映动物肝脏健康状况的重要指标。当肝脏损伤时,细胞膜通透性增加,肝脏中AST和ALT释放到血液中,导致血液中AST和ALT活性增加[40]。慢性和急性热应激均可增加血清ALT和AST水平[41]。Lan等[42]报道,饲喂200 g/kg COS可显著降低热应激肉鸡血液中ALT、AST活性,说明COS能够减轻热应激对肉鸡肝脏造成的损伤。Chang等[43]报道,热应激增加黄羽肉鸡血清ALT和AST水平,表明热应激诱发了肝损伤。而饲粮中添加COS显著降低热应激肉鸡血清ALT和AST水平,表明COS对肉鸡肝脏应激损伤有明显的保护作用。Lan等[44]报道,热应激可诱发肉鸡肝脏的氧化应激,增加血清中AST和ALT活性,饲粮中添加COS显著降低血清AST和ALT活性,增加肝脏GSH-Px活性以及肝脏Nrf2、CAT、IL-10的表达,说明COS能够减轻热应激对肉鸡肝脏造成的氧化损伤,促进肉鸡的生长。由此可知,COS能显著降低动物血清ALT、AST活力,改善肝功能,保护肝脏健康。
3 壳寡糖在家禽生产中的应用
3.1 在鸡生产中的应用
平均日增重(Average daily weight gain,ADG)、平均日采食量(Average daily feed intake,ADFI)和饲料转化率(Feed conversion ratio,FCR)是衡量机体生长性能的重要指标。大量研究报道,饲粮中添加不同水平的COS能够改善鸡的ADG、ADFI、FCR及养分消化率,见表1。Youssef等[45]报道,饲粮中添加100 mg/kg COS 显著改善蛋鸡产蛋率、蛋重和FCR。Osho等[46]报道,地塞米松(Dexamethasone,DEX)应激可显著增加肉鸡体重损失,导致氧化应激和免疫抑制,而饲粮中添加 100 mg/kg COS能够缓解DEX对肉鸡生长性能的抑制作用,提高养分消化率。Lan等[47]报道,饲粮中添加 600 mg/kg COS 可改善卷曲鸡的 ADG、ADFI和FCR,并提高肌肉中GSH-Px、SOD和CAT等抗氧化酶活性,同时降低MDA含量,上调Nrf2、HO-1等基因表达。Tao等[48]报道,在蛋鸡脂肪肝综合征模型中,饲粮中添加200、400、800 mg/kg COS可增强抗氧化酶活性,降低MDA水平,下调NF-κB、促炎细胞因子及促凋亡相关基因的mRNA表达,进而显著提高产蛋率,降低料蛋比。Fathi等[49]报道,饲粮中添加300 mg/kg COS增加冷应激肉鸡血清和肝脏中IL-10水平,降低IL-1β和TNF-α水平,显著改善肉鸡ADG、FCR,有效缓解冷应激导致的炎症反应。Lan等[18]报道,饲粮中添加200 mg/kg COS显著提高热应激肉鸡ADG、ADFI,增加血清中IL-10水平,同时降低IL-1β和TNF-α水平,缓解氧化应激引起的炎症反应。Chang等[50]报道,饲粮中添加30 mg/kg COS显著提高黄羽肉鸡ADG、ADFI,增加回肠绒毛高度、绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值,在一定程度上促进营养物质的吸收。Xu等[51]报道,饲粮中添加75 mg/kg COS显著提高丰达1号蛋鸡产蛋量和FCR,显著降低血清TG水平。Wang等[52]报道,饲粮中添加580 mg/kg COS显著改善黄羽肉鸡的FCR,提高LPL活性,促进肝脏脂肪分解代谢,有效减少肝脏脂肪沉积。
3.2 在其他家禽生产中的应用
COS除在鸡以外的家禽中应用较少,近年来关于国内外COS在其他家禽生产上的研究结果见表2。陈中卫等[62]报道,饲粮中添加40 mg/kg COS显著改善樱桃谷肉鸭ADG、ADFI、脾脏指数和胸腺指数,显著降低血清中D-乳酸水平,说明COS能够增强肉鸭的肠道屏障功能。Yuan等[63]报道,饲粮中添加1 200、2 400 mg/kg壳聚糖显著改善肉鸭的ADG、ADFI和FCR,同时显著提高免疫器官重量和淋巴细胞的增殖。宋涛等[64]报道,饲粮中添加200 g/t COS可改善北京肉鸭的ADG、ADFI和FCR,同时降低肌肉的滴水损失,而添加300 g/t COS明显降低腹脂沉积,改善肉品质。血清生化指标是反映动物生长、机体代谢状况的直接依据,血清总蛋白和尿素氮含量反映了动物体内蛋白质代谢和氨基酸的平衡情况[65]。辛清武等[66]报道,饲粮中添加40 mg/kg COS能提高北京肉鸭的ADG,同时提高血清中总蛋白含量,降低血清尿素、尿酸、胆固醇的含量,这表明COS能够在一定程度上促进北京鸭的生长发育,提高其生产性能。另外,有报道表明,饲粮中添加40 mg/kg COS可显著提高70日龄北京鸭血清SOD活性、GSH-Px活性,显著降低血清中MDA含量,有效增强北京鸭的抗氧化能力[67]。Miao等[68]报道,日粮中添加200 mg/kg COS显著提高豁眼鹅的免疫器官重量、血清免疫球蛋白、补体、激素和细胞因子水平,改善豁眼鹅的免疫功能。柯叶艳等[69]报道,饲粮中添加3% COS可在一定程度上改善肉用鹌鹑的ADG和FCR,显著降低其腹脂重量、脂肪表观消化率和血清总胆固醇水平。综上,饲粮中添加COS可以通过多种途径直接或间接提高家禽的生长性能,促进家禽的生长发育。
4 小结
当前,饲用抗生素已被全面禁止,COS具有抗氧化、抗炎、调节肠道菌群和脂质代谢等多种生物学功能,在家禽生产中具有广泛的应用前景。然而COS的结构与其生物学功能之间的关系尚未完全被阐明,在未来还需要进一步研究。此外,不同地区气候环境、养殖品种、养殖模式存在较大差异,关于壳寡糖对不同养殖条件、不同生长阶段、不同家禽品种的作用效果以及添加剂量尚不清楚。因此,今后应进行深入研究。
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Biological Functions of Chitosan Oligosaccharide and Its Application in Poultry Production
Abstract: Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is a functional oligosaccharide with prebiotic activity, mainly derived from the shell of shrimp and crab. As one of the potential alternatives to antibiotics, chitosan oligosaccharide has great potential for development and application in poultry production. On the basis of relevant research literature, this paper focuses on the biological functions of chitosan oligosaccharide including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, regulation of intestinal flora and lipid metabolism, protection of liver health and its application in poultry production, in order to provide a scientific basis for the research and rational utilization of chitosan oligosaccharide.
Keywords: Chitosan oligosaccharide; Biological functions; Poultry