动脉血管钙化斑块旋磨研究综述
2024-01-01翟少波刘瑶沈斌李嘉豪郭占玲
摘要 旋磨术是治疗血管钙化病变的一种微创技术,通过微型砂轮去除堵塞在血管内的钙化斑块组织,达到疏通血管、重建血液流动的目的。钙化斑块组织堵塞血管造成供血不足,易诱发多种心血管疾病,其硬度较大导致球囊和支架无法撑开,目前临床上普遍采用旋磨术进行疏通。首先综述了旋磨术的相关研究成果和发展趋势,并对旋磨器械发展进行了介绍;其次总结了旋磨术优劣势的相关内容;然后对旋磨机理进行了详细的分析;最后总结了旋磨术目前存在的不足与未来的研究方向。
关键词 旋磨术;旋磨装置;旋磨机理;差异切削;并发症
中图分类号 TG58;TG74;R608 文献标志码 A
文章编号 1006-852X(2024)04-0415-13
DOI码 10.13394/j.cnki.jgszz.2023.0162
收稿日期 2023-08-08 修回日期 2023-11-20
血管钙化斑块是血液成分、血流紊乱和血管壁异常等复杂相互作用产生的结果[1]。其形成过程和旋磨去除如图1所示。斑块形成后会使血管内腔减小和血管壁硬化,导致供血不足,从而诱发各种心血管疾病。由于中重度钙化斑块硬度较大,因此要施以旋磨术对斑块表面进行修饰和减薄,并打破钙化斑块应力环。
旋磨术(rotational atherectomy,RA)出现于20世纪90年代,是一种治疗冠状动脉钙化斑块的微创技术。旋磨前先将旋磨导丝经股动脉或桡动脉穿刺进入人体动脉血管,沿人体血管内腔移动,穿过钙化斑块狭窄处到达远端,然后沿着旋磨导丝将带有金刚石磨粒的旋磨砂轮推送至钙化病变的近端,旋磨砂轮上连接有细长柔性驱动轴,驱动轴的另一端连接有高速传动系统,将体外的旋转动力传到旋磨砂轮,如图1b所示。旋磨时采用“少量多次”方法逐步去除血管内的钙化斑块组织,同时通过换用更大直径的旋磨砂轮来不断扩大血管内腔直径,以重塑血液流动通道。旋磨术通过机械磨削的方法将钙化斑块磨削成细小的颗粒,以便被血液中的吞噬细胞和人体器官吸收。
本文综述了旋磨术相关研究成果和发展趋势。首先对旋磨器械发展进行了介绍,总结了旋磨术的独特优势,分析指出了旋磨术并发症的原因;然后对旋磨机理的研究进行了详细的分析;最后总结了旋磨术目前所存在的不足与未来的研究方向。
1旋磨器械的研究进展
1.1旋磨介入治疗仪
目前已经上市的旋磨介入治疗仪有美国波士顿科学公司的Rotablator自转型旋磨(RA)装置和Cardi-ovascular System Inc.(CSI)公司的轨道旋磨(orbital atherectomy,OA)装置,如图2所示。
表1中对RA与OA这2种装置的技术指征、作用机理和临床指征进行了对比。
RA装置采用同心旋磨砂轮,其外观呈椭球形。砂轮前半部分镶嵌有大量金刚石磨粒,磨粒大小为20 μm,其在砂轮上的突出部分高度仅为5 μm。砂轮通过前端研磨去除斑块,因此可开通完全闭塞病变的血管,但缺点是需要更换不同尺寸的旋磨砂轮以实现不同的管腔增益,且在旋磨时血液可能无法正常流动。该公司新一代的RotaPro系统已实现使用3个按钮控制推进器,控制台数字化并带有减速报警系统,以简化操作。2021年波士顿科学公司推出了与日本合作开发的新型旋磨导丝及驱动轴,对以前型号装置中的传递扭矩等性能做出了改进[2]。
OA装置使用偏心安装的金刚石旋磨砂轮,偏心砂轮以驱动轴为中心自转,同时整个砂轮绕血管壁公转,磨削钙化组织。随着斑块逐步被去除,砂轮公转半径增大,故该装置不用改变砂轮大小,可通过控制磨削时间达到手术目的。临床研究和成本效益分析表明,OA可降低手术复杂性和成本,改善患者治疗效果[3-9]。
1.2旋磨砂轮和差异切削
关于旋磨砂轮的制备,目前常用的方法是将金刚石磨粒电镀到砂轮基体上。LYU等[10]提出“五步法”制作微型旋磨砂轮,其中阐述了埋砂法的详细步骤,并建立了相关模型。通过优化电流参数来制造高性能的旋磨砂轮是未来的一个重点研究方向。除电镀外,有学者提出其他制作微型旋磨砂轮的方法,包括压制法和激光制备,如图3所示:NAKAO等[11]采用压制的方法制作旋磨砂轮(图3a);LEE等[12]参考NAKAO的研究,采用激光在316L不锈钢表面刻出表面粗糙度约为1 µm的4种不同形式的微刃砂轮(图3b)。但尚目前未在实际手术中验证其安全性。
为防止旋磨过程中砂轮磨削损伤正常的血管组织,旋磨砂轮须具备差异切削的性能。差异切削是指旋磨砂轮可以去除钙化斑块组织而保持正常血管组织的完整性[13]。目前其原理主要分为2种:第1种是波士顿科学公司提出的基于柔性材料切削过程中工件形变理论的差异切削,具体是指旋磨砂轮优先去除质地较硬的钙化斑块组织,而接触到血管一类的弹性组织时会主动弹开保证其不被损伤,如图4所示,目前该理论并未被任何实验所证实。
第2种是基于流体动力学动压膜理论的差异切削。旋磨砂轮在狭小的血管内腔中高速自转的同时会带动周围的血液运动,形成流体动压力场,在砂轮与血管内膜之间形成流体动压膜,从而将砂轮“浮起”,保护血管不被损伤而达到差异切削的效果。
目前,已有部分学者对基于流体动力学动压膜理论的差异切削进行了研究。NAKAO等[11]采用图3所示的表面带有20 µm微刃的铝基体砂轮对煮熟的鸡蛋开展旋磨实验,结果表明该砂轮能有效去除蛋壳而不损害蛋壳膜和内部的蛋白,证明了砂轮的差异切削。KIM等[14]参考了HAMROCK等[15]的动压润滑理论,认为砂轮与血管组织之间的最小液压膜厚度及其均方根表面粗糙度的关系决定了砂轮和血管的接触形式,并在HA/PLA复合材料和橡胶上开展旋磨实验验证了差异切削。上述研究表明旋磨过程中的流体动压力与动压膜的厚度是实现该种差异切削的重要因素。SHIH等[16-17]采用计算流体动力学(computational fluid dy-namics,CFD)仿真发现OA砂轮的公转运动是由砂轮与血管之间的流体压力产生的,并分析了砂轮在公转时不同位置的压力分布和流线情况,证实了流体动压力是砂轮公转运动的原因。ZHENG等[18]建立了一种CFD模型来模拟砂轮运动,研究了血管内的流体流速和受力情况,通过粒子图像测速实验测量并验证了CFD中砂轮附近的流场,包括其径向和轴向速度以及一对反向旋转涡,验证了CFD模型的正确性。
1.3旋磨导丝
旋磨时需要配合专用的旋磨导丝,目前已上市的有2种专用旋磨导丝,如图5所示:(1)美国波士顿公司生产的RotaWire导丝[19]对于弯曲病变可将动脉血管拉直以增大推力。(2)CSI公司制作的ViperWire[20]型冠状动脉导丝易于使用,并提供触觉反馈,以简化送入导丝的操作。
导丝的性能以及应用对旋磨术的影响较大,要求其在旋磨时不能发生弯折,否则会极大地增加砂轮和导丝之间的摩擦力,从而提高相关并发症的发生率。使用导丝时还要考虑血管的弯曲程度[21],且导丝远端进入血管主支远端时不能卡在与主支成角度的小血管内。临床中患者的情况往往比较复杂,有时需要共同使用多种技术。当发生冠状动脉穿孔或旋磨头嵌顿、治疗分叉处的钙化病变以及植入支架与球囊时,可以尝试采用“双导丝”技术[22-23]。IANNACCONE等[24]首 次提出在RA中使用逆行RG3导丝的可能性,但需要后续持续验证其安全性。OISHI等[25]评估了导丝偏置对旋磨有角度病变的影响。ZHENG等[26]从工程角度解释了从临床观察到的导丝偏置,进一步揭示了旋磨术的作用机制。
2旋磨术的优劣势
2.1旋磨术的独特优势
随着钙化程度逐渐严重,患者的不良心血管疾病发生率相对较高,较为危险[27]。相较于现有的其他方法,旋磨术因其独特的优势而成为冠状动脉介入医师处理复杂病变的必备技术。对于钙化斑块的治疗,目前主要方案有服用药物治疗[28-30]、常规的球囊和支架治疗、准分子激光冠脉内斑块消蚀术(excimer laser coronary atherectomy,ELCA)[31]、旋磨术[32]、旋切术[33-37]和震波球囊[38]等,部分治疗方法如图6所示。其中药物治疗只适用于动脉粥样硬化形成初期,对于钙化的斑块并无任何效果;常规的支架治疗只能用于较软的钙化斑块组织,斑块组织的存在导致支架不能达到理想的贴壁和展开效果,也存在支架内重新产生斑块的风险;ELCA可用于钙化严重的斑块,但由于激光直线传播的特性,其只能去除激光头正前方的钙化斑块组织,因此常用于完全闭塞的血管开通,而不用于血管内腔的扩大;旋磨术和旋切术都是采用机器加工的方法去除钙化斑块,其中旋切术采用铣削的方法,所产生的斑块碎屑尺寸较大,需要进行回收,且容易损伤血管,目前已逐步减少使用。震波球囊是最近才出现的治疗手段,通过超声波将钙化的斑块震碎,进而通过球囊扩张实现堵塞部位的疏通,但该技术只适用于球囊可以穿过的情况,同时震波球囊内集成有超声波电极,导致球囊尺寸较大,对于严重堵塞的钙化病变,较难穿过。对血管分叉处、关节处、支架内的斑块以及球囊和支架无法展开等情况,旋磨术是唯一的治疗方式,其采用“少量多次”去除钙化斑块的方法,因此对血管造成的损伤极小,相较于其他治疗方法存在较大的优势。目前斑块旋磨术更多地被作为开通管腔的方式,以便球囊与支架植入而进行后续治疗,且经过30多年的临床应用,已形成了较完备的临床指导原则。对于重度和部分中度钙化的病变,基本形成只能开展旋磨治疗的共识,这点已在国内发布的专家共识中给出[39]。
2.2旋磨术的劣势(并发症)
旋磨术后会产生大量并发症,如表2所示。旋磨后再狭窄(疏通的部位再堵塞)的概率为16%~67%[51-55];磨削力过大造成血管内膜、中膜与外膜撕裂分离的概率为10%~13%[56-57];慢血流/无复流(毛细血管被磨屑堵塞导致血液无法回流心脏)的概率为3%~27%[58-60];心肌梗死(大块的剥离组织或磨屑进入心脏)的概率为1.2%~4.5%[61-62];血管穿孔(血管被磨穿)的概率为0~1.5%[51-53,55];直接死亡的概率为0~1%[51,53]。产生上述并发症有2个主要原因:一是在旋磨钙化斑块时产生的热量、磨屑及磨削力直接作用于血液和血管组织,而造成毛细血管堵塞、血管损伤和血液损伤;另一个是旋磨砂轮不具备差异切削性能,在手术过程中直接作用于健康血管组织而出现损伤。
慢复流/无复流最为常见也较为凶险。其原因是高速旋转的砂轮对血液有极大的扰动作用,产生较大的切向力而引发血细胞团聚,导致慢复流/无复流[63];磨屑过大也会堵塞远端的毛细血管,造成慢复流/无复流,进一步引发患者出现严重胸痛、心肌梗死甚至死亡等情况。明确其产生机制可对后续旋磨装置的改进、旋磨参数的选择提供支撑。针对这一情况,吴永新等[64]分析总结出旋磨无复流的机制以及旋磨术中预防无复流的策略和技巧。GEHANI等[65]指出当砂轮通过弯曲血管路径时会产生弯曲力,使砂轮陷入局部自转并对接触的血管重复磨削,引发中膜撕裂甚至穿孔。旋磨时产生的切向力会导致血管内膜增生,从而引起血管再狭窄,同时加剧内膜夹层的产生。
旋磨头嵌顿和导丝偏置、断裂是非常严重的并发症,通常是由操作不规范和旋磨装置生产缺陷引起的。 KAWAGUCHI等[66]将偏置直径(血管内超声导管接触部位与血管另一侧之间的长度)与导丝偏置程度最大区域的短直径之比定义为偏置比。在临床研究中大量实验显示,当偏置比gt;1.2时冠状动脉周围血管创伤的风险大大增加。
若手术过程中操作不当或手术器械性能较差,则会对患者造成很大损伤。因此,研究钙化组织的旋磨去除机理,控制流体动力以及控制旋磨过中的血管壁受力,对减少甚至消除旋磨术的并发症具有重要的意义。在此基础上扩大旋磨术的应用范围,使更多的患者获益,成为心血管疾病介入治疗关注的焦点之一。
3旋磨机理研究
3.1旋磨试验平台
进行旋磨体外试验时所搭建的试验平台是否合理,试验中使用的材料、器械等能否完全模拟真实手术的情况,对于后续旋磨机理相关参数的测试、相关结论的推导以及将旋磨器械运用到实际中都有重要影响。LIU等[67]采用铝合金型材搭建了试验平台,包括RA系统、驱动系统、冲刷液体以及测量系统,其中波士顿科学公司的RA系统包括推进器、高压气体罐、导管、显示控制器等;测量系统包括高速相机、热电偶等。采用PVC软管模拟人体血管,在此平台上进行试验以探究旋磨的相关机理,如图7所示。LI等[68]搭建了RA试验平台以研究钙化材料去除率的相关问题,并详细阐述了目前主流的钙化斑块代替物质,包括石膏、牛骨、石墨、动物组织混合物等材料。ZHENG等[69-70]采用CSI公司的Diamondback 360®旋磨系统进行试验,采用PVC软管模拟血管组织,其外部用柔软的仿肌肉组织包裹,整体置于方形聚碳酸酯管内部模拟人体股动脉区域。
3.2旋磨力
旋磨砂轮去除钙化斑块时,若磨削力过大则可能破坏血管结构。现有研究集中于探究自转速度、血管直径、弯曲力载荷、流体动压力和旋磨时间等对旋磨力的影响。ADAMS等[71]针对OA旋磨头离心力和血管接触力,分别在60000、90000和120000 r/min等3种不同转速下得出血管接触力峰值为0.1~0.4 N,并指出旋磨头离心力与公转直径有关。KOHLER等[72]通过建立有限元模型模拟了磨削力的变化,指出磨削力随着速度的增大而增大,并且在速度最大时达到峰值,而后随着血管直径的增大而减小。ZHENG等[73]使用压电测力仪测量2种不同组织模型的磨削力时,实验显示砂轮的转速为135000~175000 r/min时,磨削力的大小及频率皆有变化;还发现当磨削力为0.05~0.20 N时,磨削力随着砂轮转速的增大而增大,且在砂轮没有公转的情况下磨削力与砂轮转速的关联较小[26]。ZHU等[74]研究了不同砂轮直径以及环形骨(模拟钙化斑块)内径对磨削力的影响,如图8所示,并指出在转速恒定的情况下,砂轮的加速度是相对恒定的,砂轮的质量增大会引起动能增大,从而引起碰撞力增大,直接导致磨削力大幅度增大,因此可将砂轮质量视为主要影响因素。刘瑶[75]研究了转速、砂轮质量和血管直径对磨削力的影响,并对旋磨过程中的磨削力进行了建模和实验研究,明确了磨削力的来源和各个分量的大小。
在后续研究中,应深入探究砂轮在流体中的动力学特性和受力情况,分析流体动压力、碰撞力、弯曲力等参数对血管组织的微观划擦和切削过程的影响,并在此基础上加强工程学实验,探索血管损伤的抑制机制,以控制旋磨力,从而大幅降低并发症的发生率。
3.3旋磨热
在旋磨过程中砂轮与斑块之间的摩擦会产生大量的热量,这部分热能主要表现为温度升高。在旋磨时产生的热量大部分被血液和周围组织所吸收,而在医学研究中普遍认为血液温度超过43°C就会对人体造成热损伤[76]。朱国标等[77]指出若血管内温度升高造成内皮细胞膜出现热损伤,会引起内皮细胞对硝酸镧的通透性增强,导致内膜微粒分布紊乱。REISMAN等[78-79]通过实验将转速与血小板聚集和热损伤程度联系起来,发现转速过小、砂轮的推进速度过大以及温度的显著升高均和潜在的热损伤有关。
对于旋磨热损伤的工程应用与研究较少见诸报道。GEHANI等[65]基于高分辨红外成像系统检测了旋磨头顶尖部分的温度变化,如图9所示,证实了液体冲洗在控制温升方面的重要作用。液体冲洗也是目前较常用的降温方式,但高速旋转的驱动轴与导丝和导管之间的摩擦会使生理盐水升温并流入治疗区附近的血液,使得液体冲洗效果减弱。LIU等[80-81]在总结前人经验的基础上,将热模型与逆向传热法相结合,证实了生理盐水冲洗速度对温升有重要影响,如图10所示,并建立了基于逆向传热方法的一维有限元模型,进一步研究旋磨过程中的热源,发现磨削热引起的温升较小,约 为导管摩擦热引起骨头温升的8%。
通过研究旋磨热损伤的机理探寻降低热损伤的方法,对减少旋磨术并发症有重要影响。通过控制旋磨参数来控制产热,以及探究合适的制作传动轴、导丝和导管所用材料的摩擦系数以减少摩擦热的产生等,也将成为后续研究旋磨热的一个重点方向。
3.4旋磨磨屑
尸体解剖发现,约80%严重钙化的斑块附着大量的坏死组织、胆固醇结晶和纤维脂肪组织[82]。旋磨钙化斑块时产生的大量磨屑即为上述物质的混合物,这些微小颗粒随血流进入毛细血管,最终为肝、脾、肺及内皮吞噬细胞所吞噬。尺寸较大的磨屑随血液流向远端,堵塞毛细血管,严重时会导致脑死亡或心肌梗死[83]。
目前主流的研究集中于讨论自转速度与磨屑尺寸的关系。通常认为尺寸lt;30.000 μm的磨屑是能安全被人体吸收和穿过毛细血管的。HANSEN等[84]采用RA装置对13只兔子旋髂血管的钙化组织进行旋磨实验,结果显示旋磨后98%的磨屑尺寸lt;10.000 µm,证明了该装置对钙化组织磨削的可行性与安全性。LIU等[83]研发了一种光滑颗粒流体动力学模型来预测磨屑尺寸,将磨屑尺寸定义为单个磨屑上任何2点之间的最大距离。
图11所示为旋磨参数与磨屑尺寸的关系。由图11a可知,磨屑的长宽比和尺寸都随着砂轮转速的增大而减小[83]。ZHU等[74]设计了一种新型砂轮,通过对不同尺寸砂轮在不同转速下进行测试,也得出了相同结论,即随着转速的增大,磨屑尺寸呈减小趋势,如图11b所示。LI等[85]通过实验研究砂轮转速与材料去除率的关系,结果如图11c所示,并指出砂轮转速越大,材料去除率越大,同时其内表面也更光滑。
除砂轮自转速度外,旋磨砂轮的性能、导管的直径、导丝的搅动等因素是否对磨屑尺寸以及磨屑分布有影响则需要进一步研究。根据磨屑的安全尺寸来优化旋磨参数、改进旋磨器械等也有广阔前景。
4结语及展望
(1)我国旋磨装置和相关耗材目前全部依赖美国进口,未来国产替代将是一个重要的发展方向,目前国内已有上海微创旋磨和广州博鑫医疗在研发国产化旋磨产品。
(2)研究差异切削机理和旋磨头表面特性,实现血管组织无损伤、斑块组织的高效去除,对于减少手术给患者造成的其他伤害有着重要作用。
(3)通过研究磨削力、磨屑和磨削热,优化旋磨参数以提高旋磨过程的安全性,是需要持续研究的方向。
(4)针对旋磨导丝相关理论的研究较少,而导丝性能差是手术过程中发生偏置、断裂等情况的主要原因,未来可探索将不同材料加工成高性能旋磨导丝的可能性和新型加工方法。在保证产品性能的前提下最大程度地降低装置费用、手术成本也是后续一个重点研究方向。
(5)根据斑块去除的特点,开发性能更好的新产品(如激光斑块消融产品、震波球囊等)也极具市场前景。
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作者简介
通信作者:""刘瑶,"男, 1990 年生, 博士、副教授。主要研究"方向:生物组织加工和精密磨削。
E-mail":liuyao@nuc.edu.cn
("编辑:王洁")
Review"of"research"on"arterial"vascular"calcified"plaque"grinding
ZHAI Shaobo1", ""LIU Yao1,2", ""SHEN"Bin3", """LI Jiahao1", ""GUO Zhanling3
("1. "School"of"Mechanical"Engineering, North"University"of"China,"Taiyuan"030051,"China)
(2. "Guangdong"Key Laboratory of"Minimally Invasive Surgical"Instrument"Design and"Precision Manufacturing,"Guangzhou"510000,"China)
(3.""Zhejiang"Tsinghua"Yangtze"River"Delta"Research"Institute"Haina"Precision"Machining"Center, Jiaxing"314000,"Zhejiang,"China)
Abstract """"Significance:"Plaques"are"clogging"deposits"formed"by"the"accumulation"of fat"and"calcium"on"the"inner"walls"of arteries."Their"formation"can"lead to narrowing the"inner"diameter"of the bloodvessel"and hardening"the"blood"vessel wall, thereby limiting"blood flow and inducing"various"cardiovascular"diseases"such"as"coronary"heart"disease"and"peripheral arterial disease. Numerous"factors,"such as"lifestyle"changes"and population"aging,"have"lead"to"an"increase"in"the number of"patients with cardiovascular disease in China"in recent"years."The"annual"growth"rate"of"vascular"interven-"tional"therapy"has"remained"at"around"17%"for"a"decade"due"to"the"continuous"development"of"interventional"medical means."China's"large"population"of vascular"disease"and"the"special"situation"of calcified"plaque"lesions"have"created"a"huge demand for rotational interventional therapy."By"analyzing"the"current"research"on"rotary"grinding,"this"paper"sum-"marizes"the"existing"deficiencies"and"suggests"a"follow-up"research"direction"to"accelerate"the"exploration"of"rotary grinding's"mechanism"and"master"the"core"technology"theory."Progress:"Firstly,"the"research"on"rotary"grinding"instru-"ments"is"summed"up"in"three"parts:"(1) The"rotary"grinding"therapeutic"apparatus"mentioned"here"contains"a"description of"its"basic"features, including"the"RA"from"Boston"Science"and"the"OA"from"CSI."The"differences"between"the"two"were compared"in"terms"of"technical"indications, clinical"indications, mechanism"of"action,"and"product"upgrades."(2)"The"pre-"paration"method"for"the"grinding"wheel"and"the"differential"cutting"of"the"grinding"wheel"are"presented"in"summary."Cur-"rently,"grinding"wheels"are"mostly"created"by"electroplating,"and"some"experts"have"suggested"using"the"\"engraving\" technique."Differential"grinding"wheel"cutting"involves"two"primary"principles."Boston"Science"proposed"differential"cutting"that"utilizes"the"theory"of workpiece"deformation"during"the"cutting"process"of flexible"materials."The"second"mechanism"is based upon the theory"of"the"dynamic"pressure"film"in"water."(3)"A"summary"was"provided"regarding"the"structure"and"techniques"of two"different"types"of special"rotary"grinding"guide"wires,"as"well"as"the"potential"negative"consequences"during"operation."Secondly,"the"differences between"treatments"are"compared,"such"as"rotational"atherec-"tomy,"conventional"balloon"stenting,"rotational"resection,"ELCA"and"shock"wave"balloon."The"advantages"of plaque"rotary"grinding"are"explained"in"detail."The"likelihood"of occurrence,"explanations,"methods"of treatment,"and"other"re-"search"on"complications"following rotational"grinding"are"evaluated"and"summarized."Slow/non-reflow, vascular dissec-tion, vascular"perforation, grinding"head"incarceration,"guide"wire"bias,"etc.,"are"all"included."Engineering"proposes"con-"trolling grinding parameters"and improving the performance"of"related"equipment to"reduce"the"probability"of complica-"tions."Finally,"the"research"related"to"the"mechanism"of rotary"grinding"is"examined."The"main"factors"are"rotary"grind-"ing"force,"rotary"grinding"heat,"and"rotary"grinding"debris."The"grinding"force"is"analyzed"in"a"specific"way by"the"cur- rent"research,"which"focuses"on"the"impact"of grinding"wheel"speed"and"quality,"bloodvessel"diameter,"fluid"dynamic"pressure,"and"other"factors"on"the"grinding"force."Research"on"rotary"grinding"heat"focuses"on"reducing"temperature through"liquid"scrubbing,"but"there"is"limited"attention"paid"to"thermal"damage"from"an"engineering"perspective."The analysis of"the wear debris mostly discusses the"relationship"between"the"size"and"the"speed"of"the"grinding"wheel."Con-
clusions"and"Prospects:"(1)"At"present,"the"rotary"grinding"device"and"related"consumables"are"all"imported"from"the United""States."In"the"future,"Chinese""substitution"will"be"an"important"development"direction."The"development"of Chinese"rotary"grinding"products"is"under"process"now."(2)"The"study"of the"differential"cutting"mechanism"and"the"design of"the surface characteristics of"the rotary grinding"head"to"achieve"non-invasive"vascular"tissue"removal"and"effi-"cient"plaque"tissue"removal"plays"an"important"role"in"reducing"other"injuries"caused"by"surgery."(3)"The"safety"of the grinding process"could be"improved by"optimizing the"grinding parameters."There"are"few"discussions"on whether"other"factors"in"the"grinding"process"will"affect"parameters"such"as"grinding"force,"grinding"debris"and"grinding"heat."This"is the"direction"of"continuous"research."(4)"There"are"few"theoretical"studies"on"the"grinding"guide"wire,"and"the"perform-"ance"of"the guide wire is the main"factor"in"determining"whether"it"is"biased"or"broken"during"the"operation."Explore"the"possibility"of processing"different"materials"into"high-performance"grinding"guide"wires"and"new"processing"methods."On"the"premise"of"ensuring"product"performance, minimizing"device"costs"and"surgical"costs"is"also"a"key"research"direc-"tion"in"the"future."(5)"According"to"the"characteristics"of plaque"removal,"the"development"of new"products"with"better"performance, such"as"laser"plaque"ablation"products, shock"wave"balloons,"etc., is"also"very"marketable.
Key"words """rotational"atherectomy;rotary"grinding"device;rotary"grinding"mechanism;differential"cutting;complica-"tions